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The X-ray diffraction pattern of BASE, AWJP and UNSM specimens.
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In this study, two innovative surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) methods, namely abrasive waterjet peening (AWJP) and ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), were applied to a 304 stainless steel to improve the mechanical behavior. The surface roughness, microstructure, residual stress, hardness, and tensile mechanical properties...
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Context 1
... with the AWJPtreated surface, the surface of UNSM-treated specimen is much smoother and the surface grains are obviously refined (Figure 5b). Figure 6 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of BASE, AWJP, and UNSM specimens. Compared with the BASE sample, the X-ray diffraction peak of martensite was found in the specimens after AWJP and UNSM treatments, indicating that martensite phase transformation was induced. ...
Context 2
... 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 13 3.1.3. X-ray Diffraction Figure 6 is the X-ray diffraction pattern of BASE, AWJP, and UNSM specimens. Compared with the BASE sample, the X-ray diffraction peak of martensite was found in the specimens after AWJP and UNSM treatments, indicating that martensite phase transformation was induced. ...
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Cavitation peening has great potential to gain popularity over shot peening in industrial applications for improving the fatigue performance of materials. Improvement in fatigue performance occurs due to the introduction of compressive residual stress. However, the roughening of the surface caused by cavitation peening remains a matter of concern....
Citations
... These specimens demonstrate increased yield and ultimate strengths, albeit with a slight decrease in elongation. Similar trends have been reported for conventional and AM materials subjected to mechanical surface treatments, where changes in yield strength are more pronounced than ultimate strength [93][94][95][96][97]. The strengthening effect observed with severe plastic deformation methods is attributed to surface grain refinement, hardening, sub-surface pore closure, and the introduction of CRS [98]. ...
... Surface & Coatings Technology xxx (xxxx) 131229 metal cracking, ion diffusion, and prosthesis failure [10,11]. Surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) is a recent process developed to apply localized severe plastic deformation to the surface of a material, creating a fine-grained layer that improves the material's properties, such as hardness, strength, and wear resistance [12,13]. However, the current research aims to utilize the SPD process for producing bulk ultrafinegrained (UFG) titanium, not just on the surface, resulting in microstructural evolutions and improved bulk mechanical properties. ...
Titanium has proven to be a game-changing biomaterial in biomedical engineering. Titanium and its alloys offer
superior properties such as machinability, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance,
making them indispensable for safer and more efficient biomedical treatments. While commercially pure tita�nium (Cp-Ti) is an exceptional material for medical applications, it has some limitations. Allergic reactions can
manifest as localized inflammation around the implant, and corrosion compromises implant stability. Corrosion
starts with cracking from the surface and disrupts the protective passive oxide layer when touching body fluids,
and failure occurs. This study utilized a combination of techniques including grain refinement of Cp-Ti via equal
channel angular pressing (ECAP), two-step anodization (for creating titanium oxide nanotubes coatings),
annealing at 450◦C and 570◦C, and immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) to create a Hydroxyapatite (HA)
film coating. These methods addressed various challenges and provided a positive approach to improving
corrosion behavior. The microstructure of Nano-Ti was evaluated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
The morphology of the as-anodized samples and corroded areas were investigated using field emission scanning
electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crystalline phases of titanium nanotubes
(TNTs) were evaluated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The presence of hydroxyapatite particles was analyzed
and characterized by FESEM coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier Transform
Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). The corrosion behavior was evaluated using a potentiodynamic
polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results indicated that grain refinement and
successive surface modifications significantly impact corrosion performance. The nanostructured (Nano-Ti)
sample, after the final modification stage, exhibited an approximately 11-fold decrease in corrosion rate and over
a 450-fold rise in polarization resistance (7.4 MΩ) compared to as-anodized Cp-Ti sample and a 7-fold increase in
its Cp-Ti counterpart, and showed excellent adhesion strength compared to other samples.
... The principle of strain hardening is the displacement of dislocations within slip planes and the formation of new dislocations, which prevent further plastic deformation of the material. Strain hardening results in a material with greater levels of internal stresses that affect mechanical properties such as hardness, strength, notch toughness and abrasion resistance [72,73]. Bending causes tensile and compressive stresses. ...
The presented work deals with the investigation of mechanical tribological properties on Inconel 625 superalloy, which is welded on a 16Mo3 steel pipe. The wall thickness of the basic steel pipe was 7 mm, while the average thickness of the welded layer was 3.5 mm. The coating was made by the cold metal transfer (CMT) method. A supercritical bending of 180° was performed on the material welded in this way while cold. The mechanical properties evaluated were hardness, wear resistance, coefficient of friction (COF) and change in surface roughness for both materials. The UMT Tribolab laboratory equipment was used to measure COF and wear resistance by the Ball-on-flat method, which used a G40 steel pressure ball. The entire process took place at an elevated temperature of 500 °C. The measured results show that the materials after bending are reinforced by plastic deformation, which leads to an increase in hardness and also resistance to wear. Superalloy Inconel 625 shows approximately seven times higher rate of wear compared to steel 16Mo3 due to the creation of local oxidation areas that support the formation of abrasive wear and do not create a solid lubricant, as in the case of steel 16Mo3. Strain hardening leads to a reduction of possible wear on Inconel 625 superalloy as well as on 16Mo3 steel. In the case of the friction process, the places of supercritical bending of the structure showed the greatest resistance to wear compared to the non-deformed structure.
... In previous studies, the global YS was increased via SSPD, e.g., the original YS of 304 stainless steel increased from 212 to 443 MPa, which is an increase of >100% [33]. A YS increase of 33% from 500 to 667 MPa was observed in the virgin material after SSPD was applied to S500MC high-strength low-alloy steel [34], and the YS of alloy 718 also increased slightly from 950 to 1083 MPa [35]. ...
Surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) improves the mechanical behaviors of materials by generating non-uniform, heterogeneous microstructures on their surfaces. SSPD enhances the mechanical properties of the material, such as resistance to fatigue and yield strength. Herein, a decrease in the yield strength after SSPD, which is contrary to the findings of previous studies that report increased yield strengths, was considered. The main cause of this phenomenon was the internal tensile residual stress, which was inevitably induced by the surface compressive residual stress during SSPD. The inherent residual stress after SSPD was measured and applied in a tensile study of a real Al alloy to verify the phenomenon. Finally, the effects of the residual stress on the tensile mechanical properties were analyzed via analytical and numerical methods. Moreover, the transient behavior in the early stage was determined based on residual stress.
... A d v a n c e V i e w 2 steels (12) , stainless steels (13) and tool steels (14) . The microstructure refinement obtained through these SPD techniques has improved mechanical properties and allowed several studies on corrosion control, mitigation, and protection. ...
Ultrafine grained (UFG) and nanostructured steels have gained attention in the last years because of the possibility of improving both strength and ductility, but also because of their potential for improving several properties in metal applications which allows replacing some conventional steels. The refinement of the microstructure obtained through Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) has allowed for the improvement of mechanical properties and the performing of several studies related to corrosion control, mitigation, and protection. In this review, the corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grained (UFG) steels is presented regarding the existing literature and the microstructural changes produced through different SPD processes. A focus is placed on the importance of the processes for grain refinement and microstructural changes and, therefore, on the corrosion behavior.
... The mechanical surface treatments, on the other hand, increased both YS and UTS while slightly diminishing the EL, as summarized in Table 7. As similarly reported for conventional and AM materials subjected to mechanical surface treatments, changes in YS were more significant than that of the UTS [66][67][68][69][70]. This strengthening effect induced by the peening based surface treatments can be associated with surface grain refinement and the presence of CRS [71]. ...
... Grain size refining down to ultrafine or even nanometer (d<100 nm) range can be obtained by techniques known as severe plastic deformation (SPD) [16] allowing for imparting intense plastic strain ε VM > 4 into the material. Until now, Different SPD methods such as equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) [3,6,10,[18][19][20], High-pressure torsion (HPT) [21,22], Hydrostatic extrusion [23], repetitive corrugation and straightening by rolling (RCSR) [24], and abrasive water jet peening (AWJP) [25] have been successfully applied on the austenitic stainless steels. As a result, a nanocrystalline /UFG microstructure was commonly obtained and led to a significant strengthening. ...
... Tis, in turn, increases the parts' durability and makes it possible to reduce their weight by optimizing their design. SPD processes are actively used as a tool for studying the material behavior both in the process of deformation and after the metal forming processing with the intensifcation of shear deformations in the billet body or on its surface [3,4]. ...
... As a result of SPD, the strength characteristics of metals increase signifcantly with a slight decrease in ductility [18]. Severe plastic deformation leads to the rotation of microvolumes and macrovolumes in the process of metal fow, which explains the anomalous movement of material from the surface into the billet body [4,5]. Terefore, the ultrafne-grain structure is characterized by the presence of a large proportion of high-angle grain boundaries after billet deformation. ...
The article considers one of the combined methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD), which includes twist extrusion (TE) and subsequent rolling. The use of combined forming methods is promising for industrial use. Titanium grade 1 was used as a material in the experiments. Rolling was carried out in three stages with a decrease in temperature from 350°C to 180°C for a number of passes with one heating. The accumulated strain degree was e = 4.6 at twist extrusion and e = 3 in rolling. Increasing the reduction per pass decreases the number of heatings and increases the efficiency of the rolling process in whole. At the same time, it is necessary to set the maximum processing modes at which recrystallization processes do not occur in the billet. When rolling, the deformation degree in one pass was taken in the range of 5–20% with an increase in successive passes. The use of such deformation degrees allowed reducing the grain size in titanium grade 1 significantly. Twist extrusion reduces the grain size to 300–500 nm. Subsequent rolling allowed reducing the size of structural elements to 50–100 nm and provided a significant increase in the mechanical characteristics of the billet material (up to 869 MPa) while maintaining satisfactory ductility (up to 11.6%). It was found that increasing the deformation degree in one pass up to 40% at cross-rolling and simultaneously increasing the temperature to 385°C led to a decrease in the UFG structure quality and reduced strength of the deformable material by starting the dynamic recrystallization process.
... Створення деталей з поліпшеними характеристиками надійності та довговічності вимагає проведення експериментів з різними матеріалами та методами їх формозміни та удосконалення процесів обробки матеріалів тиском (ОМТ). Необхідність створення нових матеріалів з характеристиками, що поєднують комплекс оптимальних властивостей та працюють у екстремальних умовах, призвела до розвитку процесів виготовлення матеріалів з субмікроскопічною структурою (СМК) [1,2]. Для цього використовуються спеціальні схеми деформування, які дозволяють за низьких температур досягати великих пластичних деформацій зсуву. ...
Тарасов О. Ф., Касьянюк О. С., Грибков Е. П., Бабаш А. В., Коваленко А. К. Проектування системи керування експериментальною установкою для процесу кручення під високим тиском порожнистих заготовок Розвиток промислових підприємств та впровадження технології інтернету речей у виробництві вимагають створення нових механізмів, для розробки яких необхідно використання сучасних компонентів з подальшим точним комп’ютерним керуванням процесом. В області обробки металів тиском такими механізмами можна вважати установки для кручення під високим тиском (КВТ, high pressure torsion, HPT), оскільки цей процес набуває поширення завдяки отримуванню субмікроскопічної структури в заготовці та надзвичайно високої міцності матеріалу в результаті обробки. В той же час використання установок КВТ має суттєві обмеження, які обумовлюються значною кількістю параметрів, які можуть змінюватись нелінійно під час процесу деформації. Проблеми керування установкою вирішуються завдяки використанню автоматизованої систем керування (АСК) параметрами технологічного процесу. В статті наведена сутність нового процесу деформації порожнистих заготовок за допомогою кручення під високим тиском. Наведений опис експериментальної установки та використаних елементів керування. Цей технологічний процес представлено множинами подій та діяльностей, зв'язок між якими відображено у вигляді циклограми. На основі аналізу представленого технологічного процесу розроблена система моніторингу та АСК установкою. Розроблена логічна схема АСК, діаграма визначення складу установки з АСК для реалізації технології КВТ та діаграма компонентів її програмного комплексу. Представлено схемне рішення використання частотного перетворювача для приведення до руху механізму кручення. Для точного підрахування числа обертів механізму кручення використаний інкрементальний енкодер фірми Siemens та налагоджувальна плата STM32F4Discovery. Використання частотного електроприводу дозволило підвищити ефективність керування установкою. Розробка та використання подібних АСК для інших установок для обробки металів тиском дозволить гарантувати стабільний технологічний процес і необхідні фізичні властивості заготовок.
... AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) is a universal stainless steel with excellent, comprehensive properties, and it is one of the most widely used Cr-Ni series austenitic stainless steels [3]. AISI 304 SS has moderate strength and good ductility and corrosion resistance, and it thus seems to be an ideal raw material for manufacturing anti-corrosion SETs. ...
... Moreover, few reports on plastic deformation at normal temperatures and low strain similar to those of SETs have been published, but this type of problem has very important engineering applications. After all, AISI 304 SS can obtain ultra-fine grain, strong texture and sufficient phase transformation, surface strengthening and compressive stress through common plastic deformations, all of which can also be easily achieved through severe plastic deformation to improve the mechanical properties, friction performance and corrosion resistance [3,8]. ...
The effects of expansion deformation on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of an AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) tube with dimensions of ϕ 108 mm × 6 mm were studied with a full-scale test, a mechanical property test, microstructural analysis and a corrosion property test in order to explore the feasibility of using AISI 304 SS tubes as solid expandable tubes in repairing damaged well casings. The results showed that the AISI 304 SS tube had good expansion performance, suitable strength after expansion and excellent corrosion resistance, and it met the technical requirements for repairing the casings of common oil wells. After ~11% radial expansion, the internal pressure strength and collapsing strength of the tube were 71 and 32 MPa, respectively. The increase in dislocations, and in the formation of strain-induced martensite and twinning stimulated by plastic deformation, led to the yield strength of the AISI 304 SS tube increasing from 249 to 539 MPa; however, the corrosion resistance of the AISI 304 SS tube was somewhat worsened because of the increase in dislocations and strain-induced martensite caused by expansion deformation. However, the corrosion resistance of the AISI 304 SS tube was still much better than that of conventional casings.
