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In the field of global optimization, many efforts have been devoted to globally solving bound constrained optimization problems without using derivatives. In this paper we consider global optimization problems where both bound and general nonlinear constraints are present. To solve this problem we propose the combined use of a DIRECT-type algorithm...
A research monograph that examines metropolitan strategies from a range of global cities.
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... The two-dimensional frameworks of offshoring and outsourcing focusing on the location and transaction governance (where and how) tend to, however, overlook the issue of strategic purposes and capabilities (why) (Tallman, 2011). Both issues are also central in the internationalization strategy. ...
As the extent of international sourcing rises and the number of functional activities spreading across-national borders increases, there is a call for a better understanding of its impact on structural change. In this work, we explore the effects of international sourcing comparatively and look for differences between manufacturing and service firms. This study is based on a unique Slovenian data set that links the recently conducted Eurostats survey on international sourcing with a detailed financial firm-level data. The results from the matching methodology suggest that service firms involved in international sourcing gain an improvement in the quality and technological learning, resulting in the employment growth and development. This is not the case for manufacturing firms driven primarily by cost cutting. In our view, a better understanding of these effects is vital for both manufacturing as well as service firms that are influenced by this new trend.
The 48 patterns in this pattern catalog chapter are intensively referenced in Chap. 5, in which a generic design describes how the constituent, functional, as well as quality-related requirements for architecture functions are implemented. Each of the patterns presents, for one aspect of an overarching design, the challenge that architecture functions face and makes a proposal to adequately address that challenge—examples of particular aspects addressed by individual patterns are architecture funding, sourcing, ownership, roadmap, mandate, or methodology. The catalog divides the 48 patterns into 9 pattern groups of architecture organization, architecture objective, architecture disciplines, architecture engagement model, and communication, architecture governance, architecture elaboration, architecture asset, and architecture apparatus.
In just a matter of a decade, the Danish healthcare product manufacturer Coloplast underwent a complete organizational reconfiguration from being a local Danish manufacturing company to become a truly multinational corporation. Beginning in 2001, Coloplast commenced the process of relocating major parts of its manufacturing activities away from Denmark to Tatabanya in Hungary. Ten years later, the company had relocated up to almost 90 % of the production mainly to Hungary and China, but also to France and the United States. This reconfiguration had given substantial benefits, such as access to lower labor and production costs, but also an important means to reduce redundant organizational layers and resources. However, a transformation of this caliber rarely comes without challenges. In particular, Coloplast experienced many challenges such as empowering the new subsidiaries, adjusting the organizational requirements and identifying the detrimental organizational complexities. As Coloplast’s Operations Manager Allan Rasmussen explained: “We had designed an organizational structure that was too complex, with complex decision processes, complex governance structure, and complex communication channels”.
The paper is focused on a phenomenon – the so called “back-shoring” (often indicated also as “onshoring”,
“in-shoring”, “re-shoring”, “reverse-shoring”, “international re-concentration”, “reverseglobalization”,
even if they are not always considered synonymous) – which is becoming more and
more diffused in the last years. Notwithstanding this increasing diffusion, it is still rarely
investigated by academics and often discussed only in economic newspapers and white papers by
management consulting firms.
Manufacturing “back-shoring” is the process by which previously off-shored production are moved
back to the domestic location (Kinkel and Maloca, 2009; Leibl, Morefield and Pfeiffer, 2011) an
earlier off-shored or off-shore outsourced manufacturing activity is relocated in the firm’s home
country. Based on a comprehensive literature review and evidences regarding 87 western
companies, the objectives of this paper are: a) to analyze the relevance of such a managerial
phenomenon; b) to identify and classify its motivations; c) to highlight some research questions.
Over the past five years, use of the term "back-shoring" (and of its apparent synonyms) has multiplied dramatically, especially in economics journalism and in consulting firms' white papers. More recently, the topic has prompted academic investigation too, despite the lack of reliable data. This paper aims to establish the importance of manufacturing back-shoring, especially in the wake of the financial crisis, and to promote research on this topic within the international business scientific community. To this end, we conducted an in-depth analysis of both the academic and the practitioner's literature, and now propose an operational definition of back-shoring. Given the paucity of currently available data, we base the following discussion on the evidence provided by our inter-University research group database, which contains 230 operational observations on back-shoring activities enacted by manufacturers with a global sales profile. Furthermore, we focus on 50 operations implemented by Italian 2 companies and compare them with analogous operations effected by German firms and already described in the literature. Our review of the literature analysis of readily available evidence clearly demonstrates that further multi-method and multi-disciplinary research is needed.
