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Tree species composition and structure of a coastal hill forest in Sungai Pinang Permanent Forest Reserve in Pulau Pangkor at Perak was studied based on the data from five 1-hectare plots. All stems with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5cm enumerated, identified and their height weremeasured. The mean stem density was 659 (stems ha -1), and a t...
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O estudo da composição florística e fitossociológica das florestas naturais são essenciais para a compreensão do funcionamento das comunidades vegetais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer, analisar e descrever a composição florística e a estrutura do componente arbóreo de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, na Floresta Nacional...
Tree species composition and structure of a coastal hill forest in Sungai Pinang Permanent Forest Reserve in Pulau Pangkor at Perak was studied based on the data from five 1-hectare plots. All stems with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ? 5cm enumerated, identified and their height weremeasured. The mean stem density was 659 (stems ha -1 ), and a...
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Mt. Tago Range in Bukidnon has been subjected to deforestation and forest fragmentation due to logging ca. 35-40 years ago or as direct result of land conversion for agriculture, human settlements and wildlife product harvesting. It is currently not a protected area. This study aimed to provide data on the tree species diversity, structure, composi...
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... Similarly, Malaysian forests are known to be highly diverse in plant species and are economically useful to the country. About 44.7% of the total land mass in Peninsular Malaysia is composed of forests (Ghollasimood, 2011). Based on the elevation and soil types ranging from coastal areas to the hills, about 16 different types of forests have been classified across the world (Whitmore & Sayer, 1992). ...
The woody plants species inventory and diversity of primary, old secondary and secondary forest patches of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve (UMFR), Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia were assessed in this study. This was done to understand the current status of the forest towards ensuring proper conservation plans. Plants with diameter at breast height of not less than 10 were identified and enumerated within 10m radius (both left and right) of a 1500m transect laid at each site. Two hundred and thirty-five (235) plant species belonging to 56 families and 144 genera were enumerated in all the sites. The percentage composition of lianas (14.53%) was found to be very minimal to tree species (76.49%) which denotes the health status of the forest. Polyalthia jenkensii, Spondias cytherea and Intsia palembanica were the most common plants in the three sites. The Shannon diversity index of all the sites was observed to be greater than 2, which shows the high diverse nature of the forest despite some past disturbances. The old secondary forest patch was reported to have recuperated over the years due to its highest diversity indices.
... Pangkor constitutes an island classified as a coastal hill forest with a high conservation status (Ghollasimood et al. 2011). Nonetheless, several landscape modifications have been occurring due to the increase in economic development, land clearing, and the number of tourists between 2004 and 2014 (Sadatiseyedmahalleh et al. 2016, Selamat et al. 2016). ...
... Such changes due to the tourism development may be having further larger physical environmental impacts in the near future (Mohamad et al. 2015). Some studies exist on other taxa such as vegetation (Ghollasimood et al. 2011), herpetofauna (Rooijen et al. 2011, Norhayati et al. 2019, rodents (Jayaraj et al. 2019) and beetles (Abdullah & Musthafa 2019). However, none of these studies didn't compare the changes in species composition and distribution. ...
... The same occurred with the three species located at the center of dispersion, which was leaf beetles. Overall vegetation of Pangkor Island comprises of 57% trees, 13% shrubs, 10% herbs, 9% lianas, 4% palms, 3.5% climbers and 3% ferns according to Ghollasimood et al. (2011). The beetle species diversity fluctuation over the tested years maybe depend upon the habitats provided by these vegetation. ...
Tropical islands such as Pangkor Island in western Malaysia have been recently subject to numerous land cover modifications and urban development. It threatens biodiversity and their effects remain unstudied for many taxa. In this study, we assessed the abundance, species richness, and diversity of beetles at Pangkor Island, at three different years, from 2009 to 2017. Also, we analyzed species composition between years, and the specific association of beetle families and species to each year was evaluated. A total of 578 specimens, 155 species and 34 families of Coleoptera were collected from the island after three years of sampling. A significant increase in abundance, species richness, and diversity were observed from 2009 to 2016; changes between 2016 and 2017 were non-significant. However, the comparison between 2009 to 2016 indicated a higher faunistic similarity than 2016-2017. Results observed in 2009 may be originated by the increasing disturbance since 2004 as a result of land clearing for tourism development; also, changes from 2016 to 2017 may be evidence of new disturbances. The biodiversity changes and their influence on species are necessary to detect the increasing pressure on biodiversity at the island ecosystems in Malaysia.
... Pulau Pangkor covers an estimated area of 8 square kilometres and is situated in north-west of Peninsular Malaysia between 04° 13.0'N latitude and 100° 33.0' E longitude (Gholasimood et al. 2011). The forests in Pulau Pangkor are classified as coastal hill forest, harbouring a vast plant diversity due to its suitable climate conditions. ...
... The majority of the species found in this area is dominated by coastalrelated species, while the dominant family observed in this area is Dipterocarpaceae, while some species such as Bouea oppositifolia, Mallotus spp. and Xerospermum noronhianum can be found in various sites in this island (Gholasimood et al. 2011, Turner 1995. As part of distribution pattern and flora checklist preparation, a preliminary survey of rare and wild fruits diversity in this island was conducted in July 2017 to enhance the existing data. ...
... Most of the samples were collected from trail B (Sungai Pinang FR), followed by trail Pangkor Selatan and trail Pangkor Utara. The findings were consistent with the previous flora study by Gholasimood et al. (2011), which stated that the most diverse area in Pulau Pangkor is Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve and dominated by Dipterocarpaceae. As additional data, six species of Sapindaceae were observed that consist of Allophyllus cobbe, Guioa pleuropteris, Lepisanthes senegalensis, L. tetraphylla, Pometia pinnata f. pinnata and Xerospermum noronhianum (Table 2). ...
A preliminary survey on the diversity of rare and wild fruits species in Pulau Pangkor was conducted on 15-18 th July 2017. The main objectives are to study the diversity of wild Sapindaceae, rare fruits and Crop Wild Relatives of Pulau Pangkor as well as to collect and prepare herbarium record and flora specimens from Pulau Pangkor for future references. Our surveys include three main trails surveyed during the expedition. A total of eighteen species of wild and rare fruits was identified and collected from the trail B six species of Sapindaceae were identified and collected from various sites in Pulau Pangkor Island. These include 108 specimens of wild plants which were also collected along the trails provided. From these records, rare and wild fruits diversity in this area is considered diverse and further inventory is suggested in the future.
... Rare species of Shorea lumutensis was also not recorded, although this species is recorded in Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve (Chua et al. 2010). This species is also recorded in Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve (Ghollasimood et al. 2011). As the size of the plot is relatively small (0.24 ha) and did not include the Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve, the data obtained in this study is not giving the comprehensive enumeration and far from complete. ...
A study of species composition, community structure and biomass of Dipterocarpaceae was conducted in coastal hill forest at Pulau Pangkor, Perak. In the study plots of 0.24 ha, a total of nine species from five genera was recorded for trees with diameter ≥ 1cm DBH. Genus-wise, Shorea has the highest number of species with three species. The range of trees DBH is between 1.0 and 85.9 cm. The most dense genus is Hopea, 571 stems/ha while the densest species is Hopea beccariana with 571 stems/ha. Total basal area was 25.32 m ² /ha, with Vatica contributing the highest BA value at 9.11 m ² /ha (35.96%). At species level, Vatica cuspidata contributed the highest BA of 8.02 m ² /ha (31.67%). Total biomass estimate was 416.17 t/ha. At genus level, Shorea contributed the highest value at 144.91 t/ha (34.82%) and at species level, Vatica cuspidata contributed 128.16 t/ha (30.80%). Five species were listed under the IUCN Redlist status as least concerned, one species as data deficient and two species (Vatica cuspidata and V. lowii) were listed under the near threatened status. © 2019 Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia. All Rights Reserved.
... In addition, Peninsular Malaysia also consists of some small islands off the mainland, which are forested and likely to have a crucial ecological role (Cronk 2001, Turner et al. 2003. On the other hand, the tropical rainforest was divided into five regions which are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems, an extremely conserving biodiversity for the local, regional development and sustainable use of forests (Ghollasimood et al. 2011). Malaysian forests harbour a substantial portion of diversity with 44.7% of total forest area in Peninsular Malaysia. ...
A survey of the microclimate and effects of the vegetation of Pulau Pangkor, Perak was carried out during the Scientific Expedition to Pulau Pangkor. The fragmented forest ecosystem change through time as a result of their natural isolation and anthropogenic disturbances. Nominalization to describe microclimate changes between relative humidity, light intensity, wind speed, temperature, pH and moisture content against an elevation and vegetation structure across the 100m of forest edges in Pulau Pangkor that consists of Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve, Sg. Pinang Forest Reserve and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve. The method of study was ten transect lines with 100m length was established perpendicular to the forest edges, and at each 10m distance of the transect line, 10m x10m plot was set up to measure environmental variables and vegetation structure. The results demonstrate that edge habitats are significantly more susceptible to lower humidity, strong winds, lower light and higher air temperatures than forest interiors. The microclimatic changes may be considered the principal factor that explains the difference between the vegetation structure and its elevation of the forest edge and the forest interior point.
... The study covered the total area of 0.5 ha (five plots of 50 m x 20 m). On the other hand, Ghollasimood et al. (2011) conducted intensive ecological study in Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve for the same DBH measurement and enumeration done in five one hectare plots. During the Pulau Pangkor Scientific Expedition 2017, the authors had the opportunity to determine the floristic composition, stand structure, diversity as well as the total biomass of trees in all the three forest reserves covering an area of 0.64 ha. ...
... For instance, a previous study by Nizam et al. (2012) in Pulau Pangkor recorded 113 species, 79 genera and 40 families in 0.5 ha plot in all three forest reserves of Sungai Pinang, Pangkor Utara and Pangkor Selatan FR. Meanwhile, Ghollasimood et al. (2011) listed 181 species, 102 genera and 45 families in five 1-ha hectare plots at Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve. Nevertheless, the total number of species in the previous and recent studies is still considered higher compared to some remote islands on the coast of Perak. ...
A study to determine species composition, community structure, and biomass of trees was carried out in three forest reserves at Pulau Pangkor, Perak. Sixteen plots of 20 m x 20 m were established at Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve (4 plots), Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve (4 plots) and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve (8 plots) which covered a total area of 0.64 ha. All trees with diameter at breast height of 5 cm and above were measured, tagged, identified and recorded. As a result, a total of 637 trees was measured from 118 species, 78 genera and 42 families. Plots in Sungai Pinang FR, recorded 169 individuals representing 57 species from 48 genera and 27 families. Meanwhile, in Pangkor Utara FR, a total of 148 individuals represents 46 species from 35 genera and 24 families. In Pangkor Selatan FR, a total of 320 individuals represents 76 species from 47 genera and 31 families. The value of Shannon Diversity Index in Sungai Pinang, Pangkor Utara and Pangkor Selatan were 3.37, 3.31 and 3.84, respectively. In terms of density, the highest density was recorded in the plot at Sungai Pinang FR with 1056 ind/ha. The highest amount of basal area (BA) was also recorded in Sungai Pinang FR, 62.18 m ² /ha. Leguminosae was the most important family recorded in Sungai Pinang FR with Important Index (FIVi) of 16.67%, while Dipterocarpaceae was the most important family in both Pangkor Utara and Pangkor Selatan FRs with Important Value Index (IVi) of 15.68 and 31.98%, respectively. Fifteen endemic species were reported in the three forest reserves including two species which have restricted distribution in Perak state (Fordia unifoliata and Shorea lumutensis). Plots in Sungai Pinang FR lead the total estimated tree biomass with 987.48 t/ha was followed by plots in Pangkor Selatan FR with an estimated tree biomass of 921.89 t/ha and 729.96 t/ha in Pangkor Utara FR, respectively. Dipterocarpaceae dominated the estimate biomass value in all three forest reserves with 295.38t/ha in Sungai Pinang FR, 185.90 t/ha in Pangkor Utara FR and 549.94 t/ha in Pangkor Selatan FR. © 2019 Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia. All Rights Reserved.
... Shannon-Weiner and Simpson (151.4 and 80.55 in the SLo and CL, respectively) diversity indices of this study site were higher or lower than those values of some dipterocarp forest in Malaysia because it differed from site to site and this study site had high number of species. Ghollasimood et al. (2011) reported that the Shannon-Weiner's index and the Simpson's index of a Coastal Hill Forest in Pulau Pangkor, Malaysia was 3.99 and 27.62, respectively. Awang Noor et al. (2008) reported that Simpson index ranged from 134.02 to 151.11 in a hill forest in Pahang Malaysia. ...
Logging operations have been known to highly influence the
environment of tropical rain forest. The present study investigated the effect
of supervised logging (SL) operations on tree composition and diversity of a
hill dipterocarp forest (HDF) in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah,
Peninsular Malaysia. To describe the tree composition and diversity of the
secondary HDF after SL, the compositional factors and diversity were
analyzed. A plot of size 1-ha was established. All trees with diameter at
breast height ≥ 1cm in 10 sub plots (50m × 20 m) were enumerated,
measured and identified. In the study site, we recorded 891 individuals,
belonging to 56 families, 158 genera, 296 species and one variety. Ten
families provided 55.7% of the total species composition. Euphorbiaceae
has the highest number of species and was followed by Lauraceae,
Rubiaceae, Annonaceae and Meliaceae. With regards to relative dominance,
Diplospora malaccensis (Euphorbiaceae) gave the highest importance value
index for species and family, respectively. Shannon-Wiener’s index was
high with a value of 5.3. Ulu Muda Forest Reserve is high in endemism with
a total of 27 endemic species recorded. Two rare species which are
Symplocos calycodactylos and Alseodaphne garciniicarpa and one very
rare species, Cleistanthus major were found here. Diospyros argentea
was also found to be a new record for Kedah.
... Some of the species only emerge in one plot such as, Adiantum sp. [16] for the study on vascular plant in coastal hill forest. Meanwhile, study conducted by [17] showed that 86 species was recorded in the study of tree taxa inventory in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor along six new trails at the base camp. ...
... In West Java, [20] studied the density of tree communities in Mount Patuha and found out that the most dominant species was Cichona pubescens with IVI 56.93. Meanwhile, in Perak, Malaysia, [16] found that the most dominant species was Agrostistachys longifolia with IVI 12.45. The various results indicate that type of dominant species varied for every type of forest. ...
... The H' value was related to species richness and was influenced by underlying species abundance distribution. Many study in Malaysia rainforest indicates high value of diversity indices that exceeds the usual range 1.5-3.5 such as Pulau Pangkor Forest Reserve, Perak, H'=4.26[16], Gunung Matchincang Forest Reserve, Kedah, H'=4.33 ...
This study was carried out to determine the community structure and diversity of trees in Bidong Island, Terengganu. A plot with a size of 0.22 ha was established in coastal forest at the west side of the island. All trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 3 cm was enumerated and identified to species level. Our result showed a total of 1,027 trees representing 58 species, 45 genera and 27 families. The most dominant family according to the number of species was Myrtaceae, while Callophyllum rupicola was the dominant species with Important Value Index (IVi) of 29.63. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) of the trees in the plot indicates H’ = 3.19. Small stem trees were found dominated the study plot, which suggests the forest is in regenerating state after the disturbance of human settlement from 1975 to 1991.KeywordsDisturbanceForest regenerationMyrtaceousStand structure
