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In recent years, new technologies have emerged that promise to deliver efficiency, cost savings, and productivity increases to the commercial construction industry; building information modeling (BIM), and integrated project delivery (IPD) are such technologies. The literature is overwhelmingly positive with respect to the potential of BIM and/or I...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... process, shifting design decisions to earlier times in the process and redefining the industry accepted definitions. Pre- design becomes Conceptualization, Schematic Design becomes Criteria Design, Design Development becomes Detailed Design, and Construction Documents become Implementation Documents (AIA, 2007). The Macleamy Curve (refer to Fig. 4) visually represents this shift in timing and altered classification of design phases. The single most important change with IPD is the forward shift of work volume to earlier stages of design. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 2012, 2(1), ...
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Citations
... Traditional project delivery methods, including Lump Sum Design-Bid-Build (LS), Design/Build (DB), Construction Management at-risk (CMC), and Construction Management Advisor (CMa) are frequently utilized [8,9]. However, these traditional methods often encounter challenges in terms of teams, processes, risk, compensation, reward, communication, technology, and agreements, which can invariably lead to project delays and cost inflations [8]. ...
... Traditional project delivery methods, including Lump Sum Design-Bid-Build (LS), Design/Build (DB), Construction Management at-risk (CMC), and Construction Management Advisor (CMa) are frequently utilized [8,9]. However, these traditional methods often encounter challenges in terms of teams, processes, risk, compensation, reward, communication, technology, and agreements, which can invariably lead to project delays and cost inflations [8]. ...
... The implementation of the IPD model could potentially address this issue, enhancing project outcomes by fostering increased enthusiasm and participation. Additionally, BIM has been recognized as a promising technology in the construction industry, providing efficiency, cost savings, and increased productivity [8]. A thorough exploration of the interaction between BIM and IPD compliance is essential to understand their impact on project performance. ...
... BIM has thus triggered a shift in paradigm from conventional procurement philosophy, which is characterized by fragmentation, to integrated service delivery and co-ownership of virtual properties (Gibbs et al., 2012). Standard forms contracts such as the JCT 2011, NEC 3, and PPC 2000 have various treatments of BIM in contract terms that provide for an early contractor, subcontractor, and supplier involvement (Ilozor and Kelly, 2012). The scope of services offered on BIM-enabled contracts now includes other roles such as the BIM coordinator. ...
It has been argued that the construction industry is distinct from other industries and must therefore find solutions that align with its peculiarities. Over the last three decades, several reports, primarily Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) have spotlighted systemic issues underlying the construction industry. The construction industry is highly fragmented evidenced by a high level of subcontracting and a lack of integration within supply chains. Poor information management has also been a common thread on most construction projects. The adversarial culture of project stakeholders and low productivity has been repeatedly discussed in the literature. Particularly, in the 1990's discussions on poor information management, loosely coupled supply chains, and lack of collaboration took center stage. Addressing these issues, given the transformational changes in other industries, has resulted in the drive by the construction industry to proffer alternative methods of procurement and supply chain management centered on Building Information Modelling. This report compares the advantages and disadvantages of the different procurement methods available to construction projects , examines the impact of Building Information Modelling on procurement methods, and also outlines the trends in digitalisation within the built environment and its implications for procurement.
... IPD will help to remove obstacles to the application of BIM [5], while BIM is the technical support for the successful implementation of IPD [45]. Moreover, the integration of BIM and IPD can improve overall results of the design and construction processes [46]. Thus, the most important solution to enhancing collaboration is the integrated application of BIM and IPD [47]. ...
This paper explores a novel approach to clarify the applicability of the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) principles in a certain region or country which has a specific cultural background, the paper further promotes the effective application of IPD principles. The method of combining qualitative and quantitative analysis is adopted, incorporating scientometric analysis, questionnaire survey, qualitative analysis, and a measurement model. On the basis of 310 sample data collected from various practitioners and researchers in China’s construction industry, the measurement models of IPD applicability analysis on the average level of sample (ALS) and the best level of sample (BLS) are established, respectively. The results show that these measurement models are essentially consistent with the composition of the conceptual model, including project performance, contractual principles, collaboration-related principles, behavioral principles, and catalysts. Thus, this paper provides a scientific and methodological basis for how to effectively apply the IPD principles. This study sheds light on project delivery system research in two aspects: it proposes a new idea to study the applicability of IPD principles and lays a foundation for the future quantitative study on the impact mechanism of IPD principles on project performance.
... It is hard to find any direct critics of IPD and its benefits. Ilozor and Kelly (2012) found existing literature overwhelmingly positive and suggested future studies to include a certain lack of skepticism. ...
Purpose
The traditional construction delivery method is challenged by low trust and collaboration issues, resulting in increased project costs. The integrated project delivery (IPD) method is developed, through a contractual agreement, to overcome these challenges by creating a common set of terms, expectations and project goals.
Design/methodology/approach
A singular construction case was followed during a four-month period. Data collection consisted of contract documents and a series of semi-structured interviews with representatives from the owner, design-group and contractors.
Findings
The IPD contract was found to have a number of positive effects; it improved project behavior (e.g. trust, collaboration and communication), increased ownership among project participants and improved buildability of the design, leading to fewer surprises and interruptions in the construction phase. The study also revealed a number of challenges including contractual and legal challenges and involving too many participants in the early phases. Moreover, co-location was identified as a particular important supporting element, to build relations and improve collaboration.
Originality/value
This research identified lessons learned from the application, as well as initial barriers and persistent barriers for implementing IPD. To improve IPD application the top three lessons were as follows: 1) the contractual documents should be adapted and signed at an early stage as this increases financial transparency, 2) cost estimates should be carried as an iterative process and project main concept be freezed at an early stage to increase understanding and minimize risks, 3) only the most important project developers should be involved in the early phases, to avoid going into detailed design issues before the main concept is completed.
... Increased collaboration is not only a prospective beneficial outcome of BIM adoption (Barlish and Sullivan, 2012); it is a prerequisite for full attainment of these potential benefits (Matthews et al., 2018). Thus, studies have suggested that the realisation of BIM's key benefits relies upon the degree of collaboration achieved and that this is not achievable with traditional project procurement approaches (Ilozor and Kelly, 2012;Collins and Parrish, 2014;Vass and Gustavsson, 2017). Objectively, the adoption of 4D BIM provides very little added value without the necessary and timely integration of construction scheduling and BIM model creation; a process that is hardly possible in traditional project frameworks. ...
Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be defined as a set of tools, processes and technologies that are enabled by a digital multi-dimensional representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a built asset. The ‘fourth’ dimension (4D BIM) incorporates time-related project information in the 3D model to simulate and optimise the project construction process. To achieve this, the 3D objects within the aggregated design model must be linked with each activity in the construction schedule. However, the levels of maturity and expertise in using BIM amongst the project participants still varies considerably. This generates collaboration problems within the project and adds further obstacles to the ability to derive full benefits from BIM. Ideally, 4D BIM can be automatically generated, but in reality, because the 3D and 4D models are created separately and at different stages of the project, this is not currently possible, and the process requires considerable manual effort. The research reported in this paper was prompted by the construction of a new training and research building: the Nanterre 2 CESI building in France. It proposes an efficient approach that minimises the effort of creating 4D BIM construction schedules. The CESI four-phase process aims to help project participants to fully exploit the potential of 4D BIM and enables: 1) a clear expression of the 4D BIM objectives; 2) the identification of information requirements and relevant workflows to achieve these objectives; 3) the implementation of a project schedule; and 4) BIM model production to suit the 4D BIM use case. Although the CESI approach was developed in the context of the French contracting system, the observations and conclusions of this study are intended to be generally applicable.
... The implementation of the IPD requires several amendments to the governing regulations and contractual agreements (Ilozor and Kelly 2012). The implementation of the IPD requires the formation of a collective framework team and the development of personnel training, which is very important for the implementation of contracts within the speci ed budget targets and on time (Ghassemi and Becerik 2011). ...
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is an approach to project delivery that aims to form a collaborative effort between project parties so that optimal construction is achieved by reducing costs and positively improving production. It is distinguished by a multilateral contractual agreement that typically allows risks and rewards to be shared among project stakeholders. This paper aims to explore the distinctive features of the IPD through statistically significant performance differences between IPD and traditional project delivery systems TPD. Data were collected to measure the quantitative performance of 20 projects for the period between (2010–2022) with detailed interviews of experts and the parties to those projects. Univariate data analyzes, such as T-test and one-way ANOVA, were performed to assess IPD performance. According to the statistical significance of 15 performance standards, improvements in project performance have been achieved through the application of IPD. This study showed acceptance of the assumption of homogeneity of variance and normal distribution since the value of the mean square error test is 0.306 and the level of significance is 0.051, which is greater than 0.05. The study also showed that the best alternative to analysis of variance if has a difference in the means is the use of non-parametric statistics. This study presents a significant contribution to improving the quality of project work and controlling cost and time by following IPD compared to other traditional project delivery systems. These results will provide evidence for project decision makers to follow the appropriate delivery method for Iraqi construction projects.
... Increased collaboration is not only a prospective beneficial outcome of BIM adoption [107]; it is a prerequisite for the full attainment of these potential benefits [108]. Thus, studies have suggested that the realisation of BIM's key benefits relies upon the degree of collaboration achieved and that this is not achievable with traditional project procurement approaches [109][110][111]. Objectively, the adoption of 4D BIM provides very little added value without the necessary and timely integration of construction scheduling and BIM model creation; a process that is difficult to achieve in traditional project frameworks. ...
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is now a globally recognised phenomenon, though its adoption remains inconsistent and variable between and within the construction sectors of different countries. BIM technology has enabled a wide range of functional applications, one of which, '4D BIM', involves linking the tasks in a project's construction schedule to its object-orientated 3D model to improve the logistical decision making and delivery of the project. Ideally, this can be automatically generated but in reality, this is not currently possible, and the process requires considerable manual effort. The level of maturity and expertise in the use of BIM amongst the project participants still varies considerably; adding further obstacles to the ability to derive full benefits from BIM. Reflecting these challenges, two case studies are presented in this paper. The first describes a predominantly manual approach that was used to ameliorate the implementation of 4D BIM on a project in Paris. In fact, there is scope for automating the process: a combination of BIM and Artificial Intelligence (AI) could exploit newly-available data that are increasingly obtainable from smart devices or IoT sensors. A prerequisite for doing so is the development of dedicated ontologies that enable the formalisation of the domain knowledge that is relevant to a particular project typology. Perhaps the most challenging example of this is the case of renovation projects. In the second case study, part of a large European research project, the authors propose such an ontology and demonstrate its application by developing a digital tool for application within the context of deep renovation projects.
... The client comes up with a brief of the project or facility intended to build. Some of the steps involved in this phase include; finding a portion of land for the project, choosing an architect/required built consultant professional, and initial concept of [2, 3, 5, 6, 8-10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18-20, 22, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 43, 44] 24 Fig. 3 Impact of BIM technology on construction project lifecycle pre-designs [5,9,26,35]. This stage is very crucial, it will determine the success of the project about client satisfaction. ...
Building Information Modelling technology (BIM-t) continues to gain more attention. Its adoption creates a platform that allows the built environment professionals to have a common database for project information sharing. While there is an increased perception/impression that the implementation of BIM-t on construction projects positively influences the construction project delivery, the critical analysis of such impacts is still missing. This paper, therefore, conducts a critical review of the impacts of BIM-t application on construction projects delivery and provides reports on research gaps and possible future research directions. This paper employed a systematic examination of related literature on the subject of BIM-t between the years 2008 to 2021. The search includes published journal articles, thesis, books, documents, and conference proceedings. Different databases including; ResearchGate, Taylor and Francis, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Google scholar were explored. The findings indicate seventh (17) positive impacts gathered from 41 reviewed publications. The listed positive impacts were grouped under the different construction phases. The implications of the findings were discussed and future research directions were suggested.
... Especially in the design phase, where more frequent changes are made, aspects of cybersecurity become very important. One tool that makes the IPD process more robust and efficient is BIM (Ilozor & Kelly, 2012). ...
Digitalisation of the construction industry is exposing it to cybersecurity risks. All phases of construction can be affected. Particularly vulnerable are information-intensive phases such as building design and building operation. Construction is among the last industries that are discovering its cybersecurity risks and can rely on frameworks developed for other contexts. In this paper, we evaluate the cybersecurity risks of the design phase of construction using the Cyber Assessment Framework from the National Cybersecurity Centre (NCSC) of the UK. The goal of this study is twofold. First, to examine cybersecurity risks themselves, and second, to evaluate the applicability of the NCSC framework for construction to see if and how construction is specific. The analysis shows that the cybersecurity risks follow the information impact curve that has been motivating the introduction of Building Information Modelling (BIM). The framework is applicable but is weak in addressing the specifics of the construction industrial ecosystem, which involves a multitude of dynamically connected actors, their overlapping authorities, and conflicting motives. It is suggested that a specialized constructionrelated framework should be developed.
... As a result, all parties should agree to multi-agreements to determine the appropriate compensation percentage for the project. The integration of BIM with IPD, according to [15], can improve overall outcomes of the design and construction processes because it is linked to numerous characteristics, such as cost/profit, schedule, safety, productivity, and relationships. Qiqi L. [16] offered extensive models for material, equipment, and labor cash outflows using 5D BIM capabilities; however, the delivery strategy features were not examined. ...
The Integrated Project Delivery method (IPD) is a contractual framework that features enhanced collaboration, risk and reward sharing under a single contract among the major project parties. This delivery method is gaining popularity in the US and other parts of the world, due to its proven results in efficient risk and cost sharing. Despite that, no significant investigations have been made to address the adaptability of the Middle East construction sector to the IPD delivery system. The objective of this research is to investigate the level of preparedness Middle Eastern markets have for adoption of the IPD delivery system. First, a thorough literature review was carried out to identify common barriers and enablers of applying IPD in construction. Second, a survey was carried out to assess and rank such barriers and enablers as they specifically apply to the Middle East construction sector. Third, through structured interviews with contract experts, strategies and guidelines were devised to be used by Middle East owners, consultants, and contractors who have the intention to implement the IPD delivery method in their projects. Finally, a thorough comparison was made between two major Middle Eastern countries, Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), in terms of IPD application. The findings reveal that the main barriers to implementing IPD stem from cultural resistance to the new system and lack of knowledge about it. The subsequent strategies outlined by the research are expected to help the construction industry in the Middle East gain more depth of knowledge about the benefits and application of IPD.
