Figure 5 - uploaded by Michael P. Totten
Content may be subject to copyright.
The Guri reservoir in Venezuela is an example of the kinds of large, shallow dams that can generate greater net carbon emissions than their fossil fuel alternatives.
Source publication
Climate change is occurring at the same time as another problem of global and historical proportions – the sixth mass species extinction crisis in the history of life on earth. Wide-scale deforestation is fueling climate change and biodiversity loss, and is expected to greatly accelerate biodiversity loss and species extinctions. Recognizing the in...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... contrast, large dams release between 2000 and 4000 gC/m 2 /yr (WCD 2001). In the case of hydropower facilities with large, shallow dams located in warm climates, the associated biomass decay can mean that the climate benefits are actually negative relative to the fossil-fueled generation they displace ( Figure 5). For example, recent measurements made at Brazil's Tucurui dam indicate that this hydroelectric pro- ject releases 1.4-2 million tons of CO 2 per terawatt-hour generated (tCO 2 /TWh), which compares poorly with typ- ical bituminous coal plant releases of 0.8-1.2 million tCO 2 /TWh and natural gas-fired combined-cycle plant releases of 0.3-0.5 million tCO 2 /TWh (Fearnside 2002;WCD 2001). ...
Similar publications
The dual adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) together with the Paris Climate Agreement, both in 2015, represents a global turning point. We have never before had such a universal development plan for people and planet. For the first time in human history the world has agreed on a democratically adopted roadmap for humanity’s fut...
Citations
... Natural resources are inextricably linked to development processes such as peace, stability, livelihood security, human health, and economic growth (Wollenberg and Ingles 1998;Cunningham 2001;CBFP 2006), which are also underlying factors for vulnerability to both climatic and non-climatic impacts (Brooks et al. 2005). Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind (Totten et al. 2003). ...
Background
Forests are naturally endowed to combat climate change by protecting people and livelihoods as well as creating a base for sustainable economic and social development. But this natural mechanism is often hampered by anthropogenic activities. It is therefore imperative to take measures that are environmentally sustainable not only for mitigation but also for its adaptation. This study was carried out to assess the role of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as an adaptation strategy based on local perception to cope with the impacts of climate change among forest-dependent communities around the Bamkoko Forest Reserve in the South West Region of Cameroon.
Methods
Datasets were collected through household questionnaires (20% of the population in each village that constitute the study site was sample), participatory rural appraisal techniques, transect walks in the 4 corners of the Bamboko Forest Reserve with a square sample of 25 m ² × 25 m ² to identified and record NTFPs in the reserve,and direct field observations.). Both qualitative and quantitative (statistics) methods were used to analyze the collected data.
Results
A total of 18 plant species were identified as being harvested as Non Timber Forest Products by the residents around Bamkoko Forest Reserve. The majority of the respondents (88%) perceived that there has been a change in climate patterns due to increased temperatures and unpredictable rainfalls. Eru was the most affected NTFPs with a standard deviation of 1.66799 and agricultural crops was the most affected livelihood activity by climate change around Bamboko Forest Reserve with a standard deviation of 1.20459 and local population used more than one strategy to cope with these adverse effects
Conclusions
The study concluded that with the increasing climate change effects on crop production and other livelihoods, non-timber forest products still play a safety net role to assist communities. The need to ensure sustainable harvesting, improved processing, and access to non-timber forest products markets cannot be over-emphasized.
... Natural resources are inextricably linked to development processes such as peace, stability, livelihood security, human health, and economic growth (Wollenberg and Ingles 1998;Cunningham 2001;CBFP 2006), which are also underlying factors for vulnerability to both climatic and non-climatic impacts (Brooks et al. 2005). Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind (Totten et al. 2003). ...
... Forests are considered safety nets''in that people draw on available natural resources to meet emergency shortfalls and to keep them from being worse off in times of need (Belcher, 2005) According to the report by World Bank (2008) the majority of communities living adjacent to forest reserves; about 60 million around the globe are estimated to be almost wholly dependent on forests. Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind (Totten et al., 2003). Africa was predicted to suffer the most from the impacts of climate change according to the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). ...
Background: Forests are naturally endowed to combat climate change by protecting people and livelihoods as well as creating a base for sustainable economic and social development. But this natural mechanism is often hampered by anthropogenic activities. It is therefore imperative to take measures that are environmentally sustainable not only for mitigation but also for its adaptation. This study was carried out to assess the role of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as an adaptation strategy based on local perception to cope with the impacts of climate change among forest-dependent communities around the Bamkoko Forest Reserve in the South West Region of Cameroon.
Methods: Datasets were collected through household questionnaires (20% of the population in each village that constitute the study site was a sample), participatory rural appraisal techniques, transect walks in the 4 corners of the Bamboko Forest Reserve with a square sample of 25 m2 x 25 m² to identified and record NTFPs in the reserve, and direct field observations. ). Both qualitative and quantitative (statistics) methods were used to analyze the collected data.
Results: A total of 18 plant species were identified as being harvested as Non-Timber Forest Products by the residents around Bamkoko Forest Reserve. The majority of the respondents (88%) perceived that there has been a change in climate patterns due to increased temperatures and unpredictable rainfalls. Eru was the most affected NTFPs with a standard deviation of 1.66799 and crops was the most affected livelihood activity by climate change around Bamboko Forest Reserve with a standard deviation of 1.20459 and local population used more than one strategy to cope with these adverse effects
Conclusions: The study concluded that with the increasing climate change effects on crop production and other livelihoods, non-timber forest products still play a safety net role to assist communities. The need to ensure sustainable harvesting, improved processing, and access to non-timber forest products markets cannot be over-emphasized.
... According to the report by World Bank (2008), the majority of communities living adjacent to forest reserves; about 60 million around the globe are estimated to be almost wholly dependent on forests. Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind (Totten et al., 2003). Africa was predicted to suffer the most from the impacts of climate change according to the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). ...
Background: Forests are naturally endowed to combat climate change by protecting people and livelihoods as well as creating a base for sustainable economic and social development. But this natural mechanism is often hampered by anthropogenic activities. It is therefore imperative to take measures that are environmentally sustainable not only for mitigation but also for its adaptation. This study was carried out to assess the role of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as a strategy to cope with the impacts of climate change among forest-dependent communities around the Bamkoko Forest Reserve in the South West Region of Cameroon.
Methods: Datasets were collected through household questionnaires (20% of the population in each village that constitute the study site was a sample), participatory rural appraisal techniques, transect walks in the 4 corners of the Bamboko Forest Reserve with a square sample of 25 m2 x 25 m² to identified and record NTFPs in the reserve, and direct field observations. ). SPSS package for social scientists was used. The results were used for the construction of tables.
Results: A total of 18 plant species were identified as being harvested as Non-Timber Forest Products by the residents around the Bamkoko Forest Reserve. The majority of the respondents (88%) perceived that there has been a change in climate patterns due to increased temperatures and unpredictable rainfalls. Eru was the most affected NTFPs with an std deviation of 1.66799 and crops was the most livelihood by climate change around Bamboko Forest Reserve with an std deviation of 1.20459 and local population used more than one strategy to cope with these adverse effects
Conclusions: The study concluded that with the increasing climate change effects on crop production and other livelihoods, non-timber forest products still play a safety net role to assist communities. The need to ensure sustainable harvesting, improved processing, and access to non-timber forest products markets cannot be over-emphasized.
... According to the report by World Bank (2008) the majority of communities living adjacent to forest reserves; about 60 million around the globe are estimated to be almost wholly dependent on forests. Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind (Totten et al., 2003). Africa was predicted to suffer the most from the impacts of climate change according to the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). ...
Background: Forests are naturally endowed to combat climate change by protecting people and livelihoods as well as creating a base for sustainable economic and social development. But this natural mechanism is often hampered by anthropogenic activities. It is therefore imperative to take measures that are environmentally sustainable not only for mitigation but also for its adaptation. This study was carried out to assess the role of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as an adaptation strategy to cope with the impacts of climate change among forest-dependent communities around the Bamkoko Forest Reserve in the South West Region of Cameroon.
Methods: Datasets were collected through household questionnaires (20% of the population in each village that constitute the study site was sample), participatory rural appraisal techniques, transect walks in the 4 corners of the Bamboko Forest Reserve with a square sample of 25 m2 x 25 m² to identified and record NTFPs in the reserve ,and direct field observations. ).Excel version 2016 and SPSS pakage for social scientist was uesd. The results were used for the construction of tables.
Results: A total of 18 plant species were identified as being harvested as Non Timber Forest Products by the residents around Bamkoko Forest Reserve. The majority of the respondents (88%) perceived that there has been a change in climate patterns due to increased temperatures and unpredictable rainfalls. Eru was the most affected NTFPs with a std deviation of 1.66799 and agricultural crops was the most livelihood by climate change around Bamboko Forest Reserve with a std deviation of 1.20459 and local population used more than one strategy to cope with these adverse effects
Conclusions: The study concluded that with the increasing climate change effects on crop production and other livelihoods, non-timber forest products still play a safety net role to assist communities. The need to ensure sustainable harvesting, improved processing, and access to non-timber forest products markets cannot be over-emphasized.
... Natural resources are inextricably linked to development processes such as peace, stability, livelihood security, human health, and economic growth (Wollenberg and Ingles 1998;Cunningham 2001;CBFP 2006), which are also underlying factors for vulnerability to both climatic and non-climatic impacts (Brooks et al. 2005). Climate change is currently one of the greatest environmental challenges facing humankind (Totten et al. 2003). ...
Background: Forests are tremendously endowed to combat climate change by protecting people and livelihoods, and creating a base for more sustainable economic and social development. But this natural mechanism is often hampered by anthropogenic activities. It is therefore imperative to take measures that are environmentally sustainable not only for mitigation but also for its adaptation. This study was carried out to assess the role of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) was conducted among forest-dependent communities around the Bamkoko Forest Reserve in the South West Region of Cameroon as a strategy to cope with the impacts of climate change. Data were collected through household questionnaires, participatory rural appraisal techniques, transect walks, and direct field observations.
Results: A total of 18 plant species were identified to be harvested by residents around Bamkoko Forest Reserve as Non-Timber Forest Products. The majority of the respondents (88%) perceived that there has been a change in climate patterns due to increased temperatures and unpredictable rainfalls. Eru was found to be the most affected livelihood activity (55%) by climate change around Bamboko Forest Reserve. Communities living around Bamboko Forest Reserve were found to use more than one strategy to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.
Conclusions: The study concluded that non-timber forest products still play a safety net role to assist communities in an adverse situation such as crop failure under the current change in the climate. The need to emphasize sustainable harvesting, improve processing, and access to non-timber forest products markets is crucial.
... First, without a framework for avoiding trade-offs and minimizing negative ecological outcomes, the treaty encouraged potentially damaging afforestation and reforestation projects while excluding deforestation prevention options. Second, without fully accounting for the carbon emissions associated with some hydroelectric and bio-energy projects, the protocol promoted the development of such projects, even though their overall climate and biodiversity impacts can often be negative (Totten et al. 2003). ...
... The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, excluded forest conservation in developing countries, where most emissions from deforestation are produced, over concerns of efficacy (Harris and Stolle 2016). According to Totten et al. (2003), the Kyoto Protocol discouraged the prevention of deforestation, while integration of ecological restoration into the CDM framework is a first step to tackle CDM forestry related concerns. ...
Forests, by acting as carbon sinks, mitigate the effects of climate change. Forests, and their associated biodiversity, on the other hand are directly and indirectly impacted by changing climatic conditions as well as elements of climate policy. While the climate change gained prominence in political and public discourse, biodiversity lagged behind, so did the adaptation under the existing market mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. These mechanisms have resulted in loss of natural forest cover and growth of monocultures in pursuit of carbon credits. The adaptation gap can be addressed by new mechanisms: Cooperative approaches, non-market approaches (NMAs) and Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) established by the Paris Agreement which accords equal importance to mitigation and adaptation. This paper compares NMAs with Kyoto mechanisms and studies their role in environmental and social safeguards. It addresses three main aspects: (i) Role of climate policies in biodiversity conservation; (ii) Creating socio-environmental safeguards in forestry, and; (iii) Importance and role of NMAs in encouraging forest protection. It comes to the conclusion that lessons learnt from the on-going projects must be accounted for while implementing NMAs, which offer better options for streamlining climate change and biodiversity actions through joint mitigation and adaptation approach.
... UNFCC, Kyoto protocol, and GSF Frameworks (Bagri et al. 1999, Dang 2012) and masks the alarming loss of forest across Asia with ever increasing expanses of monocultural plantation (Xu 2011). In fact, across SE Asia, the subsidies tied to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) have been systematically abused due to loose definitions, lack of regulation, and insufficient attention to detail, resulting in some cases in the replacement of natural forests with plantations of non-native species (Totten et al. 2003, Cienciala et al. 2007, Meyer et al. 2009, Zhai et al. 2014. Similar programs, such as China's "Grain for green" and sloping land conversion initiatives, have been stated to cause losses in native biodiversity due to the clearance of native vegetation, which are replaced by alien monocultures, often stimulated by perverse incentives (Smajgl et al. 2015). ...
Southeast Asia (SE Asia) is a known global hotspot of biodiversity and endemism, yet the region is also one of the most biotically threatened. Ecosystems across the region are threatened by an array of drivers, each of which increases the probability of extinction of species in a variety of ecosystems. These issues are symptomatic of the issues that face the global tropics; however, with around 4 billion people in the wider region and the associated pressures on biodiversity, this region may be under some of the greatest levels of biotic threat. Deforestation rates in SE Asia are some of the highest globally, additionally Southeast Asia has the highest rate of mining in the tropics, the around the greatest number of hydropower dams under construction, and a consumption of species for traditional medicines which is a threat to biodiversity globally. In this review, the greatest threats to regional biodiversity in the SE Asian region are discussed. Tree-plantations and deforestation represents one of the most imminent threats, and some countries have already lost over half their original forest cover (i.e., the Philippines, parts of Indonesia), with projections of as much as 98% loss for some regions in the coming decade. Hunting and trade represents a significant threat as demand stems not only for food, but also for medicine, for ornamentation, and as a status symbol. Mining represents a frequently overlooked threat, as the Asian region is one of the greatest exporters of limestone and various minerals globally, and the cost of this to biodiversity is not only through the direct loss of areas for mines, but also through the development of roads that further fragment the landscape, the leakage of heavy metals, and the destruction of limestone karsts, which represent global endemicity hotspots. Reservoir construction, wetland drainage, fires, pollution, invasive species, disease, and finally climate change are also considered. Once each issue has been discussed, the overall prognosis of regional biodiversity and priority actions to protect SE Asian biodiversity in the future is discussed.
... UNFCC, Kyoto protocol, and GSF Frameworks (Bagri et al. 1999, Dang 2012) and masks the alarming loss of forest across Asia with ever increasing expanses of monocultural plantation (Xu 2011). In fact, across SE Asia, the subsidies tied to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) have been systematically abused due to loose definitions, lack of regulation, and insufficient attention to detail, resulting in some cases in the replacement of natural forests with plantations of non-native species (Totten et al. 2003, Cienciala et al. 2007, Meyer et al. 2009, Zhai et al. 2014. Similar programs, such as China's "Grain for green" and sloping land conversion initiatives, have been stated to cause losses in native biodiversity due to the clearance of native vegetation, which are replaced by alien monocultures, often stimulated by perverse incentives (Smajgl et al. 2015). ...
Southeast Asia (SE Asia) is a known global hotspot of biodiversity and endemism, yet the region is also one of the most biotically threatened. Ecosystems across the region are threatened by an array of drivers, each of which increases the probability of extinction of species in a variety of ecosystems. These issues are symptomatic of the issues that face the global tropics; however, with around 4 billion people in the wider region and the associated pressures on biodiversity, this region may be under some of the greatest levels of biotic threat. Deforestation rates in SE Asia are some of the highest globally, additionally Southeast Asia has the highest rate of mining in the tropics, the around the greatest number of hydropower dams under construction, and a consumption of species for traditional medicines which is a threat to biodiversity globally. In this review, the greatest threats to regional biodiversity in the SE Asian region are discussed. Tree-plantations and deforestation represents one of the most imminent threats, and some countries have already lost over half their original forest cover (i.e., the Philippines, parts of Indonesia), with projections of as much as 98% loss for some regions in the coming decade. Hunting and trade represents a significant threat as demand stems not only for food, but also for medicine, for ornamentation, and as a status symbol. Mining represents a frequently overlooked threat, as the Asian region is one of the greatest exporters of limestone and various minerals globally, and the cost of this to biodiversity is not only through the direct loss of areas for mines, but also through the development of roads that further fragment the landscape, the leakage of heavy metals, and the destruction of limestone karsts, which represent global endemicity hotspots. Reservoir construction, wetland drainage, fires, pollution, invasive species, disease, and finally climate change are also considered. Once each issue has been discussed, the overall prognosis of regional biodiversity and priority actions to protect SE Asian biodiversity in the future is discussed.
... International programs, such as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands o r the Kyoto Protocol, underscore the importance of immediate protection measures and conservation activities to prevent the INTERNATIONA L JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 14 (1): 41-47, 2017. further loss of mangroves forests (Davis, 1994;Totten et al, 2003;Seto and Fragkias, 2007;Gardner and Davidson, 2011). ...
The Population of Karachi metropolitan city is increasing at a rapid rate, therefore demand for drinking water day by day. This demand requires permanent fresh water supply for the residential areas. Consequently, desalination plants are needed on the coastal belt of the city on a priority basis. Desalination plants can potentially be harmful by their effects on adjacent ecology of the adjacent areas especially mangroves forests. The basic idea of this study is to select the appropriate site by using GIS-based Spatial Decisions Support System (SDSS) in which site locations will fulfills the given parameters to protect the mangroves. This system employs some pertinent variables for mangroves such as pollution, coastal suitable bathymetry, road networks, and residential area in close proximity to the desalination plant site along Karachi coast.
