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Fish oil is a popular nutritional product consumed in Hong Kong. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the two main bioactive components responsible for the health benefits of fish oil. Market survey in Hong Kong demonstrated that various fish oil capsules with different origins and prices are sold simultaneously. However,...
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Context 1
... polyunsaturated fatty acids, which include the fish oil components eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Figure 1), are essential for humans as cannot be synthesized by the human body [1]. It has been reported that omega-3 fatty acids are very important in preventing and managing heart disease [2]. ...
Context 2
... quantitative test, selective ion mode (SIM) was used due to its higher sensitivity. Considering the abundance of fragment ions of EPA and DHA in mass spectra (Additional file 1: Figure S1), m/z 79 was used for calculat- ing amount of EPA and DHA. The typical chromatogram is shown in Figure 2C. ...
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The essential w-3 and w-6 fatty acids have important physiological functions, such as prevention of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis, and are commercially sold as fish oil capsules. In the present work, a method previously described in the literature, based on the derivatization of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their gas chromatography...
Citations
... The validated method was successfully used for analysis of EPA and DHA contents in commercial capsules containing fish oils. There is no correlation between the contents of EPA/DHA and the price of supplement capsules [49]. GC-MS was also applied for analysis of ω-3 (ALA, EPA, DHA, DPA) and ω-6 FAs (dihomo-linoleic acid or DGLA and ARA) with valid results [50]. ...
Omega-3 fatty acids v(ω-3 FAs) such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (ω-6 FAs) such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are important fatty acids responsible for positive effects on human health. The main sources of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs are marine-based products, especially fish oils. Some food, supplements, and pharmaceutical products would include fish oils as a source of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs; therefore, the quality assurance of these products is highly required. Some analytical methods mainly based on spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques have been reported. Molecular spectroscopy such as Infrared and Raman parallel to chemometrics has been successfully applied for quantitative analysis of individual and total ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs. This spectroscopic technique is typically applied as the alternative method to official methods applying chromatographic methods. Due to the capability to provide the separation of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs from other components in the products, gas and liquid chromatography along with sophisticated detectors such as mass spectrometers are ideal analytical methods offering sensitive and specific results that are suitable for routine quality control.
... Gas Chromatography (GC), coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS), was used to analyse EOs in this study: this is widely used method in EO studies is also an important technique for the quality evaluation and control of natural products [59,60]. ...
Wild aromatic plants present high intra- and inter-population chemical polymorphisms which are
of great ecological and economic interest; however, the factors influencing the phytochemical
diversity of aromatic plants remain still unexplored for many species. Here, Teucrium marum L.
(Lamiaceae) has been studied, a plant endemic to the western Mediterranean islands, very wellknown
from the phytochemical point of view but scarcely investigated regarding the ecological
factors that influence its phytochemical diversity within and among populations. The specific
aims were to: 1) define the chemical composition variability of its essential oils; 2) determine its
inter- and intra-population chemical variability; and 3) evaluate whether the elevation, climatic
factors and/or the soil substrate determined the phytochemical variability of T. marum along a
gradient from coastal to mountain wild populations on the island of Sardinia (Italy). Fresh
T. marum aerial parts were randomly collected from ten individuals in six different localities in
Sardinia: three coastal and three mountainous. Dried leaf samples were hydrodistillated using a
classical Clevenger apparatus to obtain the corresponding essential oils. The composition of each
essential oil was chemically characterised and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry. Ninety compounds were identified: among the others, the two compounds that
mainly characterised the essential oils of the studied populations, DOLICHODIAL and (E)-β-CARYOPHYLLENE,
are of great economic interest. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in
phytochemical essential oil composition among and within the studied populations, which
clustered following a geographical pattern rather than a simple climatic or edaphic grouping.
Taken together the results here shown shed light on the environmental and geographical conditions
that determine the chemical variability of essential oils in T. marum, highlighting a clear
coastal vs mountain clustering, which has an ecological and economic relevance, especially for
the potential utilization of DOLICHODIAL as an environmental-friendly insecticide.
... Therefore, the quality controls of ω-3 FAs by determining the components of ω-3 FAs using some analytical methods is very urgent. Chromatographic-based methods including gas chromatography using flame ionization detector [5], mass spectrometer detector [6], HPLC with UV detection liquid [7] and chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [8]. However, these methods involved sophisticated instruments and need skilful analyst, therefore, more user-friendly methods are need to be developed mainly based on spectroscopic methods including FTIR spectroscopy. ...
Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) are important fatty acids having the beneficial roles in human health including reducing blood pressure, lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and exerting anti-inflammation activities. Omega-3 FAs were mainly found in fish oils, therefore, determination of these FAs is very important. This study highlighted the employment of FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis for determination of ω-3 FAs in fish oils. Fish oils were obtained from the extraction of corresponding fishes and subjected to purification. The oils were further subjected to FTIR spectroscopic measurement at mid infrared region (4000-450 cm-1). Fatty acid compositions of ω-3 FAs namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization (GC-FID), and the results from GC-FID were used as actual values. Two multivariate regressions along with wavenumbers regions or their combinations were optimized and compared to provide the best condition for prediction of EPA and DHA in fish oils. The results showed that partial least square regression (PLSR) was suitable for prediction of DHA applying the variable of absorbance values of the second derivative spectra, with the values of coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9916 and 0.9316 in calibration and validation models, respectively. The values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) obtained were 0.789 and 2.53. While, prediction of EPA was performed using principal component regression with R2 value of > 0.72 and low values of RMSEC and RMSEC. It can be concluded that the combination of FTIR spectra and multivariate regression provides the effective tools and alternative GC-FID method for the prediction of EPA and DHA in fish oils.
... GC-MS is a more precise and accurate method of compositional analysis than high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 25 Then, a network pharmacology strategy was applied to obtain the potential targets, underlying pathways, and the therapeutic mechanism of BEO against asthma. Finally, we validated the predicted pharmacologic mechanism of BEO in vivo and in vitro. ...
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is extracted from the bergamot peel, which is widely used as a medicinal and food plant in China. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that BEO has anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting potential in treating asthma. First, the main active ingredients of BEO were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Network pharmacology methods were used to explore the possible core targets and main pathways of BEO in asthma treatment. Then ovalbumin (OVA)-induced in vivo and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro models were established to investigate the antiasthmatic effects of BEO. BEO showed a good antiasthmatic effect by improving lung inflammation and inhibiting collagen deposition. Then, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to explore the possible mechanism of BEO in asthma treatment. Furthermore, experimental verification showed that BEO could suppress the release of inflammatory factors in vitro and inhibit the activation of MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. This study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of BEO against asthma. Moreover, it supplies a theoretical basis for the clinical application of BEO.
... market vary considerably [16]. Only information on ω-3 fatty acids is given on the label of some products but some products provide satisfactory information for the consumer on their label (total ω-3 fatty acid content, how much is produced from which seafood, EPA and DHA content separately, recommended daily dose). ...
... these criteria. Several studies reported that the EPA and DHA contents of nutritional fish oil supplements conformed to the ingredient label claim [19][20][21][22][23]. Yi et al. [16] examined commercial fish oil capsule samples sold in Hong Kong retail stores. A significant variation in the contents of the quantified components in all samples in terms of EPA and DHA was observed. ...
... If there is a total of 120 capsules in the box of a product and it is recommended to consume 3 capsules per day, the total servings equivalent of this product is 40 servings. As the higher price cannot guarantee higher EPA and DHA content [16], it is important to consider the balance between the price and content of these products. As seen in Tab. 2, it was observed that one capsule consumption in all krill oil products could meet the daily EPA plus DHA intake in the range of 19-113 %. ...
Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are
abundant in seafood and fish oils. They are recommended for their many health benefits. There has been a large and
sustained growth in sales of nutritional supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In this study, a total of 54 omega-3 fatty acids supplement products of various brands available in Turkey was analysed
for their fatty acids content using gas chromatography. In 59.3 % of the products examined, EPA plus DHA content was
found to be less than what was stated on the label. It was observed that 25.9 % could meet the daily EPA+DHA need
with a capsule or a measure of consumption. Overall, 35.2 % of products were found satisfactory in terms of providing
80 % or more of the daily EPA+DHA requirement with a capsule or a measure of consumption and advantageous in
terms of contents and price. The remaining 64.8 % of products could not provide 80 % of the daily EPA+DHA requirement with a single capsule. This study provided information on the accuracy of the declared contents of omega-3 fatty
acids supplements and evaluated the advantages for the consumers.
... Various methods using some instruments have been developed for the authentication of fish oils. Methods based on gas chromatography such as gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) have been developed by most researchers for fish oils authentication by focusing on fatty acids analysis (Putri et al., 2019;Rohman et al., 2021;Yi et al., 2014). However, several disadvantages such as time consumption, complex sample preparation steps including derivatization, and laborious effort due to the use of some chemical reagents have become a serious concern. ...
... A comprehensive evaluation of the method developed by the researchers has been made and it has been shown that the method is highly sensitive, reliable, reproducible and accurate. In addition, while the EPA content ranged between 39.52 mg/g to 509.16 mg/g, DHA content ranged from 35.14 mg/g to 645.70 mg/g in all fish oil samples [42]. ...
... The GC-MS method, used in fish oil analysis for the determination of EPA and DHA, has been confirmed to be effective and accurate. 39 Also, EPA and DHA are to be analyzed, by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), with the HPLC not as sensitive enough like the GC-MS, while requiring very high costs when using LCMS. 39 Also, clinical trials are to be conducted, in comparing the two products, to observe the effects of EPA and DHA, in the reduction of blood cholesterol levels (LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides). ...
... 39 Also, EPA and DHA are to be analyzed, by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), with the HPLC not as sensitive enough like the GC-MS, while requiring very high costs when using LCMS. 39 Also, clinical trials are to be conducted, in comparing the two products, to observe the effects of EPA and DHA, in the reduction of blood cholesterol levels (LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides). ...
... The GC-MS method, used in fish oil analysis for the determination of EPA and DHA, has been confirmed to be effective and accurate. 39 Also, EPA and DHA are to be analyzed, by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), with the HPLC not as sensitive enough like the GC-MS, while requiring very high costs when using LCMS. 39 Also, clinical trials are to be conducted, in comparing the two products, to observe the effects of EPA and DHA, in the reduction of blood cholesterol levels (LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides). ...
... 39 Also, EPA and DHA are to be analyzed, by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), with the HPLC not as sensitive enough like the GC-MS, while requiring very high costs when using LCMS. 39 Also, clinical trials are to be conducted, in comparing the two products, to observe the effects of EPA and DHA, in the reduction of blood cholesterol levels (LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides). ...
... UAE employs two types of instruments: (i) ultrasonic bath, which is the most usual device and entails a stainlesssteel tank with ultrasonic transducers adhered to the base, and an electronic generator, which provides electrical power to the transducer (Chemat et al., 2017;Lavilla & Bendicho, 2017), and (ii) ultrasonic probes, which includes a generator, a transducer bonded to probe and immersed into the vessel containing the feedstock, and a standard and booster horn to enhance the sonication amplitude (Lavilla & Bendicho, 2017). Chemical structures of EPA and DHA (Yi et al., 2014). There are some parameters that affect the effectiveness and efficiency of UAE such as frequency and intensity, reactor design and shape of the probe (if applicable), solvent, temperature, and matrix particle size (Chemat et al., 2017;Pingret, Fabiano-Tixier, & Farid, 2013). ...
... With the intention of attaining the health advantages, the day-to-day ingestion of n-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, may achieve an adequate level. Several clinical projects are employing dosages of a maximum of 4 g per day of EPA, DHA, or a mixture of both, as was stated in recent times (Yi et al., 2014). Therefore, upgrading of ω-3 PUFAs, specifically EPA and DHA, have also been an active field of investigation with the aim of manufacturing concentrated high value-added PUFA products (Pereira et al., 2013). ...
Fish is regarded as a healthy animal-derived food owing to its remarkable content in macro and micronutrients, which results in a large consumption by humans. Consequently, fishery-related industries generate huge amounts of byproducts that are frequently used to manufacture low-value products or are even discarded. Nevertheless, these marine derivatives present interesting high-value functional features that can be exploited, due to their importance, in the food or nutraceutical industries. In order to obtain these compounds of interest, such as bioactive lipids, it is important to select suitable extraction methods. It is of current concern the use of alternative green cutting edge technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), which possess some advantages over conventional extractions methods, improving the quality of the extracts and reducing the loss of functional properties of the bioactive compounds obtained. The potential use, and advantages and drawbacks of UAE, MAE, and SFE for the obtainment of lipids from fish derivatives were pinpointed and discussed, in addition to the beneficial effect to the bioactive lipids in human health.
