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![Fig. 10. The logical structure of a theory [148]](profile/Dmitry-Novikov-4/publication/300131568/figure/fig5/AS:667789014601728@1536224716073/The-logical-structure-of-a-theory-148_Q320.jpg)
Logically and historically, the content of cybernetics has indissoluble connection with the category of “system” (see Appendix A). Here the key role belongs to two terms—systems approach and systems analysis.
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... which is crucial and will be repeatedly underlined and used below. In the former case, the matter concerns "the umbrella brand," i.e., the "integrated" results of all sciences dealing with problems of control and data pro- cessing in animals, machines and society. The latter case covers partial "intersection" of these results 8 (see Fig. 9), i.e., usage of common results for all component sciences. Furthermore, we will adhere to this approach 9 over and over again for discrimination between the corresponding umbrel- la brand and the common results of all component sciences in the context of different categories such as interdisciplinarity, systems analysis, organ- ...
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... today (disciplines included in cybernetics in the de- scending order of their "grades" of membership, see Fig. 9, with year of birth if ...
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... opinions are only partially correct. Cybernetics was born in the middle of the 1940's as the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine," or even as the science of GENERAL control laws (recall the definitions of cybernetics and Cybernetics above and Fig. 9). The triumph of cybernetics in the 1950-1960's, namely, the appear- ance of technical, economic, biological and other types of cybernetics, their close connections with operations research, mathematical control theory, as well as intensive application of its results in design and refine- ment of technical and information systems, ...
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... and information systems, created the illusion of univer- salism and the illusion of inevitable rapid progress of cybernetics in future. Nevertheless, in the early 1970's the development of cybernetics slowed down, its integral flow was decomposed into numerous partial subflows and "lost in details": the number of scientific directions 19 (see Fig. 9) increased and each of them continued further development, but general regularities were almost not identified and not systematized. Actually, cybernetics had rapid growth owing to its components, but Cybernetics stood still. ...
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... Fig. 9 and similar ones (see Fig. 20, Fig. 21 and Fig. 55), the author addresses esteemed readers with an appeal to acknowledge that any ideas about the correlation of sciences and their branches are "ego- centric"-a scientist places its own ("favorite") science "in the core." Moreover, any scientific branch or scientific school hyperbolizes ...
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... "jealousy" to cybernetics, the representatives of adjacent sciences replied "The things are going well with us" 23 (really, many "components" of cybernetics such as control theory, informatics and others were quite successful, see Fig. 9). Popularizers infrequently feel pangs of con- science 24 and can always note: "We are not experts, we were deluded." With the course of time, politicians also felt definite pessimism over cybernetics, i.e., particularly due to the attitude towards cybernetics in the early 1950's in the USSR, the Chilean experiments of S. Beer's team ...
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... classification bases for the listed control principles are the relations between objects (a controlled system, a control system, an external environment-see Fig. 18) or the temporal relations (past, present, future-see Fig. ...
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... second interpretation of systems analysis (by analogy with Cy- bernetics, Systems analysis with capital S-compare Fig. 9 and Fig. 20) covers the general laws, regularities, principles, etc. of functioning and exploration of different-nature systems. Here the main body of scientific results is the philosophical and conceptual aspects of systems analysis and general systems theory, see ...
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... (sequential) models may have a more complex struc- ture, see Fig. 39. At each level, a model can be hybrid or follow the multi-model approach. Hierarchical models lead to the problems of aggregation and decomposition well-known in mathematical modeling. The next subsection gives some examples of hierarchical models. [153]. Suppose that opponents choose the "spatial" distribution of their forces (among ...
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... close connection between cybernetics and general systems theory and systems analysis, as well as the growing role of technologies (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 20-Fig. 21) leads to a worthy hypothesis. Cybernetics 2.0 includes cybernetics (Wiener's cybernetics and higher-order cybernetics discussed in Section 1.2), Cybernetics, and general systems theory and systems analysis with results in the following ...
Citations
... In this theory, holism and consideration of generality for phenomena are examined along with the study of internal and external connections of components of a phenomenon (Novikov 2015). Figure 3 shows the applying system theory for ecosystem management. ...
... Modified from Danehkar & Zandebasiri (2020) Fig. 4 The system theory as the heart of system and management issues. Novikov (2015) et al. 2021). This theory defines a set of sub-systems for each system that make up a macro-system. ...
Managers can determine the function of ecosystem services in decision-making processes through valuation. Ecological
functions and processes that benefit people lead to ecosystem services. Valuing ecosystem services mean finding values for
the benefits of ecosystem services. For the concepts related to ecosystem services and their valuation, categories in different
articles have been presented. One of the most important issues is providing a suitable grouping for different methods and
concepts of valuing ecosystem services. In this study, the most recent topics related to ecosystem service valuation methods
were compiled and categorized by using the system theory. The aim of this study was to introduce some of the most impor-
tant classical and modern methods and concepts of valuing ecosystem services. For this aim, a review of articles related to
ecosystem service valuation methods, content analysis, and categorization of their contents was used to provide definitions,
concepts, and categorization of different methods. To summarize, valuation methods are classified into two types: classical
and modern methods. Classical approaches include the avoided cost method, the replacement cost method, the factor income
method, the travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and contingent value. Modern methods include the basic value transfer
method, deliberative ecosystem service valuation, valuation of climate change risks, and other cases that evolve every day
in the world of science. Findings of the paper have the potential to be beneficial in comprehending the definitions and ideas
of ecosystem services in ecosystem management, particularly in protected areas, participatory management, and pollutant
research. This research can add to the worldwide literature on the valuing of ecosystem services while also determining the
most pressing issues and difficulties of today, such as climate change, pollution, ecosystem management, and participatory
management.
... The widespread introduction of automation tools in various areas of human activity related to the design, production and operation of material objects opens up new ways to improve the quality and efficiency of all management processes. This increase should be considered in an inseparable unity with an increase in the dimension and complexity of control objects [1][2][3]. ...
The paper considers the application of the computational approach to the structure spectral analysis of GERT-network models of mobile object monitoring systems. The structure of the system for monitoring mobile objects using satellite communication channels is presented, in particular, the structure of the system for monitoring the flight path of aircraft. It is shown that the structure of monitoring systems can be represented as a GERT-network model, which allows at the initial stage to consider various options for the formation of interaction between a mobile object, for example, a manned or unmanned aerial vehicle, and a ground control complex. The main idea of the approach is to transform a known graph into a graph with the desired spectrum, which corresponds to a valid implementation of the GERT network graph. Obviously, the set of admissible implementations also includes a graph with the maximum probability of completing the process in a given time. The results are presented, which allow, when analyzing the GERT-network structure of a monitoring system, to assess, by fairly simple methods, the compliance of a structure variant with a number of requirements that apply to the system as a whole.
... Cybernetics or man-machine interactions is an old interdisciplinary science. It studies control and communication concepts in living organisms, machines, and organizations, including self-organization (Novikov 2016). Its inherent feature focuses on how mechanical, biological, or digital systems process information and respond to it or change it based on feedback for better functioning. ...
This book addresses the different problems, practices, challenges and opportunities in sustainable resource management with the help of decision-making techniques to showcase the relevance of computational modelling approaches in sustainable management and Industry 4.0. It aims to address the inherent complexity of managing ecosystems, particularly with respect to the involvement of multi-stakeholders, lack of information and uncertainties. Critical analyses are made to point out the need for, and propose a call to, a new way of thinking about sustainable resource management. This book will be useful for academicians, researchers, and industrialists in the field of industrial and production engineering.
... Cybernetics or man-machine interactions is an old interdisciplinary science. It studies control and communication concepts in living organisms, machines, and organizations, including self-organization (Novikov 2016). Its inherent feature focuses on how mechanical, biological, or digital systems process information and respond to it or change it based on feedback for better functioning. ...
The transition from traditional manufacturing to intelligent manufacturing is evolving as a result of technological advancement. Industry 4.0 has a broader spectrum of the domain and has brought a radical shift to innovative activities, though it is still at an early stage of maturity. The need to embrace emerging techniques and technology is imperative more than ever. This article presents a review on the emerging industrial fourth revolution called Industry 4.0 (14.0). The research noticed no consensus among researchers on the number of technologies responsible for the radical industrial transformation. However, it highlights and discusses some unique enabling technologies of Industry 4.0 with applications areas. The study realized that in the future, robotics would take over the activities of manufacturing more intelligently and thus, leading to Industry 5.0. The article contributes to the bank of literature on Industry 4.0
... A Century of Convergence The Composition and Structure of Cybernetics[ 22 ] ...
P3 is a petri dish brimming with questions, not answers, but suggestions, to explore. The aim is not to teach or pontificate but may swing the proverbial pendulum between science and engineering in the context of commercial and consumer services. The reader may ponder about the amorphous questions or wonder in confusion. We disrupt the status quo and indulge in orthogonal, nonlinear, and asymmetric information arbitrage which may not be correct. This is a seed, sterile unless cultivated. We aspire to inform that tools and data related to the affluent world are not a template to be “copied” or applied to systems in the remaining (80%) parts of the world which suffer from economic constraints. We need different thinking that resists the inclination of the affluent 20% of the world to treat the rest of the world (80% of the population) as a market. The 80/20 concept evokes the Pareto [1] theme in P3 and the implication is that ideas may float between (porous) the 80/20 domains (partition).
... Очевидно, что подход QbD должен обеспечить на основе целевого профиля препарата TPP (Target Product Profile), представляющего собой оптимальную совокупность параметров, оптимальные эффективность, схему лечения и коммерческий потенциал. Реализация принципа QbD для разработки информационного обеспечения этапа фармацевтической разработки должна опираться на системный подход [4]. ...
... Информационно-алгоритмическая поддержка разработки твердых лекарственных форм (4) База данных результатов контроля предназначена для решения следующих задач: ...
The article deals with the application of the system approach for constructing informationalgorithmic support for the pharmaceutical development of solid dosage forms. Information modeling of the life cycle of pharmaceutical drug development has been carried out starting from the stage of studying the active pharmaceutical substance and ending with the utilization of the drug. These models are built in the IDEF0 nomination. A generalized block diagram is presented that reflects, in its most general form, the iterative process of developing a ready-made dosage form as applied to the further transfer of technology. The basis of the system approach is QbD - "Quality planned in the development". To implement the QbD principle on the basis of the system approach, systemic set-theoretic models of information support of pharmaceutical development in the nomenclature of Melentiev have been constructed. A model for controlling the pressing process is also provided, which takes into account all the technological stages in the development of a solid dosage form. Functional models in the IDEF0 nomenclature of the technological process are constructed from the preparation of premises, personnel and components of the dosage form to the stage of packing and packaging of the finished dosage form. The construction of an informational intellectual control system for pharmaceutical development has been considered in detail with particular attention paid to the construction of a database of medicinal and auxiliary substances using the example of solid dosage forms. In Melentiev's bracket notation, the database of auxiliary substances necessary for the design of a solid dosage form is filled. The "Entity-relationship" model and the relational model for the database of medicinal and auxiliary substances have been constructe
... SEA is based on a systematic approach and view of the social system in terms of energy [10]. This view allows us to represent the intra and extra-systematic processes such as modification or redistribution of energy within the system and between systems, taking into account the systemic approach [11], including representation of the internal processes in the system through physical analogy, ie, Wiener processes. In the theory of random processes, Wiener process is a mathematical model of Brownian motion (it is described by the Langevin equation) or a random walk in continuous time [12][13][14][15]. ...
The current article is devoted to reviewing the possibility to present a social conflict and some of its main characteristics through application of mathematics in the context of socio-energy approach. This line of research is timely due to necessity to create a prognostic apparatus for such events or phenomena. The methodology includes mathematical modeling approach based on nonlinear dynamics, system approach and Wiener process. Firstly, the author gives a brief classification of social conflicts, as well as description of science state in this field of knowledge. There are 4 types of conflicts in accordance with their localization and triggering conditions, different subjects and their groups. There is also presented the foundation of socio-energy approach, its apparatus and idea about the energy flow going through the social system, which is represented using graphical vector imaging. Lineal dynamic model lies in the basis of the socio-energy approach, as well as the elements of fractal geometry for description of intrastructuraldistribution in society. Three basic theories of social conflict classification were considered: Coser, Darendorf and Boulding. Two main aspects of social conflict were selected:statical and dynamical ones. As a result, specific generalized statements true for the majority socio conflicts types, as well as mathematically determined conception of social conflict.The conception will allow to create a mathematical model of social conflict based on stochastic differential equations. Such an instrument is able to correctly determinedefinite characteristic common factors of ethnosocial conflicts, including the conditions for their generating and localization.
Detection of crop diseases is imperative for agriculture to be sustainable. Automated crop disease detection is a major issue in the current agricultural industry due to its cluttered background. Internet of Things (IoT) has gained immense interest in the past decade, as it accumulates a high level of contextual information to identify crop diseases. This study paper presents a novel method based on Taylor-Water Wave Optimization-based Generative Ad-versarial Network (Taylor-WWO-based GAN) to identify diseases in the agricultural industry. In this method, the IoT nodes sense the plant leaves, and the sensed data are transmitted to the Base Station (BS) using Fractional Gravitational Gray Wolf Optimization. This technique selects the optimal path for data transmission. After performing IoT routing, crop diseases are recognized at the BS. For detecting crop disease, the input image acquired from the IoT routing phase is then forwarded to the next step, that is, preprocessing, to improve the quality of the image for further processing. Then, Seg-mentation Network (SegNet) is adapted to segment the images, and extraction of significant features is performed using the acquired segments. The extracted features are adapted by the GAN, which is trained by Taylor-WWO. The proposed Taylor-WWO is newly devised by integrating the Taylor series and WWO algorithms. The
Nonprofits are increasingly using business rhetoric, practices, and systems to create sustainable business models and remain attentive to social needs and stakeholder expectations in a depleted and suppressed economy. One such system of business appropriating is in the information technology and management space, which can help nonprofits operate efficiently in a cloud environment. There is a need for scholarly work devoted to understanding cloud-based control and management within nonprofit organization systems and environments. Given the dearth of exploratory work, this study examines how cloud management platforms are used in nonprofits and considers how they influence operations and nonprofit business models. Findings reveal that cloud management platforms help nonprofits create or optimize operations and improve internal and external relationships with stakeholders, often impacting business strategy by mission fulfillment and program needs. Recommendations for consideration of cloud management platforms are made based on criteria comparison of nonprofit purpose, structure, size, and data management needs.
The terms “information space” and “cyberspace” form the basis of definitions of information security and cyber security. The actual issue is to determine the essence of the phenomena of the information and cyberspace, which currently do not have a unified vision. The paper proposes a study of the structure and properties of the information space and cyber space, based on a mathematical formalism, which distinguishes the work from the previous ones, where the corresponding spaces were considered descriptively. The information and cyberspaces are considered as complex systems to which a system approach is applied. Structural models of information and cyberspaces consisting of subsystems of the first, second, and third levels, and elements of the fourth level are offered. Based on the proposed models of systems, the indicators of integrity and autonomy are analyzed, which allows us to conclude that, in both spaces, there is a greater tendency to the structural monolithicity than to the autonomy of the components. But cyberspace shows a greater interdependence of components, compared to the information space, despite their higher dynamism and a less degree of attachment to real objects. The Jacquard similarity coefficient is calculated for the elements of the 4th level. It indicates a significant difference between the systems of the information space and the cyberspace. Descriptive analysis of the elements of the information and cyberspaces showed that the cyberspace, in contrast to the information space, operates not only information, but also data that are necessary to support its technological functioning. Another distinctive feature of the cyberspace is the information control to achieve a specific goal; while the information space deals only with the processing and storage of information.
