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... Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered to be one of the main options for reducing CO2 emissions alongside renewable energy, more efficient energy use and nuclear power. The concept of CCS includes capture of CO2 produced by a power plant or an industrial plant, transportation of CO2 to a suitable storage location, and permanent storage of CO2 (injected deep underground or converted to inert carbonates) in isolation from the atmosphere (Figure 1). CCS could signifi- cantly reduce CO2 emissions and contribute significantly in achieving the deep emission cuts required by the newly signed climate agreement for limiting the global temperature rise to less than 2°C. ...
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... summary of case results are presented in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Looking at system cash flow, both fuel-switch (BIO1-4) and CO2 capture cases (FLEX 1-8 and NOFLEX 1-8) have considerably better performance compared to the refer-ence cases (BASE 1-4). Furthermore, CO2 capture in general performs better than fuel-switch. ...
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... need for carbon-negative solutions as safeguards against irreversible climate change is increasingly being recognized on an international level. Biomass with Carbon Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS) has the potential as a carbon negative solution against climate change ( Figure 11); contributions that are increasingly likely to become indispensable. Lately, Bio-CCS has started to receive a lot inter- est, especially in Europe where the expansion of renewable energy is high on the agenda with the 20-20-20 and 2030 targets. ...
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... and permanently storing biogenic CO2 emissions from these processes would thus lead to net negative emissions and therefore create a carbon sink. Figure 11. Principal of Bio-CCS and its impact in example from power sector. ...
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... first estimation of the technical potential of BioCCS in Finland has been evaluated based in existing installations and policy goals ( Figure 12). The impact of different Bio CO2 accounting options to feasibility of plant investments was also conducted during the period in order to stress the importance of acknowledgment of capturing of biogenic carbon also within different policy instruments such as EU- ETS. ...
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... the programme CCSP and VTT have been acknowledged as global leading partners in relation to Bio- CCS in power sector and industrial applications with several presentations and dissemination requests globally. Figure 12. The technical potential of Bio-CCS in Finland. ...
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... reduced steam flow through the LP section is controlled by a clutch to reduce the impact on the generator. Figure 13 illustrates a simplified schematic block diagram of the steam turbine island where steam to the CO2 capture plant is ex- tracted at 4.2 bar and de-superheated. 2. Extracting 13.0 bar, reducing it to 2.0 bar de-superheated steam. ...
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... biogenic CO2 emissions would be considered negative the study shows that the price of EUA would have to increase from the current ~4 €/t to 60 -70 €/t in order to keep the levelized cost of pulp at the reference case level (523 €/adt). These results are illustrated in Figure 14 and Figure 15. Results from this study shows that retrofitting and integrating a CO2 capture plant in the pulp and paper industry is highly site specific and the technical and econom- ic effects depend very much on the steam turbine configuration. ...
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... biogenic CO2 emissions would be considered negative the study shows that the price of EUA would have to increase from the current ~4 €/t to 60 -70 €/t in order to keep the levelized cost of pulp at the reference case level (523 €/adt). These results are illustrated in Figure 14 and Figure 15. Results from this study shows that retrofitting and integrating a CO2 capture plant in the pulp and paper industry is highly site specific and the technical and econom- ic effects depend very much on the steam turbine configuration. ...
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... heat integration options and heat utilization scenarios were investi- gated and optimized with a custom-built CC-Skynet™ economics toolkit. Also, different technologies related to oxygen blast furnace were considered, both for Figure 16. The effect of electricity price to the break-even price (i.e. the price of emissions allowances needed to motivate CO2 capture instead of buying CO2 emission allowances) of different technologies for significant CO2 reductions in a steel mill from the operator's point of view. ...
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... cost breakeven point, i.e. when CCS turns more feasible than buying carbon credits in the reference case, for the plant owner were in the range of 50-90 €/t CO2, for most of the considered cases. However, the breakeven prices are very sensitive for electricity prices (Figure 16). Typically the breakeven prices in steel industry seem to be somewhat lower than in most of the cases evaluated for other Finnish CCS applications, e.g. ...
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... CCSP, the gray and non-gray mod- elling of radiative heat transfer in a large back pass channel of a CFB boiler have been made using a zone method, which has been developed at LUT (Bordbar & Hyppänen 2013). A comprehensive comparison has been done to determine the accuracy of the gray gas modelling ( Figure 18). In addition some analysis has been done to show the effect of combustion types (air/oxy fired) on the overall radiative heat transfer of a backpass channel. ...
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... geometric optic was used to calculate the radiative properties of the particles. The modeling principle is presented in Figure 19. A 3D process model is used for solving the fluid dynamics, reactions, and other process data, which are then transferred to the radiation model. ...
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... also liquid flow, anisotropic porous model seems to capture the gas phase maldistribution quite well. It is noticed that it is not guaranteed that a severe maldistribution will smooth out even in a relative- ly high bed These conclusions can be seen in the following industrial scale calcu- lations for 10 m wide and 8 m high column with periodic boundary conditions in z- direction ("infinite" in z-direction see Fig 31 and 32): Severe velocity maldistribution at the inlet. Calculation with laminar flow in bed Obtained pressure drop rather low: (dp = 440 Pa) when compared to re- sults of SULCOL (dp = 900 Pa) ...
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... real process samples had very poor background. For the synthetic MEA based samples and background was relatively good, see the picture below: Figure 13. IC-chromatogram of HSS in synthetic matrix (5M lean MEA) ...
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... the needed investment was close to 1 M€, which was too expensive for inclusion in the program and the plans had to be abandoned. In late 2014 a new opportunity arised: a 200 kW dual fluidized bed (DFB) gasifier is currently being installed at Bioruukki, VTT's new test centre, and could be modified with relatively little expenses to work as a CLC process devel- opment unit (PDU) for low-ash fuels (Figure 31). This would enable CCSP to reach its original targets for enabling piloting of CO2 capture technologies. ...
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... order to simulate CLOU of solid fuels, the existing 1-D model frame was augmented with appropriate descriptions for the physical phenomena specific to the process (Peltola et al., 2014b). Then, the performance of a 500 MWth CLOU fuel reactor fed with bituminous coal and a TiO2-supported CuO oxygen carrier was evaluated (Peltola et al, 2015a). ...
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... order to simulate CLOU of solid fuels, the existing 1-D model frame was augmented with appropriate descriptions for the physical phenomena specific to the process (Peltola et al., 2014b). Then, the performance of a 500 MWth CLOU fuel reactor fed with bituminous coal and a TiO2-supported CuO oxygen carrier was evaluated (Peltola et al, 2015a). A reference case was first defined and simu- lated, after which the effect of various process parameters on the results was assessed by parameter variations. ...
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... believes the earth has extensive capacity to store injected CO2, potential storage sites are however quite unevenly distributed (Figure 41). The U.N. special report on CCS (IPCC, 2005) estimates the global CO2 storage capacity in oil and gas fields, unmineable coal seams and in deep saline aquifers to be at least 2 Tt in total. ...
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... test programme with this tool was performed in Canada and data was collected in 2012. The results proved the viability of the design of the shallow water bottom geophones (Figure 51). Raw data of good quality ...
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... pilot-scale process design was completed in 2012, followed by ordering of the equipment (D515; Figure 61). One of the challenges was that all the equipment in the markets are either designed for the laboratory level or for the industrial level, thus it was difficult to find suitable equipment for the test facility. ...
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... option, where PCC is produced at the steel mill site and transported to the paper mill by truck was found to be the cheapest way for implementation, since it had the lowest transportation costs (3-10 euro/t PCC). This option was selected as the base case for concept evaluation to determine a coarse estimation of the investment costs and opera- tional costs for the facility (Figure 71). The feasibility analysis of the case studied showed that the investment costs are relatively high -76 M€. ...
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... experimental work was carried out to deter- mine the filtration requirements for the process (see below). Figure 71. Flow sheet of the case study on the PCC production process for slag (mass flow unit: tonne per year; D517). ...
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... summary of the results from the PESTEL analysis is presented in Figure 81. In the figure, green boxes describe potential drivers, while orange boxes describe potential barriers. ...
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... the end, all these aspects would require public acceptance and political engagement, includ- ing willingness to support development of these technologies and taking an active role in developing the legal framework. In Figure 81 these interlinkages are illus- trated with top-down arrows crossing the PESTEL categories. In future more at- tention should be paid to interrelatedness of social and technical aspects of CCS technologies. ...
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