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The basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation. @BULLET Microscissuining: It is a process which creates micro channels in the skin by eroding the impermeable outer layers with sharp microscopic metal granules. @BULLET Microporation: Microporation involves the use of micro needles that are applied to the skin so that they pierce only the stratum corneum and increase skin permeability. Microneedles are needles that are 10 to 200 μm in height and 10 to 50 μm in width. Microneedles do not stimulate the nerves, so the patient does not experience pain or discomfort. They are usually drug coated projections of solid silicon or hollow, drug filled metal needles. @BULLET Skin Abrasion:
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Transdermal drug delivery system was introduced to overcome the difficulties of drug delivery through oral route. Despite their relatively higher costs, transdermal delivery systems have proved advantageous for delivery of selected drugs, such as estrogens, testosterone, clonidine and nitro-glycerine. Transdermal delivery provides a leading edge ov...
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The goal of delivery system is to get optimal therapeutic management. But, it stillremains a challenge in the field of pharmaceuticals for delivery of ionic species and some nonionic. Several transdermal approaches have been used and recently there has been a great attentionin using iontophoretic technique for the transdermal drug delivery of medic...
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... 4. Develop targets and controlled release system. 5. Overcome skin barrier limitation. ...
Recently, various non-invasive administrations have emerged as alternatives to traditional needle injections. A Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the most attractive of these due to its low Rejection rate, excellent ease of administration, and superb convenience and persistence among patients. TDDS Could be applicable not only in pharmaceuticals but also in the skin care industry, which includes cosmetics. Since this This method mainly involves local administration. The skin infusion enhancer technique has been advanced to improve the bioavailability of the drugs. So various Transdermal dosage forms have been prepared like: Transdermal patches, Gel, Cream, Ointments, etc. The Transdermal route is a viable option to enhance the variety of drugs. Transdermal drug delivery has become the primary route of delivery for a variety of medications that would otherwise be difficult to supply. There are some Advantages to Transdermal medicine administration. Mainly to avoid first-pass metabolism and a stomach Environment that would make the drug ineffective in drugs prescribed for skin-related problems and for systemic Effects in curing other organs’ diseases. Hormone replacement therapy, pain relief, smoking withdrawal, Neurological disorders and angina pectoris such as Parkinson’s disease are all under the categories of Transdermal products and Applications. Formulated to release the drug into systemic circulation at the optimal rate, it must be retained in Skin for the required period without inducing sensitization or irritation of the skin. Avoiding first-pass metabolism to achieve Bioavailability with minimal peaks and troughs, Tolerance and dose are being achieved. In the case of Continuous Delivery, maintaining high compliance of the patients is required.
... Generally, a transdermal patch consists of five components- Ionic drugs cannot be delivered by the transdermal drug delivery method. (Sudam & Suresh, 2016) Provide access to drugs with short half-lives, restricted therapeutic windows, and inter-and intra-patient variability . ...
... Using this method, the top layers of skin are removed or disturbed, making it easier for topically administered medications to penetrate the skin (Sudam & Suresh, 2016) and procedure has been used by dermatologists to treat acne, hyperpigmentation, scars, and other skin imperfections. The drugs which are available in market and studied widely for the use of TDDS are nifedipine (Thacharodi et al., 1996), nitroglycerine, (Savoji et al., 2014;Wang et al., 1998) captopril, (Duraivel et al., 2014;Mohabe et al., 2011), chlorpheniramine (Gajbhiye et al., 2021), propranolol (Sirisha et al., 2012;Thacharodi & Rao, 1995), aspirin (Chorghe et al., 2013;Ammar et al., 2006), norethindrone (Barichello et al., 2006), hydrocortisone (Lashmar et al., 1994;Abruzzo et al., 2017), acyclovir (Zhao et al., 2006), fentanyl (Lashmar et al., 1994), theophylline (Akhtar et al., 2020Zhao et al., 2006), nicotine (Akhtar et al., 2020Zhao et al., 2006) etc. Detailed elaboration in Table 3. ...
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) helps in overcoming drug molecule barriers such as particle size, lipophilicity, permeability, and transports the medication directly to the blood circulation by employing physical and chemical penetration enhancers using polymers. The use of skin as a drug delivery route is challenging due to the stratum corneum's barrier properties that restrict the therapeutic bioavailability of the medications. Both, natural and synthetic polymers are used in TDDS to transport the medication into circulation via diffusion, and swelling control. TDDS is generally achieved by using transdermal patches containing one or more pharmaceutical active entities that are placed on unbroken skin for delivering active entities directly to the bloodstream by crossing the skin barrier. TDDS is the trendiest -delivery system as it is painless, non-invasive, self-administrative, avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism, and delivers poorly soluble drugs and increases the bioavailability. An overview of TDDS is provided in this review article, including its advantages over traditional dosage forms, limitations, different components of transdermal patches, modern techniques as well as transdermal products available in US market.
Keywords: Transdermal, Permeability, Transdermal patch, US Market, Polymer-based drug delivery
... These systems are designed to effectively deliver drugs through the skin and into the bloodstream. (9,10,11) TDDS possess advantages in managing skin diseases by avoiding first-pass metabolism and regulating drug input over extended periods. (12) Leveraging the skin's unique physiological structure, rich in blood and lymphatic vessels connected to the body, allows effective delivery of therapeutic agents for disease treatment. ...
... (28,29) The transdermal route stands out as a practical and secure option for drug delivery. " (30) Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery System : (31,32,9,33,34,35,36,37,38,39) Reduces dosing frequency. Lowers drug concentration, improving bioavailability. ...
... (41) Enables the permeation of both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. (42) Disadvantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery System: (31,32,9,33,34,35,36) Limited to potent drugs for transdermal delivery. Possible skin irritation at the application site in some patients. ...
Drugs that are applied topically are delivered using transdermal drug delivery devices. These are pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes, containing one or more active ingredients, intended to be applied to the unbroken skin in order to deliver the active ingredient after passing through the skin barriers, and these avoid first pass metabolism. Today about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are not found effective as desired. To improve efficacy transdermal drug delivery system was emerged. A notable advantage of transdermal drug delivery compared to other methods like oral, topical, intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM) administration is its controlled release of medication into the patient's system. This controlled release is achieved either by using a porous membrane enclosing a medication reservoir or by utilizing the patient's body heat to melt thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. Despite its benefits, transdermal drug delivery has certain limitations due to the skin's effective barrier function. Only molecules with small sizes can efficiently permeate the skin and consequently be delivered through this method.
... The adhesive layer is bounded by a temporary liner and a backing membrane. [12] Figure 2: Single Layer Drug In Adhesive. ...
... This patch also has a short-term liner of drug-layer and enduring backing. [12] ...
... In this reservoir system, the rate of release is zero order. [12] ...
The oral route is the most common route of drug delivery, but the administration of drugs through the oral routeshows a few disadvantages, like first-passmetabolism, drug degradation in the gastrointestinal tract due to enzymes and pH of the stomach, GI irritation, low bioavailability, etc. To overcome this problems, the Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) was developed. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems, also known as "Patches" are the painless way of systemically administering therapeutically active medication by placing a drug formulation on intact and healthy skin. Skin is an effective medium through which absorption of the drug takes place and entersin the blood stream overthe period of time. Different types of transdermal drug delivery systemsare developed, which demonstrate different release kinetics. This review article provides a detailed study of TDDS advantages, disadvantages, drug permeation pathways, types of transdermal drug delivery systems and their components, factors affecting the formulation of TDDS, and their evaluation parameters. The review also contains future prospects for transdermal drug delivery systems.
... The water content in the patch that binds to the polymer causes the expansion (swelling) of the patch has different characteristics from the water that is adopted thus during the drying process in the oven this water is not lost. Moisture content can also be influenced by the addition of plasticizer because it has hydrophilic properties and can reduce intermolecular bonds between polymer chains so is able to increase the moisture content of the preparation [34] . The data obtained by DMRT showed that there was no significant difference between the formula on the moisture content of the transdermal patches. ...
Mangosteen peel extract contains xanthones have an anti-inflammatory effect and accelerated the process of fibroblast proliferation. The xanthones would trigger the formation of collagen which plays an important role in the wound healing process. The preparation of mangosteen peel extract into the trans-dermal patch aims to deliver the active substances through the skin and to the systemic system painlessly. The aims of this research were to formulate and characterize patch trans-dermal mangosteen peel extract. The formulation was characterized by organoleptic, uniformity of thickness and weight, folding resistance, pH, moisture content, drug content, swelling, in vitro drug release test, FTIR spectrum, and morphology by SEM. The patch trans-dermal was prepared using chitosan and sodium alginate by layer by layer using 0,2%, 0,4%, and 0,6�lcium chloride as crosslinker. The enhancement in the concentration of calcium chloride had a significant effect (p<0>300 folds, pH of 5, moisture content of 1,84%, swelling degree value of 3,41%, and penetration test results were found with a percent penetration of 38,87%. The results of the morphological obtained a pore size of 5,88 μm. The results of the FTIR spectrum showed that there was interaction by the presence of a new peak at the wave number of 1622,23 cm-1. It can be concluded that calcium chloride in patch trans-dermal affected physical properties and in vitro drug release of mangosteen peel extract.
... These systems control the loaded drug's molecular diffusion by the membrane permeation mechanism. The drug reservoir exists in solid, suspension or solution form, the main parameter determining the release profile [93]. ...
Aim: To review the state of the art aspects and contemporary innovative drug delivery strategies, for the treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, their mechanism of action through ocular routes and their future perspectives. Materials & methods: Scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar were used to obtain 156 papers for review. The keywords searched were vitreoretinal diseases; ocular barriers; intravitreal injections; nanotechnology; biopharmaceuticals. Results & conclusion: The review explored the various routes which can be used to facilitate drug delivery adopting novel strategies, the pharmacokinetic aspects of novel drug-delivery strategies in treating posterior segment eye diseases and current research. Therefore, this review drives focus into the same and underlines their implications to the healthcare sector in making necessary interventions.
... TDD offers several advantages over conventional administration methods, being a painless mode of drug delivery that can bypass firstpass metabolism and provide improved patient accessibility and compliance compared to oral and parenteral drug routes [9,10]. It can avoid first-pass metabolism, resulting in reduced side effects following transdermal administration compared to similar oral doses [11,12]. ...
Hydrogel-forming microarray patches (HF-MAPs) are used to circumvent the skin barrier and facilitate the noninvasive transdermal delivery of many hydrophilic substances. However, their use in the delivery of hydrophobic agents is a challenging task. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the successful transdermal long-acting delivery of the hydrophobic atorvastatin (ATR) via HF-MAPs using poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG)-based solid dispersion (SD) reservoirs. PEG-based SDs of ATR were able to completely dissolve within 90 s in vitro. Ex vivo results showed that 2.05 ± 0.23 mg of ATR/0.5 cm2 patch was delivered to the receiver compartment of Franz cells after 24 h. The in vivo study, conducted using Sprague Dawley rats, proved the versatility of HF-MAPs in delivering and maintaining therapeutically-relevant concentrations (> 20 ng·mL-1) of ATR over 14 days, following a single HF-MAP application for 24 h. The long-acting delivery of ATR suggests the successful formation of hydrophobic microdepots within the skin, allowing for the subsequent sustained delivery as they gradually dissolve over time, as shown in this work. When compared to the oral group, the use of the HF-MAP formulation improved the overall pharmacokinetics profile of ATR in plasma, where significantly higher AUC values resulting in ~10-fold higher systemic exposure levels were obtained. This novel system offers a promising, minimally-invasive, long-acting alternative delivery system for ATR that is capable of enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. It also proposes a unique promising platform for the long-acting transdermal delivery of other hydrophobic agents.
... It can be used in combination with other enhancement strategies to produce synergistic effects. [3] 2.5 Evaluation of Transdermal Patches physicochemical evaluation In vitro evaluation In vivo evaluation 2.6 Physicochemical Evaluation Thickness: The thickness of transdermal film is determined by travelling microscope, dial gauge, screw gauge or micrometer at different points of the film. Uniformity of Weight: Weight variation is studied by individually weighing 10 randomly selected patches and calculating the average weight. ...
Transdermal drug delivery system is an essential part of novel drug distribution system. The topically administered medications in the form of patches which when applied to the skin deliver the drug .For operative TDDS the drug are easily able to penetrate the skin and easily reach the target site. TDDS avoids the first pass metabolism, less frequency of administration, reduction gastrointestinal side effects. Adverse effects are minimized due to steady and optimum blood concentration. It has greater bioavailability and efficacy of drug. The human skin is multi-layered organ composed of many histological layers. Skin is the largest organ in the body. Its major functions are protection of major or vital internal organs for the external influences, temperature regulations, control of water output and sensation. Polymer should be chemically non-reactive, should not decompose on storage, should be non-toxic, cost should not be high. E.g. - cellulose derivatives, zein, gelatin etc. Backing films play a vital role in the transdermal patch and the role of the film is to protect the active layer. Transdermal patches can be evaluated by interaction studies thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, in vitro study,moisture content, swelling index basic component of TDDS.
... Одним из преимуществ ТТС считалось прекращение ее действия после снятия пластыря [31]. Однако то количество лекарственного вещества, которое остается в коже после аппликации ТТС, может продолжать достигать кровотока и оказывать воздействие на организм, что необходимо учитывать при постоянном использовании этой лекарственной формы [32]. ...
Recently, antioxidants, one of which is nicotinamide, have often been used in the treatment of a number of chronic cardiovascular, autoimmune, skin diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Taking into account the frequent and long-term use of nicotinamide, it seems appropriate to the authors to create a new dosage form of a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) capable of maintaining the required level of the drug concentration in the blood for a long time. The aim of the work was to develop and to study the functional properties of a system for percutaneous delivery of nicotinamide in vitro. Four compositions of the percutaneous delivery emulsion system for the nicotinamide TTS were suggested, in which the amount of the percutaneous carrier of sodium docusate was varied. Studies of the diffusion of nicotinamide in vitro through unconserved rabbit skin have shown that an increase in the concentration of sodium docusate by three times (from 3.3 % to 9.8 %) significantly increases the amount of the diffused drug substance by 15% and decreases the amount of nicotinamide remaining in the TTS. The amount of the antioxidant founded in the skin flap was lower than the therapeutic dose (~ 1.46 % of its initial amount in TTS) 24 hours after the start of the in vitro experiment. It indicates the absence of a possible aftereffect of nicotinamide TTS in its clinical use after detaching from the patient’s skin.
... Drug delivery system (DDS) is a generic term for a series of physicochemical technologies that can control delivery and release of pharmacologically active substances into cells, tissues and organs, such that these active substances could exert optimal effects [1,2]. In other words, DDS covers the routes of administration and drug formulations that efficiently deliver the drug to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing any side effect [3,4,5]. Depending on the delivery route, there are many types of administration modalities, such as oral administration, transdermal administration, lung inhalation, mucosal administration, and intravenous injection. ...
The creation of a transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has been one of the most sophisticated and innovative approaches to drug delivery. The transdermal drug delivery system has attracted considerable attention because of its many potential advantages, including better patient compliance, avoidance of gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatic first-pass metabolism, and sustained delivery of drugs to provide steady plasma profiles, particularly for drugs with short half-lives, reduction in systemic side effects and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review article covers a brief outline of the transdermal drug delivery system; Highlight the restrictions, drawbacks, shortcomings, and Versatile benefits of delivery systems.