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The development of inter-regional disparities in the NUTS IV Czech regions measured by weighted standard deviation in unemployment rate and number of inhabitants (1991-1999) Source: Blažek and Severa (1999).
Source publication
The main aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of regional policies dealing with peripheral rural areas in the Visegrad countries from a historical perspective. As it is demonstrated in the paper
despite the common political and ideological framework the goals and means of regional policy remained rather
different in these countr...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... beginning of Czech regional policy could be traced back to the end of the 1990s, al- though there were some attempts to implement a broader concept of regional policy in 1991-1992 (see for example Pileček et al. 2011: 49-50). However, these attempts were stopped by the 1992 parliamentary elections which introduced neo-liberal approaches to the management of the economy and regional development (Sýkora 1999: 165). There were three main factors which made policymakers adopt some kind of regional measures at the end of the 1990s. Firstly, in the mid-1990s the unemployment rate started to grow significantly and in a regionally uneven way as the result of intensifying restructuring of the post-socialist Czech economy (Fig. 3). Secondly, the development of regional policy in Czechia was very much related to the preparation for the accession to the EU, where regional policy and respectively policy of economic and social cohesion received a high priority (Blažek 2000). Thirdly, in 1998 the new government of the Czech Social Democra- tic Party refused the neoliberal paradigm as the driving force of the economy which led to the preparation of the first conceptual documents of regional policy (Vozáb ...
Citations
... Within this field of research, there is extensive literature related to comparative analysis across different areas. Comparative studies such as [8][9][10][11] offer insights into the effectiveness of different policy instruments across diverse rural contexts, mainly in Europe, helping policymakers understand the transferability of strategies and interventions. ...
Following the European Commission’s approval of the CAP Strategic Plan and the 21 Italian region (CSR)-related strategic documents, the financial aspect that characterized the single national CAP plan was made available. Here, we present and analyze the final data on the distribution of public resources for interventions between 2023 and 2027. This marks a pivotal period of strategic information for those who follow the evolution of the rural development policy, providing vital indications of policymakers’ priorities. In Italy, where rural development policy is highly regionalized, it is difficult to acquire an overall view of the strategic choices adopted by the individual regions. The primary objective of this article is to offer a comprehensive and enlightening synopsis of the regional choices in the CSRs. It aims to identify shared strategic paths in rural development, with a specific focus on the financial allocation in each of the three historical macro-objectives of the CAP: the competitiveness of the agri-food sector, the protection of the environment, and the revitalization of rural areas. Cluster analysis classification allows for aggregating the strategies adopted, allowing for comparisons across the Italian regions. The results show three regional groups focused on environmental strategy, structural investment measures, and resource distribution that is more balanced between these two approaches. Identifying the strategic choices made by the regions allows policymakers to predict different development trajectories and the progress of the expenditure indicators over the years. At the moment, it is impossible to verify whether the policy mix defined in the budget allocation is consistent with the strategic statements.
... This may limit the applicability of the findings to other locations with more distant cultural and historical contexts. Therefore, future research should include more locations using more representative sampling procedures.Although the findings may apply to other V4 countries with similar cultural and historical foundations(Kovács et al., 2015;Ivanová & Masárová, 2018;Nguyen & Rajnai, 2022), such as Poland or Hungary, their generalizability is limited. Researchers should employ more representative sampling procedures and broaden the survey scope to include more varied company samples. ...
In recent years, corporate social responsibility has emerged as a pivotal factor for corporations in cultivating a favorable public perception. Despite this, many companies remain uncertain about the integration and rationale behind incorporating it into their core business strategies. This study aims to discern dissimilarities in implementing corporate social responsibility initiatives between Slovak and Czech companies, addressing the triple bottom line framework. This approach is a metric for evaluating a company’s achievement across three dimensions: social, environmental, and economic. The study is predicated on a questionnaire survey conducted among a sample of 180 Slovak and 180 Czech companies operating as subsidiaries of multinational corporations as typical implementers of corporate social responsibility activities in emerging economies. Following the triple bottom line framework, three distinct sets of variables were formulated to account for social, environmental, and economic activities using the Mann-Whitney U Test to ascertain statistically significant disparities between Slovak and Czech companies. The findings indicate that the surveyed companies from monitored countries exhibited no notable distinctions in environmental endeavors. However, discrepancies were discerned in economic activities, specifically relating to post-sales or post-warranty customer services, which was significant with a small effect size (0.19). In social activities, significant differences were observed concerning adherence to the principle of equal opportunities in the workplace. Based on these outcomes, it is recommended that future investigations delve more extensively into the monitored parameters within the Visegrad countries. AcknowledgmentThe paper was prepared within the project “Etika v podnikaní na Slovensku” no. 01/2022/GA FEM SPU supported by Grant Agency – Faculty of Economics and Management – Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra and internal grand of AMBIS college.
... Michalska-Żyła and Marks-Krzyszkowska [7] assumed that economic development and the development of quality of life cannot be equated. The policy of the European Union-although formally forcing multifunctional rural development-is focused primarily on the support of agriculture and tourism [8], which more or less corresponds to the traditional focus. It is to be feared that the more modern conception is hindered mainly by the lobbyist interests of agricultural entrepreneurs. ...
This article analyzes the question of how the change of geopolitical position in the rural region of Eastern Moravia, which was shifted from the center of the state on its border, is reflected. The paper shows how the originally marginal region transformed from an area with shepherd agriculture to an industrial area with a skilled workforce during the existence of Czechoslovakia and questions how to cope with the consequences of the reverse change into a marginal geopolitical position on the eastern border of Czechia. The paper considers the balance of migration, supplemented by the construction of new dwellings, to be a relatively complex indicator. It states that the region of Eastern Moravia is problematic in terms of further development, except for the northern part, which is affected by the suburbanization of Ostrava. As a result, it proposes to supplement the current orientation toward the manufacturing industry by creating conditions for the development of cultural tourism.
... Eslovaquia, al separarse de la República Checa, experimentó cambios políticos, económicos (privatizaciones) y sociales profundos. La flexibilidad de los mercados provocó que las áreas rurales y los sectores agrícolas disminuyeran rápidamente, es con este escenario que dicho país ingresa a la Unión Europea (UE) en el año 2004 (Kovács et al., 2015). Actualmente, la participación porcentual del valor generado por el sector primario al PIB total fluctúa en el orden del 3% (Širá, 2013). ...
El modelo urbano actual se enfocada en sectores específicos que promueven los espacios urbanos hacia una urbanización acelerada. De esta manera las ciudades responden a cierto tipo de consumo para satisfacer sus necesidades de energía que mueve todo el sistema para que continúe con su crecimiento a través de los flujos económicos. Así se pueden estudiar actividades particulares orientadas a la necesidad de los espacios urbanos por crecer como el sector energético, la minería, la construcción e inmobiliarias. El objetivo del presente ensayo es analizar las industrias de los sectores 21 Minería; sector 22 generación, transmisión y distribución de energía eléctrica, suministro de agua y de gas por ductos al consumidor final; sector 23 Construcción, y sector 53 Servicios inmobiliarios y de alquiler de bienes muebles e intangibles, para determinar su localización, realizando una comparación en su distribución geográfica a nivel nacional para el año 2014 de los subsectores de estas industrias. Para análisis de los sectores se realizará el cálculo del coeficiente de localización (C.L.) para el cuál se obtuvieron los datos del personal ocupado del censo económico del 2014 que emite el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Se obtuvo como resultado principal que el modelo económico hace uso de energía que extrae del medio ambiente reflejado en el sector 21 y 22; y refleja en su expansión urbana a través de los sectores 23 y 53, representados geográficamente a través del coeficiente de localización en el país, donde las condiciones generales de producción, consumo e intercambio, constituyen el esqueleto estructurador del sistema de soportes materiales y de la organización territorial.
... Al separarse de la República Checa, Eslovaquia experimentó cambios políticos, económicos (privatizaciones) y sociales profundos, en donde las áreas rurales no lograron hacer frente a la flexibilidad de los mercados y los sectores agrícolas disminuyeron rápidamente. Al final de los años noventa, Eslovaquia comenzó a adoptar nuevas medidas de política con miras a integrar su economía a la UE (Kovács et al., 2015). ...
... Eslovaquia se hizo acreedor de los apoyos financieros de la UE para impulsar su economía. Actualmente, se aplica el Programa de Desarrollo Rural 2013-2020, los pilares que se promueven son: competitividad de la agricultura, procesamiento de alimentos y de madera, explotación sustentable de los recursos naturales y medioambiente y desarrollo territorial balanceado de la economía rural (Kovács et al., 2015). El término "rural" se entiende por una densidad de población baja, preponderancia de la actividad agraria, fuerte correspondencia entre los habitantes y el medio natural y fuertes relaciones sociales entre sus habitantes (Sancho y Reinoso, 2012). ...
El sector agrícola es fuente importante de recursos para la República Eslovaca. En el año 2014, la contribución de valor agregado, generado por el sector primario, a su producción nacional fue de 4.4%; en ese año un 46% de su población total vivía en zonas rurales. El objetivo fue hacer una caracterización de la agricultura y desarrollo rural de la República Eslovaca (1993-2014). Metodología. Para la caracterización se utilizaron los indicadores económicos señalados por el Banco Mundial en el apartado de agricultura y desarrollo rural. Resultados. En el periodo analizado, el valor añadido por trabajador eslovaco a la actividad agrícola, el uso de fertilizante y el rendimiento en la producción de cereales tuvieron tendencias crecientes a lo largo del tiempo; mientras que las tierras destinada a la agricultura, las superficie irrigadas, el uso de tractores, la producción agrícola, la producción animal y la producción de alimentos disminuyeron. La población rural se ha incrementado a lo largo del tiempo. En el año 2014, el 4% de la población total de Eslovaquia se empleó en actividades agrícolas. Limitaciones. Faltó incluir temas como la participación de jóvenes en las actividades agrícolas, migración, nivel educativo en zonas rurales y las acciones que se están realizando para la protección del medio ambiente. Conclusiones. La contribución del valor agregado generado por la agricultura de Eslovaquia continuará disminuyendo, sin embargo el valor añadido por trabajador Eslovaco a la actividad agrícola aumentará. La población rural seguirá teniendo una tendencia marginal creciente y la población dedicada a las actividades agrícolas continuará disminuyendo a lo largo del tiempo.
... It was also important from another point of view, namely, the micro-regional level (LAU 1) became the determinative level of regional planning and interventions in the first decade of the 2000s. From the beginning of the 2000s, research on "rural development areas" came to the fore since the accession of Visegrad countries into the European Union called for an EU-conformity definition of rural areas also at micro-regional level (see Kovács et al. 2015). Although methodology in the classification of regions in respect of its rurality developed by the OECD 1 and also used by the European Commission has often been incorporated recently into the practice of all Visegrad countries, there are frequent approaches reflecting the uniqueness of settlement, communal and regional structures in each country. ...
... The population criterion derived from the functional definition of rural is also used in for case study companies selection in the paper by Egedy et al. (2015), as the location of that enterprenuerships in a rural municipality was the crucial criterion. The political-economic approach is used by Kovács et al. (2015) as it is sufficiently sensitive to spatial unevenness in the distribution of various sources of capital -financial, human and social. Moreover, such an approach arose out of the criticism of capitalism and neoliberal modes of regulation, which are more or less adopted by all Visegrad countries. ...
The article is focused on the introduction and categorization of various approaches to rurality, and
the identification and delimitation of rural areas in Visegrad countries. Three substantively different groups of
conceptualizations and definitions of rural and rurality are described as follows: functional definitions, rural as
locality (political-economic approaches), and social representation. Latter, basic sorts of methods and appro
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aches to the delimitation of rural areas in V4 countries are introduced emphasizing its historical development,
differences in spatial level and criteria of delimitation in current research. Due to different nature of rural areas
and even local administrative units (the basic units usually used for delimitation of rural areas), it is not possible
to reach sufficient and reliable identification of rural areas for whole V4 area using any of criteria or definitions
applied in the research at national levels. Therefore, the average population density of entire V4 area was used
as a main criterion for distinguishing between urban and rural LAU 2 at the whole Visegrad area level. Such
approach is also affected by generalization but it captures various conditions in each country relatively well and
moreover, it is comparable with the OECD and European Union methods to some extent.
... Gray (2000) contends that due to the CAP the perception of rural is still linked with agriculture which creates the encompassing concept defining the nature of present European rural areas. This could also be demonstrated on the approach to rural planning and development of Visegrad countries (see Kovács et al. 2015). ...
Despite the decreasing importance of farming for rural economies, diversification of farming activities is still perceived by the EU as one of the sources of new jobs in rural areas. However, as authors argue, there are more efficient ways for new job generation associated with entrepreneurial rural in-migration. Such migration movement brings new entrepreneurial skills, knowledge, and creativity to rural areas. By presenting the results of our interview survey with urban newcomers to peripheral rural areas of Czechia, we would like to draw attention to this alternative and under-researched way of rural development, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe. This article analyses the contribution of entrepreneurial in-migrants to local economies and examines new ways for better incorporation of rural entrepreneurial in-migration into rural development planning.
