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Background: The widespread reliance on motor vehicles has negative effects on both the
environment and human health. The development of an innovative in-vehicle human machine
interface (HMI) has the potential to contribute to reducing traffic pollution and
road trauma.
Aim: A qualitative study, using a driver-centred design approach, was carried ou...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... International Organisation for Standardization ISO (2010) has highlighted four key principles and recommendations for user-centred design. Overall, these principles characterise the process of user-centred design into a number of stages (see Figure 1). Specifically, it is argued that system developers must (i) analyse and comprehensively understand the context of the whole user experience, such as the tasks involved, the organisational, social and environmental context of use, and the needs, motivations and limitations of the intended users; (ii) actively involve users in all stages throughout the development process; (iii) conduct user-centred evaluations; (iv) understand that the process is iterative and refine systems using the same user-centred approach; and (v) adopt a multidisciplinary approach that includes a design team with a variety of skills and perspectives. ...
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Citations
... It has been shown that the presence of smart cockpits can have a serious impact on the level of driver distraction [11]. When drivers shift their attention from the primary driving task to a non-driving related secondary task, drivers will pay little attention to activities that are essential to driving safety thus leading to driving distractions [12]. ...
In the context of vehicle intelligence, smart cockpits are widely used in modern vehicle design. However, with the popularity of smart cockpits, their impact on drivers’ driving behavior have not been evaluated. This study investigated the degree of visual-manual distraction and secondary task performance of drivers by four center screen layouts (single, joint, vertical and horizontal screens) in smart cockpits. Twenty-four drivers used the four smart cockpit layouts to complete three secondary tasks on real roads: a dashboard viewing task, a song switching task and a specified music playing task. Drivers’ visual-manual demands were measured by eye-tracking and task completion performance, and drivers’ cognitive demands were assessed by Likert scales. The results showed that the type of smart cockpit layout had a significant effect on both drivers visual-manual behavior and task performance, with the horizontal cockpit layout having the least effect on driver visual-manual distraction, while the vertical layout resulted in the highest level of visual demand and distraction. Performance on complex secondary tasks was more likely to be affected by the smart cockpit layout than on simple secondary tasks. Cognitive load was not significantly affected by the smart cockpit layout condition.
... Reference [36] delved into the possibility of using UI to encourage eco-friendly driving, drawing attention to a UI's role in helping the driver monitor their performance regarding this aspect. This article found that many drivers desire their vehicle to assist them in monitoring their driving, mainly to help them save fuel/energy and reduce maintenance costs, but also to enhance safety. ...
Within the scope of the Mobilizing Agenda for the Development of Intelligent Green Mobility Products and Systems (A-MoVeR), specifically in the second PPS2 defined the presentation of a “new electric motorcycle, with high autonomy, aimed at promoting comfortable, efficient and green urban mobility"". In this context, we intend to develop user interfaces (UI) for an electric motorcycle that meet the end-user’s expectations by promoting optimal user experience and security. To achieve this goal, this paper provides a preliminary literature analysis, with a compilation of literature related to major aspects for developing an optimized User Interface (UI) and consequently increasing User eXperience (UX), specifying accessibility, adaptability, appeal, and conciseness of motorcycle interfaces in an attempt to determine its constructive qualities. Therefore, it was analyzed studies regarding filtering of displayed information; the controlling of a user’s focus and emotions through means of efficient visual representations; the differences in various types of input methods regarding user attention; and, the relevance of dynamic UI as a solution to a variety of problems related to UI/UX design. Therefore, a systematic literature review was performed, which resulted in the finding of various advantageous practices and ideas that are relevant to the design of a motorcycle’s UI/UX.
... The policy design could sustain traffic safety and reduce the number of accidents [38]. Besides policies, to intervene with the driver speeding behavior, maintain and increase driver safety behavior and traffic safety; the driver can be trained early by using virtual reality (VR) technology [39] or using an in-vehicle HMI [40], [41], conducting campaigns and using automatic speed cameras [42], supporting drivers to comply with traffic rules by using help sheets. The help sheet will later present conditions that encourage drivers to drive over the speed limit and strategies for dealing with these conditions as in the research of Brewster et al. [43] and Tekeş & Özkan [44]. ...
The number of traffic accidents per year increases in proportion to the number of drivers. The higher traffic accident in particular on highways is due to speeding behavior. Traffic accidents are caused by the environment, the vehicle, and the driver factors. The purpose of this study is to incorporate driver personality, time perspective, and applicable norms, on the speeding behavior model and design proposals for intervention policies, and improve current policies on driving behavior to maintain and increase safety driving the highways speed limit. Personality (BFI-10) was incorporated into the model to investigate which personality types that often speed, time perspective (ZTPI-18) was use to understand the current driver behavior from past experience and the driver will likely take in future, while the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) was incorporated to enhance the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model used in previous studies. The method used in this paper is the PRISMA framework. Result of this study is a conceptual model that incorporates variables of TPB, TNSB, BFI-10 personality inventory, and ZTPI-18 and consists of 23 variables. Further study will be conducted to prove the conceptual model by using the method of self-report questionnaires, field observations, and driving simulations.
... When evaluating the usefulness of car dashcams, the quality of the information they provide is an important factor, as poor-quality information such as low-resolution video footage, inaccurate GPS tracking, or false alarms can lead to a decrease in the perceived usefulness of ]. Besides, high-quality information, such as clear video footage, accurate GPS tracking, and reliable alerts, can lead to a greater perceived usefulness of dashcams [Vaezipour et al. (2017)]. Additionally, the good information quality of dashcams can be programmed to alert drivers to potential hazards more reliably by using more sophisticated algorithms, augmenting their perception of usefulness to potential users [Duggal et al. (2021)]. ...
This study aimed to investigate and provide insight into the drivers and motivations behind users’ intentions for using car dashcams. The study utilized a purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 225 and obtained responses through a structured questionnaire. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was performed to verify the proposed hypotheses. The findings demonstrated that the perceived quality of the system, the quality of the information, and the quality of the interaction positively influenced the perceived ease of use and usefulness of using car dashcams. Attitude and behavioral intention were affected by perceived ease of use and usefulness, while perceived usefulness had no influence on intention to use car dashcams. While hedonic motivation and price value impacted behavioral intention, social intention did not affect it. Attitude was found to fully mediate the path between perceived usefulness and behavioral intention. The outcomes of the study incorporate a considerable amount of knowledge into the adoption behavior of telematics literature by integrating prevalent technology adoption models into a unified model: The information system success model (ISS), technology acceptance model (TAM), and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2). The findings provide valuable insights for marketers, the dash cam industry, and policymakers to enhance their understanding of the critical factors affecting the adoption of car dashcams, which can assist in customizing their marketing campaigns and policies to encourage the usage of dashcams, leading to improved road safety and safe driving behavior.
... User-centered design (UCD) cycle, cf.[30,50]. ...
While developing traffic-based cognitive enhancement technology (CET), such as bike accident prevention systems, it can be challenging to test and evaluate them properly. After all, the real-world scenario could endanger the subjects’ health and safety. Therefore, a simulator is needed, preferably one that is realistic yet low cost. This paper introduces a way to use the video game Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V) and its sophisticated traffic system as a base to create such a simulator, allowing for the safe and realistic testing of dangerous traffic situations involving cyclists, cars, and trucks. The open world of GTA V, which can be explored on foot and via various vehicles, serves as an immersive stand-in for the real world. Custom modification scripts of the game give the researchers control over the experiment scenario and the output data to be evaluated. An off-the-shelf bicycle equipped with three sensors serves as a realistic input device for the subject’s movement direction and speed. The simulator was used to test two early-stage CET concepts enabling cyclists to sense dangerous traffic situations, such as trucks approaching from behind the cyclist. Thus, this paper also presents the user evaluation of the cycling simulator and the CET used by the subjects to sense dangerous traffic situations. With the knowledge of the first iteration of the user-centered design (UCD) process, this paper concludes by naming improvements for the cycling simulator and discussing further research directions for CET that enable users to sense dangerous situations better.
... Given the important role of mobile phones in today's world, stopping their use in vehicles appears to be unrealistic (Oviedo-Trespalacios, Briant, Kaye, & King, 2020). Therefore, a growing body of research analyzes how actually mobile phones can be used to reduce distractions (Diewald, Möller, Roalter, Stockinger, & Kranz, 2013;Orfila, Saint Pierre, & Messias, 2015;Xie, Chen, & Donmez, 2016), without additional distraction from the primary task of driving (Steinberger, Schroeter, Foth, & Johnson, 2017;Vaezipour, Rakotonirainy, Haworth, & Delhomme, 2017). ...
... Due to an increasing complexity of the main task of driving, any additional interaction while driving can amplify distraction for the driver (Vaezipour et al., 2017). In a road safety scenario, distraction is the "diversion of attention away from activities critical for safe driving toward a competing activity, which may result in insufficient or no attention to activities critical for safe driving" (Regan, Hallett, & Gordon, 2011, p. 1776. ...
... This ensured to comply with the federal road traffic regulations, which specify that it is not allowed for drivers to hold mobile phones in their hands while driving. To that end, it is important to note that we did not only provide the opportunity for participants to drive ecologically efficient but also safely, which allowed for eco-safe driving (Vaezipour et al., 2017). To add further to the safety of the protocol, we chose Smooth Driver because the application has not only been designed to enhance energy efficiency but also to improve vehicle safety. ...
Gamification can create meaningful engagement for users and foster desired behaviors. In gamification research, however, the importance of sensory stimuli often has been overlooked. We examine and discuss how the variation of visual and auditory stimuli in gamified driving influences users’ eco-driving behavior. We conducted a field experiment where eco-driving is the field of application and energy consumption the dependent variable. Participants performed test drives with a battery electric car whilst using a mobile application that supports participants to drive more eco-friendly. We varied the extent to which the application employs visual and auditory stimuli. Our results of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) show that, depending on the stimuli configuration, participants expose different levels of energy consumption and experience different levels of enjoyment as well as different intentions to actually use this mobile application. More specifically, through the ANCOVA, we find significant differences of the energy consumption between the control group, who drove without the gamified application, and the visual-auditory group, as well as between the visual-only and the visual-auditory group, both at a p-value of 0.02. Further, the MANOVA reveals significant differences between the visual-only and visual-auditory group at a p-value of 0.01 for both perceived enjoyment and intention to use. Due to the significant impact of the varied sensory stimuli on the outcomes, we conclude that the choice and design of sensory stimuli play an increasingly important role in real-time gamification in safety critical situations.
... Emerging connected vehicle (CV) technologies and demand for improved traffic efficiency and driving performance paved the way for the development of ITSs (Gusikhin et al., 2008). CV is one of the promising active safety technologies to address the current transport challenges such as traffic safety, congestion, energy consumption, and traffic pollution (Ben-yaacov, Maltz, & Shinar, 2002;Rahman & Abdel-Aty, 2018;Talebpour & Mahmassani, 2016;Vaezipour, Rakotonirainy, Haworth, & Delhomme, 2017). Moreover, information services for travel route planning, forward collision warning, and shared decision making may enhance driving operation by freeing driver's cognitive facilities (Siegel, Erb, & Sarma, 2018). ...
To provide a better understanding of individual driver’s driving style classification in a traditional and a CV environment, spatiotemporal characteristics of vehicle trajectories on a road tunnel were extracted through a driving simulator-based experiment. Speed, acceleration, and rate of acceleration changes are selected as clustering indexes. The dynamic time warping and k-means clustering were adopted to classify participants into different risk level groups. To assess the driver behavior benefits in a CV environment, an indicator BI (behavior indicator, BI) was defined based on the standard deviation of speed, the standard deviation of acceleration, and the standard deviation of the rate of acceleration change. Then, the index BI of each driver was calculated. Furthermore, this paper explored driving style classification, not in terms of traditional driving environment, but rather the transition patterns from a traditional driving environment to a CV environment. The results revealed that inside a long tunnel, 80 % of drivers benefited from a CV environment. Moreover, drivers might need training before using a CV system, especially female drivers who have low driving mileage. In addition, the results showed that the driving style of 69% of the drivers’ transferred from a high risk-level to a low risk-level when driving in a CV environment. The study results can be expected to improve driving training education programs and also to provide a valuable reference for developing individual in-vehicle human-machine interface projects and other proactive safety countermeasures.
... Howbeit, Engineering has become a premier research hub. It may be related to the fact that solutions established to prevent road accidents and injuries have centered mainly on a four-M approach: man, machine, motorway, and money; these four-M strategies had close ties to the engineering industry (Short & Pinet-Peralta, 2010;Vaezipour et al., 2017). Based on the analysis of bibliometric characteristics, we discovered that the parameters could describe the sources and research hubs that can assist the intended audience in locating the necessary information on the scrutinized topic. ...
... As shown inFigure 7, the top five research areas are Engineering (170 publications), Social Science (145 publications), Medicine (65 publications), Computer Science (44 publications) and Psychology (35 publications). Engineering has become a top-notch research hotspot because strategies developed to overcome road crashes and injuries have been mainly fixated on four-M approached: man, machine, motorway and money(Short & Pinet-Peralta, 2010;Vaezipour, Rakotonirainy, Haworth & Delhomme, 2017). In general, these four-M approaches were closely linked to the engineering Analysis of research hotspot Analysis of prominent authors and references ...
Every single person is entitled to equal space on the roads or sidewalks, so they rely on each other's empathy and compassion and not be self-centered. Therefore, it is essential to promote the ethics of road safety and road users' exemplary behavior upmost. This review analyzed the publication trends and thematic evolution of road user behaviour over 47 years from 1973 to 2020. The assessment uses the Scopus database and various bibliometric indicators, such as output growth trends, eminent countries, research hotspots, and author keywords. Also, this study presented a graphical visualization of bibliometric indicators using a VOSviewer. Another bibliometric software tool, known as SciMAT, was used to inspect road user behaviour research's thematic evolution. The verdicts revealed that the number of publications increased exponentially, starting in 2005 with a hike in publications in 2020. Road user behaviour researches were diverse by examining the various research hotspots. This review also focuses on several themes and dimensions of road user behaviour research. The essential motor theme during the first period (2005-2012) was "schools". Other motor themes, such as "cross-sectional studies," "car", and "space-temporal-analysis", became the most significant number of publications in the second period (2013-2020). These four themes may be beneficial as a benchmark for researchers focusing on the art of road user behaviour. This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive and in-depth view of road users' behaviour that may help future researchers advance potential knowledge in this field.
... Based on driving simulation, Chang et al. [85] studied the influence mechanism of longitudinal driving behavior and information action mechanism in tunnel section and evaluated driving safety and traffic flow smoothness under the connected vehicle environment. The CV environment design framework is shown in Figure 9. Walch et al. [86] proposed a cooperative interaction system between automatic vehicles and drivers to overcome the limitation of an automatic system or the uncertainty of the traffic environment, so as to avoid the full takeover state driven by the automatic driving system. The driving simulation experiments of 32 participants showed that participants feel very comfortable when dealing with random traffic events. ...
... Natural driving research refers to the research in which the driver's real driving pro- Walch et al. [86] proposed a cooperative interaction system between automatic vehicles and drivers to overcome the limitation of an automatic system or the uncertainty of the traffic environment, so as to avoid the full takeover state driven by the automatic driving system. The driving simulation experiments of 32 participants showed that participants feel very comfortable when dealing with random traffic events. ...
Intelligent transportation has become a hot research field in recent years The development direction of road traffic construction in the future, the relevant technologies and methods in the process of gradual promotion and application of intelligent connected vehicles continue to attract the attention of scholars and engineers. There are more and more relevant theories, methods and systems. This paper summarizes the current state of microscopic and macroscopic traffic models, characteristic analysis methods of mixed traffic flow, and lane management methods in connected vehicle environments. At the end of this paper, the conclusions of this work are presented, and possible future directions for safety warning research under connected vehicle environments are discussed. This paper represents the current research status of traffic flow characteristics under connected vehicle environments to some extent, which can provide references for future traffic flow characteristic research in terms of framework, methods and technologies, etc.
... Driver acceptance is an important criterion in the evaluation of the effectiveness of in-vehicle HMIs [13,15]. Driver acceptance is defined as 'the degree to which an individual intends to use a system and, when available, incorporates the system in his/her driving' [16]. ...
Warning system for pedestrians (WSP), one of cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS) applications, is designed to increase safety for pedestrians but also for drivers and other road users. The evaluation of end-user acceptance and perceptions of this technology is crucial before deploying it in transportation systems. Five WSP human–machine interfaces (HMIs) were designed and simulated using a driver’s first-view video footage of driving through a pedestrian crossing in Newcastle upon Tyne. The five WSP designs were evaluated with 24 younger end users (35 years old and younger). This study first evaluated the usefulness of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) in modelling end-user acceptance in terms of behavioural intentions to use WSP. The results suggest that the UTAUT can be applied to investigate the end-user acceptance of WSP, with performance expectancy and effort expectancy influencing the behavioural intentions to use WSP. Furthermore, we investigated end-user attitudes towards various WSP human–machine interface (HMI) designs. Participants showed more positive attitudes towards visual-only interfaces than towards audio-only and multi-modal (combinations of visual and audio) interfaces. Above all, the findings of this research increase our understanding of public acceptance and perceptions of this C-ITS application.
