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The Malay Peninsula of southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia showing its major mountain ranges and its associated archipelagos for which herpetofaunal records exist .
Source publication
Updated information on the herpetofaunal composition of the borderlands (upland systems and archipelagos) fringing the Sunda Shelf is presented for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia. It is suggested that the herpetofaunal composition of this region has been shaped by climatic fluctuations throughout Southeast Asia and episodic marine trans...
Contexts in source publication
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... Malay Peninsula is one of the world's longest peninsulas, extending roughly 1660 km from Samut Songkhram, Thailand in the north southward to the southern coast of Singapore . Its topography is sculpt- ed by an imbricating, disjunct series of mountain ranges that begin in the highlands of central Indo- china and run nearly its entire length (Fig . 6) . In the midregion of the Malay Peninsula in southern Thai- land, these ranges are separated for 80 km across a rift valley running between the Tenasserim Mountains in the northwest and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Moun- tains in the southeast (Fig . 6) . Another prominent break in this upland system occurs at the southern end of the ...
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... mountain ranges that begin in the highlands of central Indo- china and run nearly its entire length (Fig . 6) . In the midregion of the Malay Peninsula in southern Thai- land, these ranges are separated for 80 km across a rift valley running between the Tenasserim Mountains in the northwest and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Moun- tains in the southeast (Fig . 6) . Another prominent break in this upland system occurs at the southern end of the Sankalakhiri system and runs from Kangar, Perlis in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, northeast- ward to Songkhla, Songkhla Province in southern Thailand (Fig . 6) . Both these discontinuities have served as historical barriers to dispersal for many ...
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... the Tenasserim Mountains in the northwest and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Moun- tains in the southeast (Fig . 6) . Another prominent break in this upland system occurs at the southern end of the Sankalakhiri system and runs from Kangar, Perlis in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, northeast- ward to Songkhla, Songkhla Province in southern Thailand (Fig . 6) . Both these discontinuities have served as historical barriers to dispersal for many groups and as the impetus for vicariant speciation in others (e .g ., Huges et al. 2003, Woodruff 2003, de Bruyn et al. 2005, Outlaw & Voelker 2008, Reddy 2008) . South of the Sankal- akhiri Mountains, these upland systems trifurcate just north of ...
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... 2008, Reddy 2008) . South of the Sankal- akhiri Mountains, these upland systems trifurcate just north of the Thai-Malaysian border, fan out, and extend southward through Peninsular Malaysia as the expansive and fragmented Banajaran Timur in the east, the Banjaran Bintang in the west, and the longest and centrally positioned Banjaran Titi Wangsa (Fig . 6) ...
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... the mountain systems of the Malay Peninsula, and Peninsular Malaysia in particular, are a series of shallow-water, landbridge archipelagos and islands (Fig . 6) whose geological origins are tied to those of the adjacent peninsular mountains and the emergence and subsidence of the Sunda Shelf . In the South China Sea, the archipelagos of Redang, Per- hentian, and Tenggol, as well as several smaller islands and scattered islands in their general vicinity, are relict mountain tops of the ...
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... during the evenings on all visits on the grounds of various guest facilities on Pulau Perhentian Besar . most recent glacial minimum . Off the southeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia lies the extensive Seribuat Archipelago, which contains 62 islands extending along the northern and southern shores of the states of Johor and Pahang, respectively (Fig . 6) . Over a century of research has indicated that the mountain ranges of Peninsular Malaysia are regions of high herpetological diversity and endemism (e .g ., Boulenger 1900a,b;Smith 1922aSmith , 1935Smedley 1931c;Grandison 1972;Dring 1979;Hallerman & McGuire 2001;Lim et al. 2002;Das & Norsham 2003;Leong & Lim 2003;Das et al. ...
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... archipelagos of Peninsular Malaysia are proving to be major centers of herpetological endemism and diversity (Grismer & Chan 2008, Grismer et al. 2009a, Chan & Norhayati 2010 . Off the northeast coasts of Peninsular Malaysia, flanking the state of Terengganu, lie the Redang and Perhentian Archi- pelagos (Fig . 6) . Accounts of its herpetofauna have been published for only one island in the Perhentian Archipelago, Pulau Perhentian Besar, and these are only descriptions of two species (Grismer & Chan 2008, Grismer et al. 2009a . However, what fieldwork These specimens match the description of this species from Peninsular Malaysia (Berry 1975) ...
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... delineated by Grismer & Pan (2008), southern Peninsular Malaysia occupies approximately 1620 km 2 . It extends from the city of Melaka, Melaka (2°11'57"N, 102°15'16"E) on the west coast to Kampong Leban Condong, Pahang (2°52'19"N, 103°26'03"E) on the east coast, and southward through Singapore (1°15'05"N, 103°49'54"E; Fig . 6) . This area occupies roughly the entire state of Johor and the southern section of the state of Pahang and includes all low-lying areas below 150 m as well as the mountainous areas encompassing Gunung Ledang (1276 m) in northeastern Johor, Endau- Rompin in southern Pahang and northern Johor, reaching 1036 m at Gunung Besar, and a ...
Context 9
... Malay Peninsula is one of the world's longest peninsulas, extending roughly 1660 km from Samut Songkhram, Thailand in the north southward to the southern coast of Singapore . Its topography is sculpt- ed by an imbricating, disjunct series of mountain ranges that begin in the highlands of central Indo- china and run nearly its entire length (Fig . 6) . In the midregion of the Malay Peninsula in southern Thai- land, these ranges are separated for 80 km across a rift valley running between the Tenasserim Mountains in the northwest and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Moun- tains in the southeast (Fig . 6) . Another prominent break in this upland system occurs at the southern end of the ...
Context 10
... mountain ranges that begin in the highlands of central Indo- china and run nearly its entire length (Fig . 6) . In the midregion of the Malay Peninsula in southern Thai- land, these ranges are separated for 80 km across a rift valley running between the Tenasserim Mountains in the northwest and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Moun- tains in the southeast (Fig . 6) . Another prominent break in this upland system occurs at the southern end of the Sankalakhiri system and runs from Kangar, Perlis in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, northeast- ward to Songkhla, Songkhla Province in southern Thailand (Fig . 6) . Both these discontinuities have served as historical barriers to dispersal for many ...
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... the Tenasserim Mountains in the northwest and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Moun- tains in the southeast (Fig . 6) . Another prominent break in this upland system occurs at the southern end of the Sankalakhiri system and runs from Kangar, Perlis in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, northeast- ward to Songkhla, Songkhla Province in southern Thailand (Fig . 6) . Both these discontinuities have served as historical barriers to dispersal for many groups and as the impetus for vicariant speciation in others (e .g ., Huges et al. 2003, Woodruff 2003, de Bruyn et al. 2005, Outlaw & Voelker 2008, Reddy 2008) . South of the Sankal- akhiri Mountains, these upland systems trifurcate just north of ...
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... 2008, Reddy 2008) . South of the Sankal- akhiri Mountains, these upland systems trifurcate just north of the Thai-Malaysian border, fan out, and extend southward through Peninsular Malaysia as the expansive and fragmented Banajaran Timur in the east, the Banjaran Bintang in the west, and the longest and centrally positioned Banjaran Titi Wangsa (Fig . 6) ...
Context 13
... the mountain systems of the Malay Peninsula, and Peninsular Malaysia in particular, are a series of shallow-water, landbridge archipelagos and islands (Fig . 6) whose geological origins are tied to those of the adjacent peninsular mountains and the emergence and subsidence of the Sunda Shelf . In the South China Sea, the archipelagos of Redang, Per- hentian, and Tenggol, as well as several smaller islands and scattered islands in their general vicinity, are relict mountain tops of the ...
Context 14
... during the evenings on all visits on the grounds of various guest facilities on Pulau Perhentian Besar . most recent glacial minimum . Off the southeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia lies the extensive Seribuat Archipelago, which contains 62 islands extending along the northern and southern shores of the states of Johor and Pahang, respectively (Fig . 6) . Over a century of research has indicated that the mountain ranges of Peninsular Malaysia are regions of high herpetological diversity and endemism (e .g ., Boulenger 1900a,b;Smith 1922aSmith , 1935Smedley 1931c;Grandison 1972;Dring 1979;Hallerman & McGuire 2001;Lim et al. 2002;Das & Norsham 2003;Leong & Lim 2003;Das et al. ...
Context 15
... archipelagos of Peninsular Malaysia are proving to be major centers of herpetological endemism and diversity (Grismer & Chan 2008, Grismer et al. 2009a, Chan & Norhayati 2010 . Off the northeast coasts of Peninsular Malaysia, flanking the state of Terengganu, lie the Redang and Perhentian Archi- pelagos (Fig . 6) . Accounts of its herpetofauna have been published for only one island in the Perhentian Archipelago, Pulau Perhentian Besar, and these are only descriptions of two species (Grismer & Chan 2008, Grismer et al. 2009a . However, what fieldwork These specimens match the description of this species from Peninsular Malaysia (Berry 1975) ...
Context 16
... delineated by Grismer & Pan (2008), southern Peninsular Malaysia occupies approximately 1620 km 2 . It extends from the city of Melaka, Melaka (2°11'57"N, 102°15'16"E) on the west coast to Kampong Leban Condong, Pahang (2°52'19"N, 103°26'03"E) on the east coast, and southward through Singapore (1°15'05"N, 103°49'54"E; Fig . 6) . This area occupies roughly the entire state of Johor and the southern section of the state of Pahang and includes all low-lying areas below 150 m as well as the mountainous areas encompassing Gunung Ledang (1276 m) in northeastern Johor, Endau- Rompin in southern Pahang and northern Johor, reaching 1036 m at Gunung Besar, and a ...
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Citations
... Islands situated along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia in the South China Sea have highly diverse flora and fauna (e.g. Inger and Voris 2001;Leong and Grismer 2003;Grismer 2005aGrismer , 2005bGrismer , 2011bChan and Norhayati 2010;Grismer et al. 2011Grismer et al. , 2014aPesiu et al. 2016;Hamza et al. 2016aHamza et al. , 2016bAqmal-Naser and Ahmad 2018;Aqmal-Naser et al. 2019;Badli-Sham et al. 2019a, 2019bFatihah-Syafiq et al. 2020). The isolation and unique characteristics of islands have prompted the evolution of many endemic forms, which is the case in many of Peninsular Malaysia's offshore islands (Grismer et al. 2003(Grismer et al. , 2004a(Grismer et al. , 2004b(Grismer et al. , 2006a(Grismer et al. , 2006b(Grismer et al. , 2011bGrismer and Pan 2008;Grismer and Quah 2019). ...
... Herpetological works on some of the islands off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia have revealed an astonishingly high diversity of terrestrial herpetofauna (Grismer et al. 2011), many of which are endemic to those islands (Das and Grismer 2003;Leong and Grismer 2004;Grismer 2006Grismer , 2011bGrismer and Das 2006;Chan et al. 2011). Several studies, such as those on the Perhentian and Bidong islands, have resulted in the descriptions of new endemic insular species (Grismer and Chan 2008;Grismer et al. 2009Grismer et al. , 2014b. ...
... Herpetological works on some of the islands off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia have revealed an astonishingly high diversity of terrestrial herpetofauna (Grismer et al. 2011), many of which are endemic to those islands (Das and Grismer 2003;Leong and Grismer 2004;Grismer 2006Grismer , 2011bGrismer and Das 2006;Chan et al. 2011). Several studies, such as those on the Perhentian and Bidong islands, have resulted in the descriptions of new endemic insular species (Grismer and Chan 2008;Grismer et al. 2009Grismer et al. , 2014b. ...
Off the coast of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, lie the Kapas and Gemia Islands. The biota, and particularly the herpetofauna, of these small, famous islands is poorly known. Opportunistic surveys were conducted on these islands during the dry and pre‑monsoon periods using visual encounter surveys (VES) as the method to record the herpetofauna. The surveys recorded five species of amphibians from four genera and three families, and 16 species of reptiles from 15 genera and 10 families. This report represents the first checklist of the herpetofauna of the Kapas and Gemia Islands, Terengganu, and it shows the unrealized biodiversity of small offshore islands in the archipelagos of the South China Sea. More extensive surveys should be conducted in the future to get a more complete understanding of the herpetofauna inhabiting these small islands, which face anthropogenic disturbances.
... Parallel to these mainland areas, lie several offshore islands that once were the mountain tops of the Timur Mountain Range but became isolated after the recent glacial minimum (Hall, 2002;Woodruff, 2003;Outlaw and Voelker, 2008). While offshore islands of Terengganu have received great attention by herpetologist in the past few years (e.g., Grismer and Chan, 2008;Grismer et al., 2009;Chan and Norhayati, 2010;Grismer et al., 2011;Grismer et al., 2014a;Zakaria et al., 2017;Fatihah-Syafiq et al., 2020), other inland habitats such as mountains and lowlands remain relatively under surveyed for their reptile diversity (Sumarli et al., 2015). Correspondingly, only a few lowland localities have been surveyed for its reptile diversity (e.g., Lata Belatan, Lata Tembakah: Sumarli et al., 2015;Kenyir Lake: Zakaria et al., 2019;Komaruddin et al., 2020;Kuala Nerus: Badli-Sham et al., 2019;Tembat Forest Reserve: Nur Amalina et al., 2017). ...
... Correspondingly, only a few lowland localities have been surveyed for its reptile diversity (e.g., Lata Belatan, Lata Tembakah: Sumarli et al., 2015;Kenyir Lake: Zakaria et al., 2019;Komaruddin et al., 2020;Kuala Nerus: Badli-Sham et al., 2019;Tembat Forest Reserve: Nur Amalina et al., 2017). Although inland lowland forests support a lower degree of herpetological endemism compared to the inland mountains and offshore islands (e.g., Grismer et al., 2010;Grismer et al., 2011;Chan et al., 2019), its reptile diversity is undoubtedly rich (e.g., Norsham et al., 2000;Chan et al., 2009;Shahrudin and Ibrahim, 2014). ...
Lowland forests of Terengganu are still lacking in extensive studies on reptiles, and Sekayu lowland forest is one such example. We assess the composition, diversity and conservation status of reptiles in this area based on seven years (2013 – 2019) of data collection via Visual Encounter Survey and pitfall traps as the collecting methods. We also compiled a checklist by combining the data from our surveys and previous studies done at this area. We discovered a total of 84 species of reptiles belonging to 15 families and 50 genera. Of these, lizards were the most abundant whereas snakes had the highest number of families, genera and highest species richness. Approximately 71% of the sampled reptiles are categorised as «Least Concern» based on the IUCN Red List Categories. Overall, reptile species richness is high and these records highlight the importance of lowland forests in Terengganu as a source of significant reptile diversity.
... Part of this, the Thai-Malay Peninsula is considered a unique and rich ecoregion for biodiversity studies. It is one of the longest peninsulas in the world (approximately 1660 km long)-stretching from Samut Songkhram, Thailand, to Singapore in the south-and contains a series of discontinued mountain ranges that run practically its entire length [5]. According to the authors, the peninsula is home to four major mountain range systems, referred to as 'banjaran' in Malay. ...
The discoveries of six taxa between 2019 and 2022 have brought the total number of Nepenthes species occurring in Peninsular Malaysia to 18. This article serves as a comprehensive overview, incorporating the latest information and taxonomic insights concerning all species native to the peninsula. The information is derived from published taxonomic records and cumulative field observations conducted since 2013. Notably, it further reports heretofore undocumented discoveries, making it a significant contribution to the current knowledge of tropical pitcher plants. These include a sighting of a population of Nepenthes with unusual traits in the upper montane forest of Banjaran Titiwangsa, which may represent the 19th taxon in Peninsular Malaysia. The plants exhibit conspicuously expanded peristomes and an unusual wing morphology, which altogether provide compelling evidence supporting the recognition of these individuals as a distinct and previously unknown species. Therefore, a provisional taxonomic name—Nepenthes sp. Titiwangsa (pesonawangsa_223) A. Amin—is assigned. The species is inferred to belong to the N. macfarlanei group based on its toothed peristome and the presence of fine hairs below the lid. The partial description, species note, photographs, and a dichotomous key of the proposed new species are provided. In addition, a velvety N. sanguinea population has been observed in northern Banjaran Titiwangsa and treated as a new natural variation (var. velutina) in this article.
... Terengganu's forests are still relatively understudied regarding snake diversity compared to other group of reptiles, and most of the information available for snakes are only from herpetofauna checklists, derived from short-term inventories (e.g., Dring 1979;Grismer et al. 2011;Sumarli et al. 2015;Badli-Sham et al. 2019;Zakaria et al. 2019;Fatihah-Syafiq et al. 2020;Komaruddin et al. 2020). In comparison to the lizards, freshwater turtles, and tortoises, ecological studies solely focusing on snakes in Terengganu is non-existent (Grismer and Chan 2008;Grismer et al. 2009Grismer et al. , 2014aChan and Norhayati 2010;Chan and Chen 2011;Shahirah-Ibrahim et al. 2018). ...
... The turnover metric varied from 0 (no species gained or lost) to 1 (complete species replacement) (Collins et al. 2000). Table 1 incorporates data from this study and previous studies (Grismer et al. 2011;Sumarli et al. 2015;Nur Amalina et al. 2017;Badli-Sham et al. 2019;Zakaria et al. 2019;Fatihah-Syafiq et al. 2020;Komaruddin et al. 2020) that included snake species known to the state of Terengganu to date. This consolidated checklist documents 71 species of snakes found in Terengganu. ...
This study documents information on the composition, diversity, richness, and temporal occurrence of snakes at Sekayu's lowland forest (SLF), Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia for the first time. The snakes recorded within the SLF were sampled opportunistically from 2013 to 2019, employing the Visual Encounter Survey method (VES) and L-shape pitfall traps with drift fences. Forty-six snake species from 37 genera belonging to the nine families were recorded, of which 11 were new records to Terengganu. Individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves were not reaching asymptote, indicating that additional species can be recorded at the study area. Non-parametric species richness estimators estimated and produced a range between 51 and 57 species. ACE was the best estimator based on the quantitative evaluation. All species showed some variations of occurrence patterns across months. Fourteen species were only encountered once across the sampling years, and interestingly 11 of them were only detected during the rainy season (late October to January). In general, the number of species richness, abundance , and rare species were high during this season. Species richness of snakes is high at SLF but sampling effort should be intensified, especially during these rainy months, to obtain a robust estimated snake species richness in SLF. Terengganu harbor considerably high species richness of snakes with a total of 71 species to date (excluding marine snakes), but snake diversity is still underestimated as only a few localities were surveyed in the past years, primarily at the northern part. Future surveys should be commenced at the central and southern parts of Terengganu to complement the current investigation.
... From 2011 to the present, extensive efforts have been made to document the herpetofauna diversity in Terengganu, including lowland to upland areas (Gunung Gagau: Hamidi 2013; Gunung Tebu and Lata Belatan recreational forest: Muin et al. 2014; the base of Gunung Lawit, Gunung Tebu, adjacent lowland forests of Lata Tembakah and Lata Belatan: Sumarli et al. 2015;Tasik Kenyir: Zakaria et al. 2019;Komaruddin et al. 2020), wetlands (Setiu: Tamblyn et al. 2006;Zahidin et al. 2017), urbanised areas (UMT Campus: Badli-Sham et al. 2019) and archipelagic islands (Perhentian archipelago, Pulau Redang, and Pulau Tenggol: Grismer et al. 2011;Pulau Bidong: Zakaria et al. 2015;Fatihah-Syafiq et al. 2020). Still, continuous surveys were carried out in Tembat Forest Reserve to monitor the herpetofauna communities during the construction of hydroelectric dams (Chan 2011;Norhayati et al. 2011;Ummi 2013;Nur Amalina et al. 2017, 2020. ...
Amphibians of Sekayu lowland forest have been studied more than a decade, with discoveries of new records of species showing no sign of abating between the years 2003 to 2020, indicating the remarkably rich diversity of anurans in this forest. Despite ceaseless anthropogenic activities in this area, this study successfully recorded 52 species of amphibians from 32 genera in the lowland forest of Sekayu. The species composition consisted of a single species from the family Ichthyophiidae and 51 species of anurans of 31 genera and six families. The number of species recorded has steadily increased especially during more recent surveys from 2015 to 2020. This study augments the total number of amphibian species recorded from Hulu Terengganu by ten additional species, increasing the total to 70 species for the district.
... During arid periods, these mountain ranges might have functioned as refugia for evergreen rain forest taxa and these breaks as ecological barriers promoting vicariant processes across strips of unsuitable grassland/savanna habitat (Grismer et al., 2011). Phylogeographic structure of other mammals such as rats and macaques also seem consistent with this hypothesis (Bunlungsup et al., 2017;Latinne et al., 2013). ...
Aim
Understanding the biotic and abiotic mechanisms underlying the generation and maintenance of biogeographic transitions represent long-standing topics in evolutionary biology. The Isthmus of Kra (IOK) divides Sundaland and Indochina and constitutes a poorly characterized terrestrial biogeographic transition. Here we looked at population genetic structure of three species that are distributed across the IOK to gain insights into the drivers that have shaped this transition and regional diversification patterns.
Location
Tropical east Asia: Sundaland and Indochina.
Taxa
Callosciurus caniceps, Tamiops mcclellandii, and Dremomys rufigenis-ornatus species complex (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae).
Methods
We generated complete mitogenomes and sequences of 11 nuclear intron fragments from 61 and 67 museum specimen samples, respectively. We assessed population structure by constructing Maximum Likelihood mitogenome phylogenies (IQTREE2), and nuclear marker haplowebs and conspecificity matrices (HaplowebMaker and CoMa). We estimated divergence dates through Bayesian phylogenetic inference (BEAST2) and put these results in the context of climatic and geological history.
Results
High levels of mitochondrial and nuclear divergence were identified across the IOK in all three squirrels. Lineage turnover was consistent with the two major mammal species distribution transitions near the Kangar-Pattani Line and at the juncture between the Thai-Malay peninsula and the mainland. Divergence of mitochondrial lineages across Kra was estimated in the late Pliocene/ early Pleistocene for all three taxa. Older Miocene/Pliocene divergences were estimated within Indochina in D. rufigenis-ornatus and T. mcclellandii, which were paraphyletic.
Main Conclusions
Sundaic and Indochinese populations have possibly diverged in allopatric habitat refugia in or around mountains during periods of increased aridity and evergreen forest contraction. Ecological differences and/or topography might have influenced genetic differentiation during periods of rainforest expansion. Alternative hypotheses remain to be tested with more informative nuclear markers and additional geographic sampling.
... Spatial phylogenetic approaches to conservation management have not been implemented before in Malaysia largely due to the lack of genetic resources in the past. However, over the last decade or so, surveys to unexplored as well as commonly explored areas and the increased use of genetic methods in biodiversity research have generated a wealth of spatial and phylogenetic data, especially for frogs and lizards (Chan et al., , 2014(Chan et al., , 2019Chan and Ahmad, 2009;Chan and Grismer, 2008;Davis et al., 2016;Grismer et al., 2010aGrismer et al., , 2011aGrismer et al., , 2011bGrismer et al., , 2010aGrismer et al., , 2014aGrismer et al., , 2014bGrismer and Chan, 2008;Matsui, 2009;Matsui et al., 2014Matsui et al., , 2009Quah et al., 2020Quah et al., , 2019Quah et al., , 2017Quah et al., , 2011Sumarli et al., 2016Sumarli et al., , 2015. These taxa have high extinction rates and relatively restricted ranges, which makes them ideal organisms for identifying areas of high conservation priority (Barratt et al., 2017;Fenker et al., 2020;Gumbs et al., 2020;Isaac et al., 2012). ...
Malaysia is recognized as a megadiverse country and biodiversity hotspot which necessitates sufficient levels of habitat protection and effective conservation management. However, conservation planning in Malaysia has hitherto relied largely on species distribution data without taking into account the rich evolutionary history of taxa. This represents the first study that integrates spatial and evolutionary approaches to identify important centers of diversity, endemism, and bioregionalization that can be earmarked for conservation priorities in Peninsular Malaysia. Using georeferenced species occurrences, comprehensive phylogenies, and threat assessments of frogs and lizards, we employed a spatial phylogenetics framework that incorporates various diversity metrics including weighted endemism, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic endemism, and evolutionary distinctiveness and global endangerment. Ten areas of high conservation value were identified via the intersection of these metrics—northern Perlis, Langkawi Geopark, southern Bintang range, Cameron Highlands, Fraser’s Hill, Benom-Krau complex, Selangor-Genting complex, Endau-Rompin National Park, Seribuat Archipelago (Tioman and Pemanggil Islands), and southern Johor. Of these, Cameron Highlands requires the highest conservation priority based on the high numbers of endangered and evolutionary distinct species coupled with severe environmental degradation and inadequately protected areas. Other areas, especially in the northwestern (states of Kedah and Penang) and northeastern regions (states of Kelantan) were not only identified as areas of high conservation value but also areas of biogeographic importance. Taken together, frogs and lizards demonstrate distinct east-west and north-south patterns of bioregionalization that are largely modulated by mountain ranges.
... It is possible that records of L. "doriae" from extreme southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia are actually L. pseudodoriae sp. nov., and that the two species are separated by the Khlong Mauri Fault south of the Isthmus of Kra [63,64], a known historical barrier to dispersal and stimulant for vicariant speciation in many organisms (e.g., [65- ...
... It is possible that records of L. "doriae" from extreme southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia are actually L. pseudodoriae sp. nov., and that the two species are separated by the Khlong Mauri Fault south of the Isthmus of Kra [63,64], a known historical barrier to dispersal and stimulant for vicariant speciation in many organisms (e.g., [65][66][67]). Additional field sampling for L. doriae and L. pseudodoriae sp. ...
Simple Summary
New species of frogs continue to be discovered at a rapid rate in Southeast Asia, often as a result of reexamining populations of geographically widespread species using new molecular and bioacoustic tools. Here, we show that members of the fanged frog genus Limnonectes from Ko Pha-ngan, Ko Samui, and Ko Lanta Yai Islands in southern Thailand can be distinguished from the morphologically similar species Limnonectes doriae in molecular, advertisement call, morphometric, and qualitative morphological characters. On the basis of these multiple lines of evidence, we describe the insular populations in southern Thailand as a new species, Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. The new species occurs near small streams in low to mid-elevation forests and breeds in terrestrial nests consisting of moist, clay depressions in which the eggs and larvae develop.
Abstract
A new species in the dicroglossid frog genus Limnonectes is described from Ko Pha-ngan, Ko Samui, and Ko Lanta Yai Islands in southern Thailand. Males of Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. lack a caruncle on top of the head and very closely resemble L. doriae (Boulenger, 1887) from Myanmar and western and southern Thailand. However, the new species is distinguished from L. doriae and its congeners using an integrative taxonomic approach of morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and bioacoustics. Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. differs from L. doriae and its congeners by having a unique combination of morphological characters, including body size; skin texture of the interorbital region, dorsum, and shank; toe webbing; relative size of the inner metatarsal tubercle; and coloration of the tympanum, venter, and ova. The advertisement call of the new species is also readily differentiated from that of L. doriae in temporal parameters. Limnonectes pseudodoriae sp. nov. is highly divergent in mitochondrial DNA from L. doriae and its congeners, but its phylogenetic position within the genus is not resolved. The natural history of the new species is presented, and the geographic range of L. doriae in Thailand is clarified.
... The three groups of islands located off the state of Terengganu are the Perhentian, Redang and Bidong Archipelagos. Faunal studies on these islands have indicated that these subregions support high herpetological diversity and endemism (Grismer et al. 2011). The islands of Perhentian and Redang have received extensive flora and fauna research in the past (e.g., Masayuki et al. 2007;Grismer and Chan 2008;Grismer et al. 2009Grismer et al. , 2011David et al. 2016;Hamza et al. 2016;Pesiu et al. 2016), but several islands in this area have been overlooked where it concerns terrestrial fauna. ...
... Faunal studies on these islands have indicated that these subregions support high herpetological diversity and endemism (Grismer et al. 2011). The islands of Perhentian and Redang have received extensive flora and fauna research in the past (e.g., Masayuki et al. 2007;Grismer and Chan 2008;Grismer et al. 2009Grismer et al. , 2011David et al. 2016;Hamza et al. 2016;Pesiu et al. 2016), but several islands in this area have been overlooked where it concerns terrestrial fauna. Tamblyn et al. (2005) reported on the herpetofaunal communities on Perhentian Kecil, Perhentian Besar and Redang islands. ...
... The expeditions by Grismer and Chan (2008) and Grismer et al. (2009) to Perhentian Besar Island resulted in the descriptions of two new species: Cnemaspis perhentianensis and Tytthoscincus perhentianesis. Subsequently, Grismer et al. (2011) reported 46 species of herpetofauna from the Perhentian and Redang archipelagos, including Tenggol Island. ...
Citation: Fatihah-Syafiq M, Badli-Sham BH, Fahmi-Ahmad M, Aqmal-Naser M, Rizal SA, Azmi MSA, Grismer LL, Ahmad AB (2020) Checklist of herpetofauna in the severely degraded ecosystem of Bidong Island, Peninsular Malaysia, South China Sea. ZooKeys 985: 143-162. https://doi. Abstract A herpetofaunal inventory was conducted on Bidong Island, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. It incorporates data from a recent herpetological survey conducted from 1 to 3 April 2019 with reptile records from previous publications. Specimens were collected with drift-fenced pitfall traps and taxa were recorded with visual encounter surveys (VES). In total, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians were recorded, including three species of frogs, 12 species of lizards, and three species of snakes. Six species from the present survey are new records for the island.
... The Cardamom Mountains are relatively isolated from other significant mountain blocks in the region ) and contain the highest, wettest and largest tract of evergreen forest remaining in Cambodia (Stuart & Emmett 2006). The Cardamom Mountains on both sides of the international border have been the subject of historical (e.g., Mouhot 1864;Smith & Kloss 1915;Smith 1917;Saint Girons 1972;reviewed in Stuart & Emmett 2006) and especially of contemporary herpetological surveys (e.g., Daltry & Wüster 2002;Ohler et al. 2002;Stuart & Emmett 2006;Grismer et al. 2007aGrismer et al. ,b, 2008Grismer et al. , 2011Neang et al. 2011Neang et al. , 2012Neang et al. , 2014Murdoch et al. 2019). However, to date, the sole record of Leptobrachella from the entirety of the Cardamom Mountains has been a single preserved metamorph of an unknown species that was collected in early 2001 at Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia (Ohler et al. 2002). ...
... Prior to the description of L. neangi sp. nov., the Phnom Aural metamorph served as the sole record of the genus from the Cardamom Mountains (Ohler et al. 2002;Grismer et al. 2007aGrismer et al. , 2008Grismer et al. , 2011. It is not known if the Phnom Aural metamorph belongs to L. neangi sp. ...
The species-rich, megophryid frog genus Leptobrachella Smith, 1925 is distributed throughout the uplands of mainland Southeast Asia but is conspicuously absent from the Cardamom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia, where it has been known only by a single, undetermined metamorphic specimen collected nearly two decades ago. We report two adult female specimens of Leptobrachella collected a decade later at a second locality in the Cardamom Mountains and use mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and morphology to show that it represents a distinct species. Leptobrachella neangi sp. nov., named after its collector, is most closely related in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to L. fuliginosa (Matsui, 2006) and L. melanoleuca (Matsui, 2006) from western Thailand, but has uncorrected pairwise distances of 8.69–10.99% in a mitochondrial 16S gene fragment from its two sister species. The new species is also readily distinguished from these and other congeners by having the combination of (1) SVL 35.4–36.3 mm in two adult females, (2) distinct dorsolateral glandular line absent, (2) belly transparent, immaculate purplish gray in life, creamy white in preservative, (3) dark inguinal blotch absent, (4) tympanum with black coloration extending from line under supratympanic fold, (5) dorsal skin with small, irregular bumps and ridges, and (6) iris coppery orange around pupil, fading to gold at periphery, not distinctly bicolored. The new species is the first named Leptobrachella from the Cardamom Mountains and the third from Cambodia.
