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... results reveal the percentage of the main constituents were Sabinene 3.23% and Pinene 0.87% as monoterpenes, alpha-Farnesene 0.5% as a sesquiterpene, in addition to the other important terpenes Pregnan-3,11-diol-20-one 1.55% and alpha-Tocopherol 1.55%. The GC-Mass spectra of the main known chemical constituents are shown in Figure 3. Previous studies reported that major components of essential oils in different vitex species consist of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons mainly was caryophyllene which identified in four vitex species which are: V. limonifolia in Thailand [13], V. polygama, V. rufescens, and V. megapotamica in Brazil [14]. ...
Context 2
... results reveal the percentage of the main constituents were Sabinene 3.23% and Pinene 0.87% as monoterpenes, alpha-Farnesene 0.5% as a sesquiterpene, in addition to the other important terpenes Pregnan-3,11-diol-20-one 1.55% and alpha-Tocopherol 1.55%. The GC-Mass spectra of the main known chemical constituents are shown in Figure 3. Previous studies reported that major components of essential oils in different vitex species consist of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons mainly was caryophyllene which identified in four vitex species which are: V. limonifolia in Thailand [13], V. polygama, V. rufescens, and V. megapotamica in Brazil [14]. ...
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为探究亚热带湿润地区河湖周边发育的灌丛沙堆形态与沉积特征，以南昌市厚田沙地为研究区，对其优势种蔓荆（Vitex trifolia）所形成的灌丛沙堆开展野外调查，通过对不同部位的沉积物进行采样与分析，研究沙堆形态、沉积特征及其与植被特性之间的关系。结果表明：蔓荆灌丛沙堆形态大多为盾形，水平尺度大，高度矮，坡度缓。沙堆沉积物以中沙为主，分选性较差，呈正偏和窄峰态分布，沙源来自附近平沙地和丘间地，为近源沉积。平均粒径从迎风坡底部至背风坡底部呈现为先变细后变粗的趋势，体现了灌丛沙堆的防风滞沙功能和对沙粒的重新分选作用。灌丛与沙堆的各形态参数（灌丛高度除外）均存在高度的正相关性（P＜0.01），说明各形态参数在沙堆发育过程中得以协调发展。受植被类型和区域环境的影响，与干旱−半干旱地区直立生长且分支少的...
Citations
... Each extract spectrum reflects the retention time in the column, and the peaks detected correspond to the relative abundance (%) of bioactive compounds found in specific regions. By comparing the mass spectra of the detected components with the mass spectra of known components available in the National Institute of Standards and Technology library, the bioactive phytochemical compounds of V. negundo were identified [6]. Compound concentrations were determined from the GC peak area of the total ion current. ...
BACKGROUND
The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (V. negundo ), a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, is extensively used in conventional medication.
AIM
To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V. negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
METHODS
In this study, we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts. Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and di-phenylurea (DPU) were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium.
RESULTS
The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL), DPU (2.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL) in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development. The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24, 10, and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf, green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract. Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples. The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves, green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%, 47.79% and 40.38%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo . In addition to octadecadienoic acid; butyric acid, benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), dospan, tridecanedialdehyde, methylcyclohexenylbutanol, chlorpyrifos, n-secondary terpene diester, anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected. All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro . This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants. Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.
... The values of gross energy calculated in this study which indicating that banana peel powder has a excellent energy similar to those of other fruit leftovers, including citrus peels 42,43 . Data are represented ± standard deviation Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is widely employed to assess the capacity of dietary ingredients to scavenge free radicals 44,45 . The antioxidants activities of various extracts of banana peels powder showed that the free radical scavenging activity of methanol extract was superior to aqueous extract, followed by chloroform extracts. ...
Duckweed is the smallest specie of flowering plants belonging to family Lemnaceae. Lemna Minor L. (LM) is a nearly universal aquatic perennial plant that is a member of the family Lemnaceae and genus Lemna. It is used in traditional medicine to cure a variety of conditions, including gout, rheumatism, allergies, asthma, vitiligo, jaundice, and glaucoma. It is a source enhanced with protein. These could yield more biomass that is rich in protein. In some impoverished parts of South Asia, such as Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos, duckweed is eaten by people. Their chemical makeup and strong growing capacity make them appropriate for use in applications related to human health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise free radicals such superoxide anion radicals (O2.-) as well as other radicals. Activated oxygen can take many different forms, including hydroxyl radicals (OH·) and non-free radical species like H2O2 and singlet oxygen (O2). These chemicals are aggravating elements in aging and cellular damage. Antioxidants can slow the progression of many chronic diseases as well as lipid peroxidation. They can also shield the human body from the impacts of free radicals and ROS. The objective of this study is to check antioxidant activity of duckweed. The results of antioxidant studies of duckweed showed that all duckweed extracts have strong free radical scavenging ability, but the free radical scavenging activity of the water extract varied from (21.60±2.09-70.42±3.30%) than methanol extracts (10.27±1.40-37.73±2.60%) and methanol: water extracts (2.64±0.50-16.95±1.15%) at concentrations of 0.2–1.0 mg/ml. According to the findings, duckweed is cheap source of natural antioxidants that can be successfully used in pharmaceutical, food and other fields.
A prodigious number of the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, research and development organisations, and scientists are increasingly embracing traditional treatments. Herbal therapies are becoming more popular as the field of phytomedicine gains attraction due to their ability to restore the body’s natural equilibrium rather than simply treating ailments. Secondary metabolites produced from plants, according to extensive scientific publications, have substantial potential as pharmacological agents capable of treating a variety of illnesses. Vitex negundo is one such plant which has gained a lot of importance in indigenous medicine over the years. Vitexin, a flavonoid found in Vitex inhibits leukocyte migration and release of primary chemicals involved in inflammation. According to some studies, in vitro testing on RAW 264.7 cells with vitexin decreased the release of TNF- α, IL-1, and NO in the peritoneal cavity of mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. A pure component of Vitexin, (3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxytetralin-2-carbaldehyde activates caspases, break the protein PARP initiate DNA fragmentation, resulting in apoptosis. The leaf extracts can also serve as antihistamines, membrane stabilisers, and antioxidants by inhibiting NF- κB and iNOS-mediated inflammation. Vitex negundo leaf extracts regulate the signalling cascades AMPK/Akt/PI3K/NF-κB/p38 along with TGF-β/Bax/Bcl2 and Smad/Caspase/LC3A/B. It reduces the expression of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1 which are well-known inflammatory mediators, and also simultaneously reduces the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. This review focuses on the phytochemical constituents and therapeutic potential of V. negundo along with the lessons learned from the traditional predecessors in the treatment of various infirmities like cancer, diabetes, and asthma.
