Fig 19 - A Comprehensive Review on: Transdermal drug delivery systems.

The basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation. @BULLET Microscissuining: It is a process which creates micro channels in the skin by eroding the impermeable outer layers with sharp microscopic metal granules. @BULLET Microporation: Microporation involves the use of micro needles that are applied to the skin so that they pierce only the stratum corneum and increase skin permeability. Microneedles are needles that are 10 to 200 μm in height and 10 to 50 μm in width. Microneedles do not stimulate the nerves, so the patient does not experience pain or discomfort. They are usually drug coated projections of solid silicon or hollow, drug filled metal needles. @BULLET Skin Abrasion:

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Reference

A Comprehensive Review on: Transdermal drug delivery systems. - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-basic-principle-of-phonophoresis-Ultrasound-pulses-are-passed-through-the-probe-into_fig11_311444050 [accessed 27 Mar 2025]

Caption

Fig. 19: The basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation. @BULLET Microscissuining: It is a process which creates micro channels in the skin by eroding the impermeable outer layers with sharp microscopic metal granules. @BULLET Microporation: Microporation involves the use of micro needles that are applied to the skin so that they pierce only the stratum corneum and increase skin permeability. Microneedles are needles that are 10 to 200 μm in height and 10 to 50 μm in width. Microneedles do not stimulate the nerves, so the patient does not experience pain or discomfort. They are usually drug coated projections of solid silicon or hollow, drug filled metal needles. @BULLET Skin Abrasion:

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<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-basic-principle-of-phonophoresis-Ultrasound-pulses-are-passed-through-the-probe-into_fig11_311444050"><img src="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ritesh-Bathe/publication/311444050/figure/fig11/AS:436289792155662@1481031000775/The-basic-principle-of-phonophoresis-Ultrasound-pulses-are-passed-through-the-probe-into.png" alt="The basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation. @BULLET Microscissuining: It is a process which creates micro channels in the skin by eroding the impermeable outer layers with sharp microscopic metal granules. @BULLET Microporation: Microporation involves the use of micro needles that are applied to the skin so that they pierce only the stratum corneum and increase skin permeability. Microneedles are needles that are 10 to 200 μm in height and 10 to 50 μm in width. Microneedles do not stimulate the nerves, so the patient does not experience pain or discomfort. They are usually drug coated projections of solid silicon or hollow, drug filled metal needles. @BULLET Skin Abrasion:"/></a>