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The basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation. @BULLET Microscissuining: It is a process which creates micro channels in the skin by eroding the impermeable outer layers with sharp microscopic metal granules. @BULLET Microporation: Microporation involves the use of micro needles that are applied to the skin so that they pierce only the stratum corneum and increase skin permeability. Microneedles are needles that are 10 to 200 μm in height and 10 to 50 μm in width. Microneedles do not stimulate the nerves, so the patient does not experience pain or discomfort. They are usually drug coated projections of solid silicon or hollow, drug filled metal needles. @BULLET Skin Abrasion:
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Transdermal drug delivery system was introduced to overcome the difficulties of drug delivery through oral route. Despite their relatively higher costs, transdermal delivery systems have proved advantageous for delivery of selected drugs, such as estrogens, testosterone, clonidine and nitro-glycerine. Transdermal delivery provides a leading edge ov...
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The goal of delivery system is to get optimal therapeutic management. But, it stillremains a challenge in the field of pharmaceuticals for delivery of ionic species and some nonionic. Several transdermal approaches have been used and recently there has been a great attentionin using iontophoretic technique for the transdermal drug delivery of medic...
Citations
... These systems control the loaded drug's molecular diffusion by the membrane permeation mechanism. The drug reservoir exists in solid, suspension or solution form, the main parameter determining the release profile [93]. ...
Aim: To review the state of the art aspects and contemporary innovative drug delivery strategies, for the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, their mechanism of action through ocular routes and their future perspectives. Materials & methods: Scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar were used to obtain 156 papers for review. The keywords searched were vitreoretinal diseases; ocular barriers; intravitreal injections; nanotechnology; biopharmaceuticals. Results & conclusion: The review explored the various routes which can be used to facilitate drug delivery adopting novel strategies, the pharmacokinetic aspects of novel drug-delivery strategies in treating posterior segment eye diseases and current research. Therefore, this review drives focus into the same and underlines their implications to the healthcare sector in making necessary interventions.
... TDD offers several advantages over conventional administration methods, being a painless mode of drug delivery that can bypass firstpass metabolism and provide improved patient accessibility and compliance compared to oral and parenteral drug routes [9,10]. It can avoid first-pass metabolism, resulting in reduced side effects following transdermal administration compared to similar oral doses [11,12]. ...
Hydrogel-forming microarray patches (HF-MAPs) are used to circumvent the skin barrier and facilitate the noninvasive transdermal delivery of many hydrophilic substances. However, their use in the delivery of hydrophobic agents is a challenging task. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the successful transdermal long-acting delivery of the hydrophobic atorvastatin (ATR) via HF-MAPs using poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG)-based solid dispersion (SD) reservoirs. PEG-based SDs of ATR were able to completely dissolve within 90 s in vitro. Ex vivo results showed that 2.05 ± 0.23 mg of ATR/0.5 cm2 patch was delivered to the receiver compartment of Franz cells after 24 h. The in vivo study, conducted using Sprague Dawley rats, proved the versatility of HF-MAPs in delivering and maintaining therapeutically-relevant concentrations (> 20 ng·mL-1) of ATR over 14 days, following a single HF-MAP application for 24 h. The long-acting delivery of ATR suggests the successful formation of hydrophobic microdepots within the skin, allowing for the subsequent sustained delivery as they gradually dissolve over time, as shown in this work. When compared to the oral group, the use of the HF-MAP formulation improved the overall pharmacokinetics profile of ATR in plasma, where significantly higher AUC values resulting in ~10-fold higher systemic exposure levels were obtained. This novel system offers a promising, minimally-invasive, long-acting alternative delivery system for ATR that is capable of enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. It also proposes a unique promising platform for the long-acting transdermal delivery of other hydrophobic agents.
... It can be used in combination with other enhancement strategies to produce synergistic effects. [3] 2.5 Evaluation of Transdermal Patches physicochemical evaluation In vitro evaluation In vivo evaluation 2.6 Physicochemical Evaluation Thickness: The thickness of transdermal film is determined by travelling microscope, dial gauge, screw gauge or micrometer at different points of the film. Uniformity of Weight: Weight variation is studied by individually weighing 10 randomly selected patches and calculating the average weight. ...
Transdermal drug delivery system is an essential part of novel drug distribution system. The topically administered medications in the form of patches which when applied to the skin deliver the drug .For operative TDDS the drug are easily able to penetrate the skin and easily reach the target site. TDDS avoids the first pass metabolism, less frequency of administration, reduction gastrointestinal side effects. Adverse effects are minimized due to steady and optimum blood concentration. It has greater bioavailability and efficacy of drug. The human skin is multi-layered organ composed of many histological layers. Skin is the largest organ in the body. Its major functions are protection of major or vital internal organs for the external influences, temperature regulations, control of water output and sensation. Polymer should be chemically non-reactive, should not decompose on storage, should be non-toxic, cost should not be high. E.g. - cellulose derivatives, zein, gelatin etc. Backing films play a vital role in the transdermal patch and the role of the film is to protect the active layer. Transdermal patches can be evaluated by interaction studies thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, in vitro study,moisture content, swelling index basic component of TDDS.
... Drug delivery system (DDS) is a generic term for a series of physicochemical technologies that can control delivery and release of pharmacologically active substances into cells, tissues and organs, such that these active substances could exert optimal effects [1,2]. In other words, DDS covers the routes of administration and drug formulations that efficiently deliver the drug to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing any side effect [3,4,5]. Depending on the delivery route, there are many types of administration modalities, such as oral administration, transdermal administration, lung inhalation, mucosal administration, and intravenous injection. ...
The creation of a transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has been one of the most sophisticated and innovative approaches to drug delivery. The transdermal drug delivery system has attracted considerable attention because of its many potential advantages, including better patient compliance, avoidance of gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatic first-pass metabolism, and sustained delivery of drugs to provide steady plasma profiles, particularly for drugs with short half-lives, reduction in systemic side effects and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review article covers a brief outline of the transdermal drug delivery system; Highlight the restrictions, drawbacks, shortcomings, and Versatile benefits of delivery systems.
... • When the required dose is equal to 30 mg/24 h or less [23]. ...
Pain is universal, it contributes substantially to morbidity, mortality, and disability, and is a serious health problem. Acute pain usually lasts less than 7 days, but often lasts up to 30 days, and may recur periodically. Chronic pain, defined as lasting more than 3 months, affects approximately 50 million people and generates costs of $635 billion. The problems related to inadequate pain management are frequent and important, so much so that emphasis has been given to the effective delivery of drugs through the skin. This organ has been studied extensively over the last decade because it is easily accessible and would help to solve the problem. It is evident that there is a need to improve transdermal drug delivery (TDD) as it offers multiple advantages, they are noninvasive, can be self-administered, and provide prolonged release. This chapter recapitulates the history of transdermal drug delivery and focuses on addressing the inadequate management of acute and chronic pain.
... Better skin hydration can also significantly increase drug permeation through the skin. Environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature, and air pollution can also affect drug permeation across the skin [16,22,23]. ...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin and the body cells cannot use the insulin effectively. Type 1 diabetes mellitus requires insulin therapy, whereas in type 2 diabetes mellitus insulin resistance occurs, so additional insulin therapy may or may not be necessary. Problems related to insulin therapy arise from repeated daily injections that cause pain and damage or trauma to the skin. To overcome problems related to insulin therapy, innovative insulin delivery systems have been developed, such as insulin patches. In the present study, scientific data on pectin insulin patch will be reviewed. This review is based on a search of Medline and citation lists of relevant publications. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have found that pectin can deliver insulin through transdermal patches. The application of a pectin-insulin patch can attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetes, attenuate cardiovascular complications, support hemodynamic control, and attenuate diabetes-associated kidney damage. Overall, the results from multiple studies suggest that a pectin-insulin patch may provide a new valuable tool in diabetes mellitus treatment.
... Prior to splitting, the patch matrix and support layer are expanded and bent, making splitting a complex process. Therefore, the force required to extract a sticky piece for decades is higher than that required for storage [9]. ...
There are various forms of prescription drugs available in the market for human and animal purposes, which may be administered for acute or chronic treatment. And a variety of dosage regimens of different dosage forms are found in general, among which one of the treatment modes is the transdermal route. The Transdermal Tract Route is a more accurate way to get into the skin without pain, faster to systemic circulation than the oral route and the drug reaches the systemic circulation in a controlled transmission. Improving the transdermal system poses an additional challenge to maintain Quality by Design (QbD) with quality, consistency, reproduction, stability and efficiency. With the QbD method of pharmaceutical product production, product quality is considered much faster than waiting until the end to be tested for quality. In essence, this includes determining the sources of the unpredictability that may be contributing to the process. This approach ensures that the causes of quality problems are identified. The main result is a pharmaceutical product manufactured to meet pre-determined quality requirements from the outset. In essence, this includes determining the sources of the unpredictability that may be contributing to the process. This approach ensures that the causes of quality problems are identified. The main result is a pharmaceutical product manufactured to meet pre-determined quality requirements from the outset. Critical quality attribute (CQA) and Critical Process Parameters can be used to establish QbD (CPP). During the construction of a transdermal design, it is important to check the various key parameters that help maintain the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) of the drug product.
... Three nitroglycerin transdermal patches, Transderm-Nitro ® (Ciba Pharmaceuticals Company), Nitro-Dur ® (Key Pharmaceuticals), and Nitrodisc ® (Key Pharmaceuticals), were launched into the US market in 1981 for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris and were associated with these patents (Searle Laboratories) [75]. Since it has been discovered in clinical trials that nitroglycerin inactivated itself during prolonged delivery, each branded patch was to be administered once daily with a 12 h 'rest cycle' in between [76]. The addition of ethanol as a permeation enhancer to a transdermal nitroglycerin device, according to a subsequent patent, allowed nitroglycerin skin fluxes of at least 40 μg·cm −2 ·h −1 (preferably in the range of 50-150 μg·cm −2 ·h −1 ) above the prior art. ...
Topical delivery methods have been used since the dawn of time, employed to cure a wide range of ailments and for aesthetic purposes. Transdermal drug delivery has evolved throughout time, with the development of passive and active technologies that have resulted in enhanced distribution, accuracy in drug dosage, and better fulfillment of the requirements of the individual. The search for more powerful pharmaceuticals that can be delivered to the skin through appropriate transdermal technologies will continue to be a focus in the development of drugs for transdermal patches and other forms of delivery. Topical and transdermal distribution has been around for a while, but this review will focus on transdermal patches and how they've evolved. The articles have been searched on different search engines such as Scopus database, Science direct, PubMed, Google scholar, and Bentham science using multiple keywords. An adhesive transdermal patch is applied to the skin and contains medicine that is absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin. It aids in the recovery of an afflicted part of the body. When compared to oral, topical, i. v., and i. m. administration systems, transdermal drug delivery allows a controlled release of the medicine into patients, often by either a porous membrane or by body heat melting small layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The fundamental drawback of transdermal delivery methods is that the skin is a highly efficient barrier, therefore, only tiny molecules can enter the skin and be administered in this manner.
... Although transdermal drug delivery system is associated with myriad of perks, they are often at the cost of few downsides like development of contact allergic dermatitis in some individuals and the major setback comes in the form of skin itself. The outermost layer of the epidermis 'Stratum corneum' acts as a principal barrier to the penetration of molecules across the skin [4,5]. This layer being composed of 10-15 layers of flattened corneocytes which basically are the terminally differentiated keratinised cells. ...
The present study reports the mechanistic investigation on Mesua ferrea L. seed kernel oil as a natural skin permeation enhancer. The natural oil was extracted by Soxhlation method. The permeation parameters resulting from the ex vivo skin permeation study of the model drug Diltiazem HCl across oil pre-treated pig ear epidermis revealed better transdermal flux of the test groups compared to the control one. Also, the investigated oil exhibited significantly higher penetration enhancement effect compared to the standard penetration enhancer Transcutol and the maximum permeation enhancement effect was observed at 15 % v/v in PG. The permeation enhancement mechanistic studies by FT-IR, DSC and SEM suggested that the enhancement effect of the oil was due to the fluidization of lipids and interaction with keratinocytes of the stratum corneum maintaining morphological integrity of the skin membrane. Furthermore, the test oil was found to be non-irritant in nature and safe for topical application. These findings suggests the Mesua ferrea L. seed oil is an efficient and safe natural skin permeation enhancer providing the scope for future research on its usage in the development of transdermal drug delivery devices.
... The success of topical delivery depends on the ability of the drug to permeate the skin in adequate quantities to obtain its desired therapeutic effects. [7][8][9] Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone) was obtained from the plant of "Plumbago Indica" as a Plumbaginaceae family. Plumbago indica is widely used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy medicines. ...
The objective of the current study is to improve the patient compliance and sustained drug release action by herbal medicine which can be achieved by developing alternative drug delivery system. The matrix type transdermal patches containing plumbagin were prepared by solvent evaporation method with different ratios of polymers (HPMC 50cps, PVP K29-32 and EUDRAGIT RS-100). In these matrix type transdermal patches, the PEG (Polyethylene glycol) was used as plasticizer and DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) used as a penetration enhancer. The formulated patches were evaluated for physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, % moisture content, % moisture uptake, % flatness, folding endurance and drug content. In vitro drug release studies were carried out by using the Franz diffusion cell. The cumulative % of drug released in 10 hours from the six batch formulations were 95.66%, 94.2%, 97.33%, 90.13%, 83.75% and 85.71%, respectively. On the basis of in-vitro drug release, formulation (HE-2) was found to be better than other formulation and these were selected for further evaluation such as anti-fungal activity and stability studies.
