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![Inorganic elements in ash obtained from various parts of nipa palm [1].](profile/Anwar-Saeed/publication/348086512/figure/tbl1/AS:977973360472069@1610178427931/Inorganic-elements-in-ash-obtained-from-various-parts-of-nipa-palm-1_Q320.jpg)
Usage of conventional energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas as an energy source for development has led to many economic, environmental, social, and political impacts worldwide. Due to this, the world has redirected its policies and investments towards producing clean energy which is based on renewable resources such as biomass. Due to...
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... could be said that the moisture content is inversely proportional to the calorific value of a compound. A typical high calorific value of pellet usually ranges between 3600 kcal/kg to 4600 kcal/ kg. As for the mixture of the nipa palm, the calorific value was 4093 kcal/kg which was between the ranges of the typical pellet calorific value. Fig. 4 showed and indicated the calorific value of the mixture palm seed with the industrial pellets formed from grass, wood pellet, and wheat straw pellets. Referring to Fig. 4, it could be seen that the calorific value of the pellets ranges between 4685 kcal/kg to 4429 kcal/kg where the difference between the highest and lowest value is ...
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... 3600 kcal/kg to 4600 kcal/ kg. As for the mixture of the nipa palm, the calorific value was 4093 kcal/kg which was between the ranges of the typical pellet calorific value. Fig. 4 showed and indicated the calorific value of the mixture palm seed with the industrial pellets formed from grass, wood pellet, and wheat straw pellets. Referring to Fig. 4, it could be seen that the calorific value of the pellets ranges between 4685 kcal/kg to 4429 kcal/kg where the difference between the highest and lowest value is 12.6%. This concludes that the mixture nipa palm seed has a calorific value which is in range with the industrial pellets' calorific value. A study says that a typical ...
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A study was carried out and the optimization process was carried out for one of the types of equipment for autonomous heat supply using renewable resources – a tubular pellet heater. The research is expedient, since there is no mathematical model of the unit operation for the pellet combustion unit, there is only a set of experimental results indic...
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... The higher heating value (HHV) of wood pellets, which represents the amount of heat released during complete combustion, can vary based on the type of wood, moisture content, and production process. The HHV is influenced by the composition of wood, which includes varying amounts of cellulose, lignin, protein and starch [38]. Additionally, the carbon and hydrogen content in wood pellets significantly impacts HHV, as these are the primary energy rich elements [39]. ...
This study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of 12 biomass wood pellet samples utilised in a power generation, focusing on their implications for energy release and carbon emissions during combustion. Through comprehensive analysis involving bulk density measurements, compression tests, moisture analysis, calorimetry and controlled burning experiments, significant correlations among key properties are identified. Pellets with densities above 1100 kg/m³ demonstrate superior mechanical durability and strength, achieving maximum strengths of 0.6 to 0.8 kN with durability exceeding 99.4%. Optimal moisture content, typically between 6 and 7% is crucial for maximising density, bulk density, mechanical durability and fracture resistance, ensuring robust pellet structure and performance. The research underscores the impact of pellet dimensions, highlighting those longer lengths, > 12 mm enhance durability, while larger diameters > 8 mm exhibit reduced durability. Elemental analysis focusing on calcium, silicon and potassium plays a critical role in predicting and managing combustion system fouling, potentially reducing operational costs. Moreover, the study emphasises the significant influence of oxygen levels during combustion on CO2 emissions, achieving optimal results with moisture content in the 7–8% range for maximum higher heating value (HHV). The moisture content in the 14–15% range represents the lowest CO2 emission. The findings underscore the intricacy of the system and the interplay of parameters with one another. In accordance with the priority of each application, the selection of parameters warrants careful consideration.
Graphical Abstract
... Dry fruit husks and seeds have calorific values of 3843 and 4093 kcal/kg, respectively. This falls within the range of the calorific value of traditional fuel pellets, indicating their potential use as biofuel (Harun et al., 2021). ...
This study reviewed the state-of-the-art knowledge on Nypa fruticans-based (hereafter Nypa-based) land use along with the corresponding ecosystem services that contribute to the wellbeing of mangrove-dependent communities (MDCs) in the tropics. In relation to the land uses, Nypa’s ecosystem service valuation, restoration potential and threats were also explored. Nypa-based land uses documented in tropical countries since the last century include, Natural Nypa Forests (NNF), Nypa Plantations (NP), Nypa-Aquaculture Systems (NAS), and Nypa-Agriculture Systems (NAgS). Even though land use-specific variations were found in distribution, abundance, and ecosystem services provided, it appears that there is the great overlap of reported ecosystem services regardless of Nypa land use. The provisioning ecosystem services of Nypa have been made use of at the subsistence level by man for millennia. These especially include its use as a source of food, fuel, and fiber. Nypa is unique among the many mangroves as being about the only one that has significantly been developed for commercial exploitation beyond the typical destructive harvest for wood and charcoal as seen in most other mangroves. Our review presents new research that has made important inroads in exploring Nypa’s yet untapped commercial potential for livelihood provisioning for poor MDCs. Building further on these pioneering results holds major promise for the development of new sustainable livelihood opportunities for MDCs. The review also shows that Nypa provides substantial supporting, regulating and cultural services. These services have been rarely studied, and Nypa’s contribution to the wellbeing of MDCs are therefore not well-acknowledged. Our review also suggests that at the landscape level, Nypa also holds major promise as a way to rapidly sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, protect coastal areas from weather extremes, rehabilitate abandoned aquaculture ponds and transform aquaculture towards greater sustainability. Therefore, we recommend further intensification of Nypa-based land uses in conjunction with the further development of value-added Nypa products for livelihood support, as well as basic research on the ecological niche-specific suitability of Nypa-based land uses, and their associated ecosystem services.
... The parts of the nipah plant that are commonly used by the community are the leaves which can be made for roofs and cigarette wrappers and the sap which is made into alcohol [20], and the fiber is made as raw material for particle board [21]. Several research results show the potential for nipah fruit shell and fiber that can be used as charcoal briquettes as an alternative energy source [22][23][24][25][26][27]. However, there has been no research that combines a mixture of nipah fruit shell and fiber for making charcoal briquettes. ...
Nipah ( Nypa fruticans ) grows naturally in the mainland zone in mangrove forests, but it can invade all disturbed mangrove forest zones as happened in the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF). Nipah has not been widely used by the community and industry to make certain products. This study aims to examine the potential of the nipah fruit shell and fiber in producing renewable energy. The method used in this research is an experimental method by making charcoal briquettes from the shell and fiber of nipah fruit to be tested based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Nipah fruit samples were taken from ATPF and then treated into briquettes in the laboratory. The results of the charcoal briquettes test showed that the moisture content, ash content, density and compressive strength met the SNI requirements, but the calorific value was still below the SNI requirements. These results indicate that charcoal briquettes from nipah fruit have the potential to be used as a renewable energy source through a more appropriate treatment for increasing the heating value.
... Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) is part of the mangrove forest ecosystem, belongs to the Palmae family, and grows in tidal areas. One nipa tree produces 5 kg fruits, of which the fruit waste reaches approximately 3 kg (Yub Harun et al., 2021). Fibre and shell of nipa's fruit contain high carbon element (Tamunaidu & Saka, 2011). ...
Nipa is one of the palm family, and 60% of the fruit is biomass waste. One of the utilizations of the waste is to be converted into activated carbon. In the present research, the nipa waste was pyrolyzed, and the biochar, a by-product of the pyrolysis process, was activated using HCl. The nipa’s fruit waste activated carbon (NWAC) was then experimentally used to remove the distinct odours of Noni and Mangosteen herbal drinks. The characteristics of the NWAC produced in this study have a water content of 15.08%, ash content of 8.77%, volatile matter of 8.51%, carbon content of 67.6%, yield of 95.49%, iodine adsorption of 966.98 mg/g, and surface area of 1066.39 m²/g. The characteristics of the Noni herbal drink after NWAC adsorption showed that the highest total dissolved solids of 6.97 °Brix was treated with 25% NWAC addition. The lowest IC50 value was 4.4 ppm, and it was gradually increased with the addition of the NWAC. The addition of NWAC decreased the total phenol in the Mangosteen peel herbal drink, but the effect was insignificant in the Noni herbal drink. Antioxidant activity values ranged from 16% to 37% in the Mangosteen herbal drink, and 30% to 55% in the Noni herbal drink. The total dissolved solids ranged between 4 and 7 °Brix in both herbal drinks. Overall, the addition of NWAC improved the quality of the herbal drinks, but the optimum condition needs to be quantified.
... Generally, smaller particle sizes of raw materials and higher densities of pellets, due to bonds between the smaller particles, are accompanied by higher levels of energy per unit mass [99,108]. Finersize particles improve the pellets' performance, because finer-size particles account for a higher surface area, reduce the space between particles, and increase the interparticle forces, including the van der Waals force and the capillary forces [119]. Yilmaz et al. [113] pointed out the association of the reduced ground material particle size with the elevation of density and the durability of pellets in the pelleting of woody biomasses and their blends. ...
The development and utilization of biomass can not only address the demand for low-carbon energy and reduce environmental pollution, but can also facilitate the achievement of carbon neutrality. However, there are many factors justifying the case for low utilization of agricultural residues. These factors could be well controlled by producing top-quality pellets. Production of pellets is generally accompanied by the problems of high energy consumption and serious mold wearing. To eliminate these deficiencies, pretreatment has attracted scholars’ attention. In this review, the effects of four pretreatments on the properties of pellets were assessed. Thermal pretreatment can improve the hydrophobicity of pellets, and optimize their properties, while degradation of diverse extractives is noteworthy. Hydrothermal pretreatment improves the physical properties of pellets, through the increase of polar functional groups on the surface of the biomass. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting produces pellets under low pressure without a heating process; however, it is still not applied to large-scale production. Supercritical fluid extraction can achieve the graded utilization of extracts and bioactive substances in biomass, and the residues can be subsequently utilized as pellet feedstock. Mild hydrothermal treatment is a promising approach to improving the quality of agricultural pellets. Additionally, the effects of process parameters on the physical and chemical properties of pellets should be systematically analyzed.
... Nypa fruticans (nipa palm) is a widely grown palm on peat soils and wetlands in several countries, including India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, Papua New Guinea, countries in West Africa, the Solomon Islands, and northern Australia [1,2]. Previous studies also revealed that it has several advantages, such as the use of its leaves as traditional thatching materials [3]. Furthermore, this plant has been utilized for food crops in agriculture, such as the sap, which is often used for the production of toddy, vinegar, and sugar. ...
... It has also been used to produce fruit preserves, which serve as a local dessert due to their high sucrose, glucose, and fructose content [4,5]. The sap is considered a potential feedstock for ethanol or butanol production [3,5]. It can serve as a raw material for the production of medium-density fiberboards [6], heavy metal adsorbents [7], pulping materials [8], cellulose derivatives [9], and fuels [3]. ...
... The sap is considered a potential feedstock for ethanol or butanol production [3,5]. It can serve as a raw material for the production of medium-density fiberboards [6], heavy metal adsorbents [7], pulping materials [8], cellulose derivatives [9], and fuels [3]. The utilization of nipa palm for medicine has also been registered [10]. ...
The search for alternative methods for the production of new materials or fuel from renewable and sustainable biomass feedstocks has gained increasing attention. In this study, Nypa fruticans (nipa palm) fronds from agricultural residues were evaluated to produce pure cellulose by combining prehydrolysis for 1–3 h at 150 °C, sulfur-free soda cooking for 1–1.5 h at 160 °C with 13–25% active alkali (AA), 0.1% soluble anthraquinone (SAQ) catalyst, and three-stage totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching, namely oxygen, peroxymonosulfuric acid, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide stages. The optimal conditions were 3 h prehydrolysis and 1.5 h cooking with 20% AA. Soda cooking with SAQ was better than the kraft and soda process without SAQ. The method decreased the kappa number as a residual lignin content index of pulp from 13.4 to 9.9–10.2 and improved the yields by approximately 6%. The TCF bleaching application produced pure cellulose with a brightness of 92.2% ISO, 94.8% α-cellulose, viscosity of 7.9 cP, and 0.2% ash content. These findings show that nipa palm fronds can be used to produce pure cellulose, serving as a dissolving pulp grade for viscose rayon and cellulose derivatives.
... Diameter of 6-mm pellets was produced since 8-mm and 4-mm diameter PPW pellets do not hold good strength when tested from performed trials. Most of biomass pellets consist of 6 and 8 mm in size [13,14,16,33]. A similar calorific value of PPW, i.e. 17.37 ± 0.38 MJ/kg, was estimated by Liang and McDonald [5] who explored that fermentation of PPW increases its calorific value by 10%. ...
The semi-solid potato peel waste slurry from a food industry was availed for two consecutive experiments following biogas generation and densification into biomass pellets. Biomethanation experiments were conducted using fixed dome–type laboratory-scale continuous feed reactor and floating drum–type pilot-scale continuous feed digester. The average biogas yield was observed for 30 and 40 days HRT (hydraulic retention time) with sterilized and unsterilized feed under lab-scale reactor respectively. The same was observed for floating drum–type pilot-scale digester with unsterilized feed under 40 days HRT. A portion of initially availed PPW (potato peel waste) slurry was pressed with additional water and filtered to extract leachate which becomes feed to anaerobic filter filled with bricks, and the residue retained from leachate extraction was dried and milled for densification into 6-mm pellets which later was analysed by combustion. The leachate was observed for biogas yield under varying HRT of 10, 7.5, and 5 days. Properties of PPW pellets were determined as solid fuel.
Graphical abstract
... A similar trend occurs for S content, where 0.7% and 0.3% of sulfur is reported for OPW [35,47,48] and SGC [44,45] respectively, in contrast to a value less than 0.01% contained in SPW [17,38,43]. The content of these elements is important for it is associated with problems such as the generation of pollutants in environment and corrosion problems in the equipment where pellets are burned [61,62], in fact the UNE-EN 17,225-6:2014 standards [63] for class A1 recommend values not greater than 0.03% for N and 0.05% for S. Higher pellets quality, i.e., low nitrogen and sulfur content, leads to lower emissions [61,64]. ...
Detailed studies about energy content and chemical characterization of biomass alternatives are necessary to determine their main features as solid fuels. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the properties of five types of residual biomass pellets produced throughout Mexico: sawmill pine waste (SPW), spent ground coffee (SGC), pecan nutshell (PN), oil palm waste (OPW), and mango waste (MW). Conventional characterization analyses revealed significant differences in HHV (21.44–17.37 MJ/kg), elemental composition showed a lower carbon content in SPW and MW (around 46%), OPW (close to 47%), and higher carbon content in PN and SGC (around 51%). The concentration of the main structural polymers showed notable significant differences (p < 0.05) too: 49–17% for cellulose, for hemicellulose 21–5% and for lignin 26–4%. High-throughput instrumental techniques were also used: FTIR provided additional information on chemical composition in pellets on which lignocellulosic biomass was not predominant, presence of pectins and starch in MW, and high content of fatty acids in SGC and OPW; TGA showed different thermal stability of pellets in the combustion process, where OPW and SPW presented the lowest and highest thermal stability, respectively, while XPS showed different types of bonds between C and O in the surface of materials with a relevant presence of bonds associated to lignin covering PN and SPW. Based on results of this investigation, a possible rank for the energy use of these five biomasses is suggested: PN, SPW, SGC, OPW, and MW, but future deep research is necessary that incorporate other relevant attributes, mechanical properties, emission profiles, corrosion, and slagging effects.
... The palm family (Arecaceae) of the perennial flowering plant family including five subfamilies, 28 tribes, 181 genera, about 2600 species are known and distributed mainly in equatorial and subequatorial regions [1]. Among, the popular trees including the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) [2,3], coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) [4], oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) [5][6][7], areca palm (Areca catechu) [8,9], nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) [10,11], palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) [8,12], and rattan palm (Calamus) [8,13] have been widely cultivated to meet human necessities. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the cultivated area and production yield of Arecaceae plants (coconut, oil palm, date palm, and areca palm) have increased annually (Figure 1a). ...
Arecaceae presents one of the plant families distributed mainly in the equatorial and subequatorial regions. Arecaceae are widely applied in many fields such as food, cosmetics, fuel, and chemical industries. However, a large amount of agricultural waste from the Arecaceae trees has been released into the environment. The objective of this report is to gain more insights into the potentials and applications of activated carbon (AC) from the Arecaceae trees in wastewater treatment, in which, the ability to handle organic pigments, metals, and antibiotics is focused. The physical properties and processability of AC are statistically evaluated. With a uniform structure, large specific surface area, processing ability according to Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, we showed that ACs from Arecaceae trees are promising materials for water treatment applications. This is the basis for the development and reduction of by-products that affect the environment.
... They are required for regular body function, as long as they are present at the permissible limit [6,7]. On the other hand, nonessential heavy metals, such as cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic are extremely toxic even at low concentrations [8,9]. The toxic heavy metals can affect the human body and may cause acute or chronic effects, carcinogenic, or may lead to digestive and nervous system diseases [10]. ...
Rice husk is one of the best possible ingredients waste for producing a range of value-added goods, whether in the form of raw materials, ash, or char. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and BET surface area measurements Characterization were used to describe the adsorbent that had been processed. The impact of initial concentration, solution pH, and rotation time was investigated in the batch study. The modified rice husk adsorbent obtained a larger surface area, showed a good removal rate, and highest adsorption capacity compared to the pure rice husk. The maximum removal rate of cadmium obtained by modified rice husk and pure rice husk were 78% and 67% at 25mg/L initial concentration, respectively. The optimal pH was found at a 6-pH solution and the removal rate and adsorption capacity were found high at an early stage of agitation time and reach the highest at 3 hours of agitation time then no significant improvement occurred.
