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![The combination of near-field image encoding and far-field vectorial holography.
(A) The multichannel metadevice that combines holographic images and a grayscale image nanoprint for anticounterfeiting and encryption [134]. (B) A four-channel TiO2 metasurface device that generates grayscale nanoprinting-hologram images under the illumination of RCP and LCP, respectively, in the near field and far field [135]. (C) A bi-functional metasurface that combines structural color printing and vectorial holography [136]. (D) A silicon metasurface realizes two independent full-color printed images and vectorial holograms [137].](publication/358130893/figure/fig4/AS:11431281121994116@1677157001454/The-combination-of-near-field-image-encoding-and-far-field-vectorial-holography-A-The.jpg)
The combination of near-field image encoding and far-field vectorial holography. (A) The multichannel metadevice that combines holographic images and a grayscale image nanoprint for anticounterfeiting and encryption [134]. (B) A four-channel TiO2 metasurface device that generates grayscale nanoprinting-hologram images under the illumination of RCP and LCP, respectively, in the near field and far field [135]. (C) A bi-functional metasurface that combines structural color printing and vectorial holography [136]. (D) A silicon metasurface realizes two independent full-color printed images and vectorial holograms [137].
Source publication
Optical holography capable of the complete recording and reconstruction of light’s wavefront, plays significant roles on interferometry, microscopy, imaging, data storage, and three-dimensional displaying. Conventional holography treats light as scalar field with only phase and intensity dimensions, leaving the polarization information entirely neg...
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... Compared to traditional optical devices, metasurfaces offer superior characteristics, including reduced weight, enhanced efficiency, minimized size, and decreased energy consumption. To date, metasurfaces have been applied in diverse applications such as beam shaping [21,22], achromatic imaging [23][24][25], light-field sensing [26][27][28], holography [29][30][31], structural color printing [32][33][34], nonlinear effects [35][36][37], optical computing [38,39], and quantum technologies [40,41]. Researchers have also explored the application of metasurfaces for the generation of autofocusing Airy beams. ...
Abrupt autofocusing (AAF) beams, known for their non-diffractive properties, extended focal depth, and self-healing capabilities, are advantageous over conventional Gaussian beams in the biomedical field. Compared to the previous method that can only generate a passive AAF beam, we introduce metasurfaces to achieve a dynamically steered AAF beam at the incident wavelength of 532 nm. By rotating the two metasurfaces in opposite directions of an angle , both the generated position of the AAF beam and the autofocusing direction can be altered. Our theoretical analysis and full-wave simulation results confirmed that the deflection angle of the AAF beam can be finely adjusted from to 11° without significantly affecting the focal length or focusing efficiency. This capability allows for precision operation in biomedical applications, including enhanced laser surgery, optical tweezing, and optimized photodynamic therapy.
... The emerging metasurface with the capability of controlling light's phase 2,3 , polarization 4 , amplitude 5 , arbitrary spin-wavefront manipulation 6 , and resonant properties provides a versatile platform for constructing compact and flexible polarization optical elements. By manipulating arbitrary phase, amplitude responses based on arbitrary polarization basis beyond the linear polarization basis 7,8 , it enables the creation of optical devices for polarization projection [9][10][11] , polarization beam splitting 12,13 , polarization measurements [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] , polarization imaging [22][23][24][25] , and various other functionalities. ...
Chirality describes mirror symmetry breaking in geometric structures or certain physical quantities. The interaction between chiral structure and chiral light provides a rich collection of means for studying the chirality of substances. Recently, optical chiral metasurfaces have emerged as planar or quasi-planar photonic devices composed of subwavelength chiral unit cells, offering distinct appealing optical responses to circularly polarized light with opposite handedness. The chiroptical effects in optical metasurfaces can be manifested in the absorption, scattering, and even emission spectra under the circular polarization bases. A broadband chiroptical effect is highly desired for many passive chiral applications such as pure circular polarizers, chiral imaging, and chiral holography, in which cases the resonances should be avoided. On the other hand, resonant chiroptical responses are particularly needed in many situations requiring strong chiral field enhancement such as chiral sensing and chiral emission. This article reviews the latest research on both broadband and resonant chiral metasurfaces. First, we discuss the basic principle of different types of chiroptical effects including 3D/2D optical chirality and intrinsic/extrinsic optical chirality. Then we review typical means for broadband chiral metasurfaces, and related chiral photonic devices including broadband circular polarizers, chiral imaging and chiral holography. Then, we discuss the interaction between chiral light and matter enhanced by resonant chiral metasurfaces, especially for the chiral bound states in the continuum metasurfaces with ultra-high quality factors, which are particularly important for chiral molecule sensing, and chiral light sources. In the final section, the review concludes with an outlook on future directions in chiral photonics.
... Despite of exciting progresses achieved on meta-holograms, however, most of holographic images realized are scalar ones exhibiting homogeneous polarization distributions. Although a limited attempts were made to generate vectorial holographic images exhibiting predesigned inhomogeneous polarization distributions [29][30][31][32], the recording metaholograms suffer from the issues of low efficiencies and limited lateral resolutions, as the adopted unit phase-bits are constructed with multiple resonators. ...
Holography plays a crucial role in optics applications, but it traditionally requires complex setup and bulky devices, being unfavourable for optics integration. While metasurface-based holograms are ultra-compact and easy to realize, holographic images generated are mostly restricted to scalar ones, with a few recent attempts on vectorial holograms suffering from complex meta-structures and low efficiencies. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient meta-platform to generate vectorial holograms with arbitrarily designed wave fronts and polarization distributions based on ultra-compact metaatoms. Combining GS algorithm and the wave-decomposition technique, we establish a generic strategy to retrieve the optical property, i.e., the distributions of reflection phase and polarization-conversion capability of the metasurface to generate a target vectorial holographic image. We next design a series of high-efficiency and deep-subwavelength metaatoms exhibiting arbitrarily designed reflection phases and polarization-conversion capabilities, and experimentally characterize their optical properties. Based on these metaatoms, we finally realize a series of meta-holograms that can generate pre-designed vectorial holographic images upon external illuminations, and experimentally characterize their working performances. Our work provides a high-efficiency and ultra-thin platform to generate vectorial holographic images, which can find many applications in onchip photonics.
... The integration of holographic and printing images holds significance in areas such as data storage, information security, advanced display, etc. [45][46][47] . Different from prior works that solely employ plane waves for integrating printing and hologram images, our MCP metasurfaces enable the OAM beams as a novel DoF, thereby achieving much higher capacity in one metasurface. ...
Due to its unbounded and orthogonal modes, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is regarded as a key optical degree of freedom (DoF) for future information processing with ultra-high capacity and speed. Although the manipulation of OAM based on metasurfaces has brought about great achievements in various fields, such manipulation currently remains at single-DoF level, which means the multiplexed manipulation of OAM with other optical DoFs is still lacking, greatly hampering the application of OAM beams and advancement of metasurfaces. In order to overcome this challenge, we propose the idea of multiplexed coherent pixel (MCP) for metasurfaces. This approach enables the manipulation of arbitrary complex-amplitude under incident lights of both plane and OAM waves, on the basis of which we have realized the multiplexed DoF control of OAM and wavelength. As a result, the MCP method expands the types of incident lights which can be simultaneously responded by metasurfaces, enriches the information processing capability of metasurfaces, and creates applications of information encryption and OAM demultiplexer. Our findings not only provide means for the design of high-security and high-capacity metasurfaces, but also raise the control and application level of OAM, offering great potential for multifunctional nanophotonic devices in the future.
... As an ultra-thin planar optical element composed of subwavelength nanostructures, metasurface has shown powerful capability of multi-dimensional optical field manipulation and emerges as a promising candidate for optical encryption in a compact form [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. For metasurface-empowered optical encryption system, the key space could be defined as the total number of keys and attributed to both incident and output states. ...
Optical encryption plays an increasingly important role in the field of information security owing to its parallel processing capability and low power consumption. Employing the ultrathin metasurfaces in optical encryption has promoted the miniaturization and multifunctionality of encryption systems. Nevertheless, with the few number of degrees of freedom (DoFs) multiplexed by single metasurface, both key space and encoding space are limited. To address this issue, we propose a high-security and large-capacity optical encryption scheme based on perfect high-dimensional Poincaré beams with expanded DoFs. By cascading two arrayed metasurfaces, more beam properties can be independently engineered, which gives rise to the extensively expanded key and encoding spaces. Our work provides a promising strategy for optical encryption with high security level and large information capacity and might facilitate the applications of Poincaré beams in optical communications and quantum information.
... Previous research has demonstrated that the metasurfaces can effectively modulate light phase, amplitude, and polarization. As a result, its wavefront can be engineered for a wide range of applications, including beam steering [6][7][8], quantum computing [9,10], detectors [11], and holography [12,13]. However, in general cases, the optical responses of these metasurfaces are not flexible due to the inherently passive building blocks that are fabricated to perform a fixed optical functionality. ...
Lithium niobate (LN)-based metasurfaces have demonstrated remarkable potential in integrated electro-optically adjustable metadevices with the maturation of thin film LN on insulator (LNOI) technology. Here, we proposed a type of high factor tunable metasurface with etchless LN, which is electrically driven in the vertical direction by using transparent conductive film. A transmission amplitude modulation of over 60 dB at a voltage of 20 V is realized through guided mode resonances created at the LN layer with a factor of 1320. Meanwhile, phase modulation is also realized with a reflective design by adding a gold layer at the bottom of the metasurface. With a gate voltage of 80 V, about phase modulation is achieved while keeping reflection over 92%. Our proposed device achieves effective modulation of optical amplitude and phase in the near-infrared band, which lays a good foundation for the development of high performance LN-based active nanophotonic devices.
... Lately, diversified smart holographic multiplexing schemes have been exploited to optimize the tremendous information capability [4][5][6]. In addition, vectorial holography, characterized by the spatially varying polarization states, has further paved the way to arbitrarily control the spatial distribution of polarization, and dramatically increase the information carried out by light [7][8][9]. Not limited to the single holographic channel, multichannel holography based on various modified iterative algorithm has also been achieved where different holographic images can be reconstructed along respective diffraction orders [10]. ...
Holography is promising to fully record and reconstruct the fundamental properties of light, while the limitations of working bandwidth, allowed polarization states, and dispersive response impede further advances in the integration level and functionality. Here, we propose an ultra-broadband holography based on twisted nematic liquid crystals (TNLCs), which can efficiently work in both the visible and infrared regions with a working spectrum of over 1000 nm. The underlying physics is that the electric field vector of light through TNLCs can be parallelly manipulated in the broad spectral range, thus enabling to build the ultra-broadband TNLC hologram by dynamic photopatterning. Furthermore, by introducing a simple nematic liquid crystal (NLC) element, the cascaded device allows for an excellent nondispersive polarization-maintaining performance that can adapt to full-polarization incidence. We expect our proposed methodology of holography may inspire new avenues for usages in polarization imaging, augmented/virtual reality display, and optical encryption.
... Electromagnetic metasurfaces provide a new degree of freedom for regulating the polarization [2], amplitude [3] and phase [4] of electromagnetic wave, and enable the development of chiral electromagnetic materials [4,5]. It has been extensively employed for numerous applications, including holographic [6,7], cloaking [8], nonlinear optics [9], polarization controlled [10], Communications [2,11] and so on. High quality (Q) factor resonance plays an indispensable role in improving the performance of devices [12,13]. ...
... Superlens or optical lens can be made by the metasurface as in [40,41] . Holograms also can be made as in [42,43] . Many other applications will be introduced one of them is the SERS which will be discussed later in this work. ...
... In this context, research, and innovation in metamaterials and metasurfaces has provided the scientific and industrial communities the tools to enable an arbitrary control of EM waves. This is due to the fact that metamaterials and metasurfaces can be engineered to achieve responses not always readily available in natural media [1], enabling their implementation for new and improved devices including lenses, antennas, sensors, computing structures, artificial intelligence-based designs, among others [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. All these applications consider light-matter interactions in three-dimensions (x,y,z). ...
