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This paper presents the results of a study in which a close-range structured light system is used for the digitization of a cultural heritage object. A Herakles statue, named "Weary Herakles" and located in the Antalya Museum, Turkey was scanned by a Breuckmann optoTOP-HE system. The work comprises the essential steps of the 3D object modeling pipe...
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... it was done. The upper half was first seen in the USA in the early 1980s. It is currently to be found at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The lower part was found by Prof. Jale Inan (Inan, 1981(Inan, , 1992) at an excavation site in Perge (Antalya, Turkey) in 1980. It is now on display in the Antalya Museum, along with a photograph of the top half (Fig. 2). According to the Turkish law, Turkish antiques have been state property since Ottoman times 1906. The Turkish government has asked for hand-over of the upper half so that the two fragments can be joined. The Boston Museum has refused to consider the Turkish petition. In 1992, casts of the two fragments were placed together. They were ...
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... statue was broken in two parts ( Fig. 1a). We do not know when and by whom it was done. The upper half was first seen in the USA in the early 1980s. It is currently to be found at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The lower part was found by Prof. Jale Inan (Inan, 1981, 1992) at an excavation site in Perge (Antalya, Turkey) in 1980. It is now on display in the Antalya Museum, along with a photograph of the top half (Fig. 2). According to the Turkish law, Turkish antiques have been state property since Ottoman times 1906. The Turkish government has asked for hand-over of the upper half so that the two fragments can be joined. The Boston Museum has refused to consider the Turkish petition. In 1992, casts of the two fragments were placed together. They were found to match perfectly. The Boston Museum says the statue may have been broken in ancient times, and the upper torso may have been taken from Turkey before the Turkish law established state ownership of archaeological finds (Rose and Acar, 1995; Brodie et al., 2000; Brodie, 2003; Gizzarelli, 2006). Since both parts are unfortunately separated geographically, our aim was to record and model both the lower and the upper part and bring these partial models together in the computer, so that at least there the complete statue could be seen, appreciated and analyzed. With the help of the Turkish authorities and the Antalya Museum we were able to complete our work on the lower part, but access to the Boston Museum was denied. The digitization of the lower part of the statue was done in September 2005 in the Antalya Museum with a Breuckmann () optoTOP-HE coded structured light system. The system was kindly provided by the Turkish reseller InfoTRON Co. (), Istanbul. The project was conducted in cooperation with InfoTRON Co. (Turkey), Breuckmann GmbH (Germany), the Division of Photogrammetry of Yildiz Technical University (Turkey), and the Group of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of ETH Zurich (Switzerland). Further information can be found on the project webpage 1 . Many of the cultural heritage projects in the literature were carried out by use of laser scanner type of digitizers. Some of the well known ones are relics of the Museum of Quin Shihuang Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses (Zheng and Zhang, 1999), Digital Michelangelo (Levoy et al., 2000), Great Buddha of Kamakura (Miyazaki et al., 2000), Byzantine Crypt of Santa Cristina (Beraldin et al., 2002), statues of Donatello and Giovanni Pisano (Godin et al., 2002), Survey of Dinosaur Skeletons (Bellmann et al., 2005), Eternal Egypt (Rushmeier, 2005), Twelve Divine Generals of Shin-yakushi-ji ...
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Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications -Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Image Processing Department Einsteinufer 37, 10587 Berlin, Germany {kmueller/smolic/kaspar/merkle/rein/eisert/wiegand}@hhi.de ABSTRACT The reconstruction of 3D models of real world scenes and objects and photo-realistic rendering in interactive free viewpoint applications is a cha...
3D modeling of cultural heritage objects is an expanding application
area. The selection of the right technology is very important and
strictly related to the project requirements, budget and user's
experience. The triangulation based active sensors, e.g. structured
light systems are used for many kinds of 3D object reconstruction tasks
and in part...
Citations
... In the last decades, the role of 3D techniques in the field of archaeological heritage has assumed, on the one hand, an increasingly importance for the web diffusion of cultural contents, public outreach and education [1][2][3][4], also thanks to different mediums of visualization [5] that improves the spread of Cultural Heritage artefacts [6]. On the other hand, 3D technologies have a key role in documenting and supporting archaeologists who deal with continuous work of restoration and their associated studies, generating 3D models for archival purposes, for conservation records [7][8][9], for 3D visualization [10][11][12][13][14] and reconstructive interpretation of lost artefacts [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
The role of 3D virtual reconstruction of lost heritage artefacts is acquiring ever-greater importance, as a support for archaeological research and art history studies, as well as a vehicle for the cultural and evocative involvement of the end-user. The main risk of virtual reconstruction is the lack of a faithful restitution but, conversely, very often the artefact conservation state does not allow a complete 3D reconstruction. Therefore, 2D sources, both textual and iconographic, represent a precious integration and completion of the existing 3D sources. This paper proposes an operating systematic workflow to integrate retrieved 2D and 3D sources and assess their compatibility for the virtual reconstruction of lost heritage artefacts using and integrating 3D survey and digital modelling. As a case study, we virtually reconstructed the lost equestrian monument of Duke Francesco III d'Este, 7 m high, built in 1774 in Modena, Italy, by the sculptor Giovanni Antonio Cybei and completely destroyed a little over 20 years later during the revolutionary uprisings. Following the proposed workflow, we integrate data coming from: a still preserved preparatory stucco model, paintings and engravings showing the missing details of the 3D model, a series of urban views returning the proportion and positioning of the monument (statue, pedestal and base), a fragment of the right foot providing the statue size and the appearance of the original white Carrara marble. The final 3D digital model shows a faithful correspondence to the 2D sources and guarantees an effective user’s fruition thanks to dedicated virtual applications. Besides the scientific and cultural goal, we highlight the evocative role of this work, which has contributed to the restitution of a monument that is unknown to most citizens and visitors.
... A least square surface matching algorithm and software, the LS3D, developed by Gruen and Akca (2005), was used for the volumetric comparison and analysis. The software has been used in various application areas previously (Akca 2007(Akca , 2010; Akca and Seybold 2016;Akca et al. 2006;Seybold et al. 2010). Although the software is capable of matching the surfaces to eliminate any global shifts in Post-earthquake 3D (i.e., in X, Y, Z directions), this functionality was not utilized here since the georeferencing accuracy of the photogrammetric datasets was already very high and no model biases were expected. ...
On January 24, 2020, an earthquake with the Mw of 6.8 occurred on the East Anatolian Fault Zone in Elazig Province, Turkey, and triggered many landslides. Even though Turkey is in a high seismic zone and has highly susceptible areas to landslides, event-based inventories of landslides triggered by earthquakes have not yet been published in the international literature. The purpose of the present study is to compile the landslide inventory triggered by the Elazig earthquake. A novel approach involved change detection analyses was applied by using high-resolution 3D digital surface models (DSMs) obtained from pre-and post-earthquake aerial photos. In the study, a total of 328 landslides sized between 133 m 2 and 3 × 10 6 m 2 were mapped by visual interpretations. The rollover effect and fractal dimension of the failures were obtained as 3600 m 2 and-1.48, respectively. The total landslide area including new active zones developed after 2018 within the existing mass was calculated as approximately 8 × 10 6 m 2. According to the volumetric change analyses, the displacements were between-17.66 m and 14.11 m. It is evident that using photogrammetric methods to produce very high-resolution DSMs enables precise determination of landslide activity after an earthquake and increases the quality of the inventory. Consequently, application of the surface comparison methods immediately after large earthquakes provides great benefits in obtaining new landslide data open up important possibilities for a better understanding of the mechanism of landslides triggered by earthquakes, thus minimizing losses sourced from them.
... For this purpose, the susceptibility maps produced using the 2012 dataset were assessed with the terrain deformation information derived using 2012 and 2018 datasets. A least square surface matching algorithm and tool, i.e., LS3D, developed by [35] and later used for diverse applications ranging from cultural heritage and object modelling to geomorphology [46][47][48][49][50][51], was used here. Since 1D height differences along the z-axes may not truly represent the surface-to-surface distance, the Euclidean (3D) distances as provided in LS3D were analyzed here. ...
Prediction of possible landslide areas is the first stage of landslide hazard mitigation efforts and is also crucial for suitable site selection. Several statistical and machine learning methodologies have been applied for the production of landslide susceptibility maps. However, the performance assessment of such methods have conventionally been carried out by utilizing existing landslide inventories. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performances of landslide susceptibility maps produced with three different machine learning algorithms, i.e., random forest, artificial neural network, and logistic regression, in a recently constructed and activated dam reservoir and assess the external quality of each map by using pre- and post-event photogrammetric datasets. The methodology introduced here was applied using digital surface models generated from aerial photogrammetric flight data acquired before and after the dam construction. Aerial photogrammetric images acquired in 2012 and 2018 (after the dam was filled) were used to produce digital terrain models and orthophotos. The 2012 dataset was used for producing the landslide susceptibility maps and the results were evaluated by comparing the Euclidian distances between the two surface models. The results show that the random forest method outperforms the other two for predicting the future landslides.
... Details of the procedure can be found in [43][44]. Diverse applications ranging from cultural heritage and object modelling to geomorphology are available [45][46][47][48][49]. The 3D co-registration and comparison module of the FORSAT software is a customised implementation of the LS3D method. ...
... Details of the procedure can be found in Akca and . Several applications ranging from 3D modelling ( Akca et al. 2006Akca 2012) to geomorphology (Akca and Seybold 2016) showed the benefits of the method. The 3D co-registration and comparison module of the FORSAT software is a specialised implementation of the LS3D method. ...
A satellite processing platform for high resolution forest assessment (FORSAT) was developed. It generates the digital surface models (DSMs) of the forest canopy by advanced processing of the very-high resolution (VHR) optical satellite imagery and automatically matches the pre- and post-fire DSMs for 3D change detection. The FORSAT software system can perform the following tasks: pre-processing, point measurement, orientation, quasi-epipolar image generation, image matching, DSM extraction, orthoimage generation, photogrammetric restitution either in mono-plotting mode or in stereo models, 3D surface matching, co-registration, comparison and change detection. It can thoroughly calculate the planimetric and volumetric changes between the epochs. It supports most of the VHR optical imagery commonly used for civil applications. Capabilities of FORSAT have been tested in two real forest fire cases, where the burned areas are located in Cyprus and Austria. The geometric characteristics of burned forest areas have been identified both in 2D plane and 3D volume dimensions, using pre- and post-fire optical image data from different sensors. The test studies showed that FORSAT is an operational software capable of providing spatial (3D) and temporal (4D) information for monitoring of forest fire areas and sustainable forest management. Beyond the wildfires, it can be used for many other forest information needs.
... Therefore, estimating the random error pattern of every individual point is essentially important for validating TLS derived 3D models. The range of applications are various such as surface matching [1,2], 3D object modeling and surface mesh generation [3][4][5], and surface comparison [6,7]. ...
This work aims at developing a generic and anisotropic point error model, which is capable of computing magnitude and direction of a priori random errors, described in the form of error ellipsoids for each individual point of the cloud. The direct TLS observations are the range (ρ), vertical (α) and horizontal (θ) angles, each of which is in fact associated with a priori precision value. A practical methodology was designed and performed in real-world test environments to determine these precision values. The methodology has two experimental parts. The first part is a static and repetitive measurement configuration for the determination of a priori precisions of the vertical (σα) and horizontal (σθ) angles. The second part is the measurement of a test stand which contains four plates in white, light grey, dark grey and black colors, for the determination of a priori precisions of the range observations (σρ). The test stand measurement is performed in a recursive manner so that sensor-to-object distance, incidence angle and surface reflectivity are parameterized. The experiment was conducted with three TLSs, namely Faro Focus 3D X330, Riegl VZ400 and Z+F 5010x in the same location and atmospheric conditions. This procedure was followed by the computation of error ellipsoids of each point using the law of variance-covariance propagation. The direction and size of the error ellipsoids were computed by the principal components transformation. Validation of the proposed error model was performed in real world scenarios, which revealed feasibility of the model. © (2017) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
... The high-resolution scanner (A) is based on optical triangulation. The main specifications of this system [16,36] are as follows: System B consists of a projector and camera on board. Its main features are [21,37] as follows: ...
This study aims to compare three different structured light scanner systems to generate accurate 3D human face models. Among these systems, the most dense and expensive one was denoted as the reference and the other two that were low cost and low resolution were compared according to the reference system. One female face and one male face were scanned with three light scanner systems. Point-cloud filtering, mesh generation, and hole-filling steps were carried out using a trial version of commercial software; moreover, the data evaluation process was realized using CloudCompare open-source software. Various filtering and mesh smoothing levels were applied on reference data to compare with other low-cost systems. Thus, the optimum reduction level of reference data was evaluated to continue further processes. The outcome of the presented study shows that low-cost structured light scanners have a great potential for 3D object modeling, including the human face. A considerable cheap structured light system has been used due to its capacity to obtain spatial and morphological information in the case study of 3D human face modeling. This study also discusses the benefits and accuracy of low-cost structured light systems.
... Structured light scanning was also considered. Papers by Stumpfel et al. (2003) and Akca et al. (2006) suggest that this method could be employed on objects of similar size to Hoa Hakananai'a in order to produce a high resolution model comparable to laser scanning. However, this method suffers from the same problems in terms of positioning and movement around the statue. ...
The paper will examine the use of RTI and photogrammetry of the British Museum’s Hoa Hakananai’a Easter Island statue. The paper will focus on the acquisition and processing of the data and highlight their potential within the study of petroglyphs found on the statue. It will discuss the dissemination of the data and the potential of the two techniques in identifying and disproving academically accepted interpretations of the engraved markings.
... Casts and physical reconstructions of works of art have always been produced and used, but the digital representation in three dimensions and the solid one resulting from it, if properly executed, offer an accurate match of the original object and ensure the measurability of its parts and details, opening to the rich interaction possibilities of the digital world. In the attempt to summarize the reasons why cultural heritage management is turning to 3D, the authors find the perception that digital models, either used for scientific purposes or for popularization, allow: to examine the object from other viewpoints than the ones permitted by normal and direct inspection; to have access whenever the direct contact is denied, as for conservative precautions, either because the object is fragile or damaged or under restoration, or for other restraints, as when exhibition spaces are lacking, or because the object is held by a private collector or located off beaten tracks; to re-contextualize an object or a collection of objects in the form, place, time in which they were (c) Analysis and management of 3D models oriented to plan a conservation intervention on the art work: through indirect investigations on materials and elements, either constituent or inserted during restorations, and on performance techniques [4]; through the evaluation, study and monitoring of chemical, physical, micro-climatic or accidental deterioration [5]; simulating reconstruction assumptions on fragments (as for archaeological clayware [6, 7], or as for statues [8]), in order to determine materials to be used and methodologies to be followed during restoration, or just to visualize a state which will never be retrieved [9]; simulating precise physical phenomena (such as artificial lighting, deposit of dust, weathering, placement changes, traumatic events) to predict the effects [10]. (d) The attempts to develop the 3D model as a visual database for information systems accessible online, which can provide an integrated approach to various kinds of data (text, images, graphs, etc.), for educational targets and also for scientific documentation. ...
This paper contributes to depict the current pattern of applications of digital 3D models for professional research and practice, and for broader dissemination of cultural heritage. Passing from a general review to the illustration of the background project, named MUSINT, the authors underline the objectives. The present case study primarily aims to share information about valuable archaeological collections which have little visibility. To enhance the project's contents, which include a whole set of different artifacts, the authors have reproduced high resolution, faithful and measurable digital models on one side, and on the other, lower resolution and geometrically simplified models are yet completed and very close to reality. The former are meant to implement a scholars' archive for further scientific activity. The latter to provide content for virtual exhibitions on the Web or on stand-alone interfaces situated in the actual physical museum spaces. The data acquisition and post-processing methods which have been tested and chosen are here briefly described. Hence, the authors then give an account of the most recurrent problematic issues of the established work-flow and how they should be solved. Touched instances are the delicate placing of the artifacts, which must be digitized, in relation to the triangulation-based laser scanner's functionality, the refining operations in order to build a coherent single polygon mesh, the most effective ways to deal with unavoidable missing parts or defected textures in the generated model and so on.
