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Nephelium mutabile Blume (Traditionally known as Pulasan or Kapulasan) is a plant resembling the rambutan fruit that grows mostly on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Pulasan has a unique characteristic, the skin of this fruit was hairless and had very bright color. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of different p...
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... Indonesian people especially in East Kalimantan usually used plants as medicine, utilization the potential of natural sources used to cure diseases in the form of traditional medicine. One example of potential natural sources as a medicine is pulasan (Nephelium mutabile Blume) (Figure 1). Based on research conducted by Fadhli et al (2018), Pulasan has strong antioxidant activity. ...
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... Meanwhile, studies on the phytochemical content of pulasan leaves are scarce. Hairunisa et al. [22] demonstrated the presence of phenolics in the ethanol extract of pulasan leaves collected from East Borneo. Our study showed that pulasan leaves also contained alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. ...
This study sought to assess the leaf extracts of matoa (Pometia pinnata) and pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) for antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, besides phytochemical content. Four extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) were obtained from each plant via sequential extraction. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated using colorimetric broth microdilution methods. The antioxidant activities were studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The cytotoxicity was examined using mouse fibroblasts NIH/3T3 while the phytochemical content was detected using various chemical tests. Among the extracts, only the water extract of matoa and ethyl acetate extract of pulasan exerted bactericidal effects on Bacillus cereus (minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC): 0.63 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MBC: 1.25 mg/mL), respectively. In contrast, all extracts, except hexane extract, of both plants exhibited fungicidal effects with minimum fungicidal concentrations of 0.31-1.25 mg/mL. All extracts of matoa leaves displayed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP than the extracts of pulasan leaves. Notably, the water extract of matoa showed the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 9.88 ± 1.70 µg/mL and the highest FRAP value of 6.11 ± 0.51 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/g extract (n=3). These antioxidant activities were significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the amounts of phenolic compounds in the extracts. All extracts of both plants, except water extracts, showed significant toxicities (p<0.05) towards NIH/3T3 cells. Alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and glycosides were detected in the leaves of both plants. The matoa and pulasan leaves contained bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.
... Pulasan (Nephelium mutabile Blume) and salak (Salacca zalacca) are the underutilised fruits native to Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia (Hairunisa et al. 2021;Nur Amalina and Mohd Fadzelly 2018). Pulasan is a seasonal fruit that highly resembles rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in appearance, texture, and colour. ...
Underutilized fruits such as pulasan and salak are rich in bioactive phytochemicals. However, the by-products of these fruits (seed kernel, peel, or rind) are often discarded as fruit wastes. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antioxidant activities and phytoconstituent contents of the fruit oils extracted from the by-products of pulasan and salak. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, while phytoconstituent contents (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total carotenoid content) were determined through spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activities of fruit oils extracted from the by-products were in the ascending order of pulasan seed kernel oil < salak seed kernel oil < salak peel oil < pulasan rind oil (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay) and pulasan seed kernel oil < pulasan rind oil < salak peel oil < salak seed kernel oil (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay). The phytoconstituent contents were in a similar order: salak seed kernel oil < pulasan seed kernel oil < salak peel oil < pulasan rind oil. Findings from the Pearson's correlation coefficient test demonstrated that there were strong and positive correlations between TEAC and total phenolic content (r = 0.966), TEAC and total flavonoid content (r = 0.993) as well as TEAC and total carotenoid content (r = 0.998). The fruit oil extracted from the pulasan rind is a potent source of bioactive phytochemicals since it possesses the highest trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity value and phytoconstituent contents compared to its counterparts. The in-vivo study can be executed in the future to examine the health-beneficial effects of these fruit oils. Also, the pharmaceutical industry may work on reutilising these agricultural wastes to formulate nutraceuticals.
... Kajian mengenai kandungan fitokimia pada marga Nephelium telah dilaporkan sebelumnya oleh beberapa peneliti (Nethaji et al. 2015;Sukmandari et al. 2017;Halim et al. 2019;Sofiyanti et al. 2021). Berdasarkan kandungan metabolit sekundernya, jenis-jenis Nephelium mempunyai potensi sebagai sumber tanaman obat, seperti sebagai agen anti bakteri (Thitilertdecha et al., 2008;Phuong et al., 2020) dan antioksidan (Hairunisa et al., 2020). Oleh karena itu, kajian fitokimia termasuk histokimia penting untuk dilakukan agar mengetahui potensi jenis tumbuhan tersebut. ...
Ridan (Nephelium maingayi) merupakan salah satu anggota famili Sapindaceae yang tersebar di Provinsi Riau, namun tidak banyak dibudi dayakan karena buah yang berukuran kecil dan agak masam. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik histokimia daun ridan. Senyawa metabolit yang diuji adalah tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid serta lipid. Sampel yang digunakan adalah daun ridan yang sudah dewasa. Irisan sampel dilakukan menggunakan hand microtome, dan selanjutnya diuji dengan larutan FeCl3 (tannin), NaOH (flavonoid), Wagner (alkaloid) dan Sudan III (lipid). Sampel diamati dan didokumentasikan menggunakan mikroskop digital. Uji histokimia menunjukan bahwa bagian daun ridan (N. maingayi) pada umumnya mengandung tannin, alkaloid, lipid dan flavonoid. Uji lipid menunjukan hasil negatif pada jaringan kortek dan empulur tangkai anak daun, serta pada jaringan empulur ibu tangkai daun. Hasil kajian ini memberikan informasi tambahan pada kajian histokimia anggota dari marga Nephelium.
... The longan fruits by-product are alkaloids and polyphenols widely known to have antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging activities in simulated gastric fluid and anti-hyperglycemic activities in vitro (Tang, He, et al. 2019). Seed of Pulasan contain alkaloids and steroids and shows antioxidant properties (Hairunisa et al. 2021). The fruit juice of pepino has alkaloids and has antiulcer activity (Nyi Mekar Saptarini 2011). ...
... Its leaf extract shows various other pharmacological properties and antioxidant properties in vitro by protecting human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) against UVA damage, good protection against oxidative stress, free radicals, and could be a good candidate for treating oxidative stress-related diseases (Sobeh et al. 2018). The peels, seeds and leaves of the pulsan have antioxidant nature, positively depicted by DPPH assay with the ethanol extract of leaves having the highest antioxidant activity with the value 20.99 µg/mL (very strong antioxidant), indicating its potential as a source of natural antioxidants (Hairunisa et al. 2021). Indian gooseberry extracts showed 86.4% antioxidant activities when evaluated by the β-carotene bleaching method (Mayachiew and Devahastin 2008). ...
Tropical fruits are defined as fruits that are grown in hot and humid regions within the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, covering most of the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Oceania. Depending on the cultivation area covered, economic value and popularity these tropical fruits are divided into major and minor tropical fruits. There is an annual increment of 3.8% in terms of commercialization of the tropical fruits. In total 26 minor tropical fruits (Kiwifruit, Lutqua, Carambola, Tree Tomato, Elephant apple, Rambutan, Bay berry, Mangosteen, Bhawa, Loquat, Silver berry, Durian, Persimon, Longan, Passion fruit, Water apple, Pulasan, Indian gooseberry, Guava, Lychee, Annona, Pitaya, Sapodilla, Pepino, Jaboticaba, Jackfruit) have been covered in this work. The nutritional composition, phytochemical composition, health benefits, traditional use of these minor tropical fruits and their role in food fortification have been portrayed.
BACKGROUND: In the current pandemic era, people are trying to find additional income, such as stingless bee cultivation. Especially bee species of Heterotrigona itama, because the selling value of stingless bee honey for maintaining health is quite high. However, the potential of other bee products such as propolis is still underutilized. AIM: In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of propolis from various fractions were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H. itama propolis was extracted with 96% ethanol to obtain ethanol extract propolis (EEP). Then, it was used for liquid-liquid partition with different polarities (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) to obtain the n-hexane fraction (HF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). These fractions were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH method and antibacterial against bacteria Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using the agar well diffusion method. Vitamin C was used as a positive control in the antioxidant assay and Thiampenicol was used in the bacterial assay. RESULTS: The EAF had better antioxidant activity (IC50 128.46 ug/mL) than the ethanol extract (IC50 205.86 ug/mL) and n-HF (IC50 350.01 g/mL). Antibacterial activity of EEP at 200 ug/mL against P. acne was 6 ± 1.5 mm, which was categorized as medium inhibition, while the other fractions were classified as weak. CONCLUSION: EAF had the highest antioxidant activity, meanwhile EEP is the most potent on antibacterial activity. The results obtained are influenced by the environment, where the sample is taken, which is less varied in plant sources and the time of sample collection.
Propolis is one of the natural products produced by kelulut bees and is still not widely used. The type of stingless bee that is the prima donna in the community is Heterotrigona itama. This study aims to determine the phytochemical content of the n-hexane fraction of Heterotrigona itama bee propolis collected from Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan. The n-hexane fraction was obtained from the methanol extract of H. itama propolis by the liquid-liquid partition method. After obtaining the n-hexane fraction, the research continued with a qualitative phytochemical test to identify the compound and determine total phenolic. Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method with a serial concentration in Escherichia coli bacteria. Qualitative phytochemical analysis in the form of color changes showed that the n-hexane fraction of H. itama propolis contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Based on the results, the total phenolic content of the n-hexane fraction sample was 490 mgGAE/100 g. It caused the n-hexane fraction to have lower phenolic content than the methanol extract (792 mg GAE100 g). Furthermore, this result indicated that the non-polar fraction was not substantial enough to extracted phenolic compounds. It correlated to the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane fraction, which was very weak (2 mm ± 1.5) at 200µg/mL concentration.
