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The First Oil Tanker, the Zoroaster, Built in 1878. The hull was built with steel, which became available in the last half of the nineteenth century as a result of Henry Bessemer's development of a method to produce large quantities of steel from pig iron. The ship contained iron tanks to hold the oil. This innovation was the brainchild of Ludvig and Robert Nobel. They developed an oil pipeline to carry the oil from its source to the ship's tanks. They developed a system of ballast to stabilize the ship. They subsequently built additional tankers to carry oil across the Caspian Sea and up the Volga and Don rivers. The ships, built in Sweden, could reach the Caspian Sea by sailing the Baltic Sea, the canals, and smaller rivers leading to the Volga river, which entered the Caspian Sea, a route suitable for tanker travel during high water levels after the winter thaw. These tankers pioneered the method of carrying liquid cargo by ship.
Source publication
Alfred Nobel was one of the most successful chemists, inventors, entrepreneurs, and businessmen of the late nineteenth century. In a decision later in life, he rewrote his will to leave virtually all his fortune to establish prizes for persons of any nationality who made the most compelling achievement for the benefit of mankind in the fields of ch...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... Ludvig and Robert built an enormous oil company (Branobel) that produced and distributed over half the kerosene in the Russian Empire. Ludvig and Robert had the first oil tanker built, commissioned the Zoroaster, which plied the Caspian Sea ( Figure 2). 14,15 They also developed railroad oil tanker cars for transport over land and built one of the earliest oil pipelines that facilitated oil distribution. ...
Citations
... He was born in Stockholm in 1833 and one of his most recognized achievements was the use of nitroglycerin as an explosive and the way to control it. Before his death, he left virtually all his fortune to establish prizes for people from different nationalities who made the most compelling achievement for the global benefit, in the fields of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace among nations [1,2]. ...
Background:
The Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine (NPPM) has recognized the work of 222 scientists from different nationalities, from 1901 until 2020. From the total, 186 award researchers used animal models in their projects, and 21 were attributed to scientists and projects directly related to Pharmacology. In the most recent years, genetics is a dominant scientific area, while at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the studies were more related to anatomy, cytology, and physiology.
Summary:
Mammalian models were used in 144 NPPM projects, being rodents the most used group of species. Moreover, 92 researchers included domestic species in their work. The criteria used to choose the species, the number of animals used and the experimental protocol is always debatable and dependent on the scientific area of the study; however, the 3R's principle can be applied to most scientific fields. Independently of the species, the animal model can be classified in different types and criteria, depending on their ecology, genetics, and mode of action. Key-Messages: The use of animal models in NPPM awarded projects, namely in Pharmacology, illustrates their importance, need and benefit to improve scientific knowledge and create solutions. In the future, with the contribute of technology, it might be possible to refine the use of animal models in pharmacology studies.
... Over the last century, refineries and petrochemical sector were invented and produced various types of energy and chemicals leading to today's massive supply chain of energy products. Along the way, supply chain efficiency also improved, e.g., from early oil tankers such as Zoroaster with a capacity of fewer than 2000 barrels [3] to today's common Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) with capacities of two million barrels, and the less-frequent but existing Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC) with capacities over three million barrels [4]. ...
... Over the last few decades, there has been growing efforts to find other innovative approaches for natural gas utilisation including compressed tankers, chemical conversion to liquid products [7][8][9][10], and solidification (e.g., natural gas hydrate) [11]. This brief history is provided to open our discussion on the renewable 3 hydrogen supply chain which has some technical overlaps with that of natural gas, discussed next. ...
... Because of its sweet taste, the term glycerine was coined in 1823 by French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul after the word glukeros that implies sweet in Greek (Nda-Umar et al. 2019). Glycerol was the raw material for manufacturing nitroglycerin, the base component for dynamite, discovered by Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel in 1863 (Lichtman 2017). Nitroglycerin turned into a significant application during World War I and led to the establishment of the first glycerol-manufacturing plants in Europe, Russia, and the United States (Ciriminna et al. 2014). ...
Metabolic engineering has evolved exponentially due to rapid progress in the development of omics (proteomics, lipidomics and glycomics) technology and synthetic biology toolsets. Particularly, omics technologies, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering are interdependent in terms of principles of technology and their biological applications. In this article, we showcase synthetic biology toolsets currently used for the metabolic engineering of microbes and focus on some of the recent advances in the field. Specifically we have elaborated on recent progress in metabolic engineering, the associated synthetic biology toolsets, microbiome metabolic engineering (MME) and the potential industrial metabolic engineering applications. As a case study for the industrial application of metabolic engineering, we have reviewed the use of synthetic biology toolsets to bioengineer microbes and re-engineer their metabolic pathways for customised industrial applications. Some of the examples included in this article are as follows: (a) metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria, (b) metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis and (c) metabolic engineering in synthetic yeast for industrial applications. As a future perspective, this chapter presents a case for the broader use of synthetic biology toolsets across metabolic engineering applications.
... Because of its sweet taste, the term glycerine was coined in 1823 by French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul after the word glukeros that implies sweet in Greek (Nda-Umar et al. 2019). Glycerol was the raw material for manufacturing nitroglycerin, the base component for dynamite, discovered by Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel in 1863 (Lichtman 2017). Nitroglycerin turned into a significant application during World War I and led to the establishment of the first glycerol-manufacturing plants in Europe, Russia, and the United States (Ciriminna et al. 2014). ...
Rapidly increasing environmental problems and limited fossil resources are motivating the development of sustainable energy options. In terms of this, microbial fuel always fascinated world community, but their implementation has number of hurdles. However, evolvement of metabolic engineering converts these microbes into efficient cell factories for biofuel production. It incorporates the techniques that work in a frame or synchronized manner to modify the existing enzyme and pathway, related to desired product. This chapter gives brief insight into different strategies and techniques conferring metabolic engineering and highlights the challenges on more advanced level.
... The first and best-known scientific prize is the Nobel Prize (13,14), named after Alfred Bernard Noble, which is awarded in four disciplines to the finest scholars in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and economic and two non-scientific disciplines of literature and peace worldwide. It is the most prestigious award is given to a scientist in the field of sciences (15). ...
... Nobel Prizes are among the most famous and most prominent scientific awards worldwide (1). Since the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901, the recipients have captured the interest of the world's scientific, literary, and political communities (2). ...
Nobel awards are central indicator of a country’s scientific achievement, which includes the number of publications and research expenditure, so having the vision and the insightful thinking will promote the next generation Iraqi neurosurgeon to attain more recognized position and high qualification and that may render them as future nominees for the Nobel prize.
Honor is the idea of a bond between an individual and a society as a quality of a person that is both of social teaching and of personal ethos, that manifests itself as a code of conduct, and has various elements such as valor, chivalry, honesty, and compassion. It is an abstract concept entailing a perceived quality of worthiness and respectability that affects both the social standing and the self-evaluation of an individual or institutions such as a family, school, regiment, or nation.
The present Research deals with two Biblical verses: "he that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life righteousness and honor" (Proverbs 21:21), and "As snow in summer and as rain in harvest, so honor is not seemly for a fool…" (Proverbs 26:1), evaluating the dimensions of honor in our society and presents the various types of honor.
This Research investigates the social aspects of honor, the educational value, honor related to the sports medicine, near the end-of-life decisions, honoring after the death, patients' organ donation, nursing practices, outstanding individuals, the Nobel prize given to the honorable individuals, the cultural honor, the value of honor and violence, male honor, honor related suicide/homicide, family honor, the honor killings, and the attitude towards the honor killings.
The research has shown that the awareness of the honor, an exceptional, valuable human behavior, has accompanied humans during the long years of our existence.
Honor is the idea of a bond between an individual and a society as a quality of a person that is both of social teaching and of personal ethos, that manifests itself as a code of conduct, and has various elements such as valor, chivalry, honesty, and compassion. It is an abstract concept entailing a perceived quality of worthiness and respectability that affects both the social standing and the self-evaluation of an individual or institutions such as a family, school, regiment, or nation.
The present Research deals with two Biblical verses: "he that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life righteousness and honor" (Proverbs 21:21), and "As snow in summer and as rain in harvest, so honor is not seemly for a fool…" (Proverbs 26:1), evaluating the dimensions of honor in our society and presents the various types of honor.
This Research investigates the social aspects of honor, the educational value, honor related to the sports medicine, near the end-of-life decisions, honoring after the death, patients' organ donation, nursing practices, outstanding individuals, the Nobel prize given to the honorable individuals, the cultural honor, the value of honor and violence, male honor, honor related suicide/homicide, family honor, the honor killings, and the attitude towards the honor killings.
This research has shown that the awareness of the honor, an exceptional, valuable human behavior, has accompanied humans during the long years of our existence.
There is universal agreement that the Nobel Prizes, given to individuals who have made an extraordinarily notable contribution to humankind in the fields of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, are the most prestigious prizes offered for human achievement. This commentary gives an overview of the basis for Alfred Nobel writing his third will that established the five prizes and includes a discussion of why those five fields were chosen. The commentary includes factors that influenced his choices and contains examples of controversial selections or omissions, especially in the earlier years. A few were errors of omission (e.g. Tolstoy, Tesla, Edison, Best, Gandhi, Franklin), some errors of commission (e.g. Fibiger, Moniz); but, given the complexity of the task, the error rate is small. In some cases, the conclusion that an error had been made is debatable. Such decisions are difficult. Arne Tiselius, a Nobel laureate in chemistry and President of the Nobel Foundation said that one cannot in practice apply the principle that the Nobel Prize should be given to the person who is best; it is impossible to define who is best. Hence, there is only one alternative: to try to find a particularly worthy candidate. This paper includes a brief review of the integration of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, established in 1968, and added to the original five Nobel Prizes; the prize was first awarded in 1969. A short discussion on the absence of a Nobel Prize in mathematics is provided. Adaptations to the development of “big” science, especially in physics, may require the Nobel Foundation to extend its limit of no more than three awardees for the prize in physics and, perhaps, other scientific disciplines.
The procurement of crude oil for refineries consists in purchasing crude oil and having it delivered on time, to ensure the operation of the refineries. This part of the oil supply chain is essential as the characteristics of the crude oil purchased greatly influences the type of products a refinery will yield.One key particularity of the crude oil procurement is the delay that exists between the moment a crude oil shipment is purchases and the moment it is delivered to a refinery. Each refinery works at a monthly scale. We consider that crude oil arrives at the beginning of each month and then a consumption is set for the month. The task of the decision maker is to decide these shipments by making weekly purchase decision every week of the two preceding months. Up until now, the decision-making of crude procurement relied on a tool simulating the operations of a refinery and the resolution of a static deterministic optimization problem.In this thesis, we start by purchasing crude oil for a single month of operation of a refinery. To that end, we propose a model for the crude oil procurement that takes into account delivery delays. Then, we formulate multistage stochastic optimization problems as well as six purchase policies. The assessment of policies is carried out using a Monte-Carlo simulation as well using few historical scenarios. The conclusion is as much about the performances of the policies as it is about possible improvement paths to push the incorporation of uncertainties in purchase policies.Then, we extend the monthly procurement problem to a bimonthly problem. Purchases now target to operation months, and the stocks dynamics inside the refinery must be accounted for. Consequently, we adapt the policies from the monthly procurement problem to the bimonthly version. Numerical tests are still underway.Finally, we propose a procurement problem to manage a refinery during any number of months. While we show that this problem can be expressed as an optimal control problem, we develop a time blocks decomposition for multistage stochastic optimization problems that enables us to formulate a dynamic programming equation at the scale of the month instead of the week.
