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The Entity Relationship model of the ifarma MySQL database; indicatively, all parameters of a farm entity illustrated.
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Today, bridging precision agriculture (PA) with farm management is a high priority. To answer to this challenge, a precision fertilization service for extended crops was embedded as a new module in the platform of a pre-existing cloud-based farm management information system (FMIS), namely ‘ifarma’. The new module (namely, ‘PreFer’) uses interopera...
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Context 1
... programming language was used as the database management system of ifarma (Fig. 3). MySQL is used for relational database management system based on SQL (Structured Query Language) for the purpose of a web database. A relational database organizes data into one or more data tables in which data may be related to each other; these relations help structuring the data ...
Citations
... Agroecology, another prominent paradigm, integrates ecological principles into agricultural systems, considering farms as ecosystems and promoting biodiversity, resilience, and resource use efficiency (Zeng et al., 2023;Venn and Burbi, 2023;Roques et al., 2023). Precision agriculture, on the other hand, leverages tools to optimize inputs, reduce waste, and enhance the precision of farming operations (Avola et al., 2024;Sanaeifar et al., 2023;Karydas et al., 2023). Beyond environmental concerns, the economic sustainability of farming practices is a critical dimension. ...
Conventional agriculture harms the environment and threatens sustainability. To address these issues, sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) have become imperative. This study utilizes a meta-analysis approach to comprehensively assess empirical studies, investigate the impact of SAPs on crop productivity, identify influencing factors, and examine their temporal evolution. The findings reveal that (1) SAP adoption significantly and positively influences crop productivity, with multiple practices exhibiting the most substantial impact, followed by sustainable agricultural technology. Individuals who adopted SAPs achieved crop productivity that was 980 kilograms per hectare higher than those who did not. (2) Factors such as age, farm size, family size, livestock units, credit access, off-farm income, market distance, and cooperative membership negatively affect crop productivity, whereas education and extension services have a positive impact. (3) The positive effects of education and extension services on crop productivity strengthen over time. The strengthening of these variables over time implies a gradual increase in farmer awareness, access to resources, and adoption of SAPs, highlighting their evolving role in driving them. Accordingly, none of the past researchers identified any patterns in the variables influencing crop productivity. Therefore, promoting SAP adoption and prioritizing education and extension services can offer farmers with experience and support, thereby enhancing crop productivity. Future initiatives should therefore combine interdisciplinary methods, technology, and community involvement for ensuring SAP’s sustainability and scalability.
... Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), is a grain legume native from Africa and is a primary source of protein for millions of people in North and Northeast Brazil and other parts of the developing world. Cowpea is a legume crop with enormous nutritional, agronomic and economic value (Osipitan et al., 2021;Abebe and Alemayehu, 2022), and consequently, researchers are investigating how precision agriculture (PA) can leverage the spatial variability of soil properties resulting from the intricate interplay between soil characteristics, weather patterns, and management practices to optimize crop input management and promote both economic viability and environmental sustainability (Ahmad et al., 2021;Karydas et al., 2023). In addition, the studies by Guedes Filho et al. (2010) and Lipiec and Usowicz (2018) identified spatial correlations between crop yields and certain physical and chemical soil properties, suggesting the potential division of the area into distinct land management zones. ...
How to cite: Silva Júnior JF, Silva TT, Sousa DJS, Tavares RLM, Souza BDL, Pinheiro DP. Delineation of potential management zones for cowpea by factorial kriging and spatial Fuzzy C-Means of yield and soil chemical and texture properties. Rev Bras Cienc Solo. 2025;49:e0230158. ABSTRACT: In precision agriculture, accurate delineation of management zones and understanding spatial variability of soil properties and crop yields are critical for optimizing resource allocation and improving productivity. Spatial variability of different environmental factors (soil and plants) is evident in several studies. Associations between the texture and chemical properties of the soil and cowpea yield have been tested, but a large, unexplained variance of ranges between kriged maps is usually reported. This suggests that a deeper exploration into the soil properties of these spatial interactions may help develop our understanding on how to reduce the number of soil property maps to delineate management zones and simplify interpretation. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether factorial kriging analysis can be used as an auxiliar variable to cokriging of soil properties and cowpea yield, and what is the potential of Spatial Fuzzy c-Means associated with factorial kriging analysis to delineate management zones. This study employed factor maps and spatial clustering to classify the cowpea field in management zones based on a multivariate and geostatistical analysis using soil texture and chemical properties. From Farmer, 66 soil samples were collected at a layer of 0.00-0.20 m, at points with a regular spacing of 12 m, at Agropecuária Milênio in the municipality of Tracuateua, Pará State, to make the technology applicable to the most common data available to farmers. It also used Spatial Fuzzy c-Means to generate estimated maps. Only the kriged maps of soil properties were inefficient in delineating management zones. Factor maps and Spatial Fuzzy c-Means were efficient in delineating the two management zones. Factorial kriging analysis can be used in cokriging to estimate soil properties and the cowpea field. The proposed method is a practical tool to delineate management zones, performing better and more efficiently compared with soil multiple property maps. The optimal number of management zones for cowpea cultivation was determined to be two. This encompasses soil management, yield considerations, and site-specific choices, all aimed at mitigating the impacts of precision agriculture on high productivity.
... to inter and intra-field variability in crops [2]; development of digital solutions to monitor and optimize input and increase profitability [3]; suite of farming technologies and techniques which will help mitigate the negative environmental effects of conventional farming, while helping guarantee food security for a rapidly growing world population [4]; Management strategy that utilizes information technologies to collect useful data from distinct sources, with the aim of supporting the decisions associated to the production of crops [5]. Similarly, many scholars have spoken about what PA does, on what PA pursues, on what PA seeks for: according to [6] PA helps reducing distance between the stages in the food value chain; it relates to the ability to collect data and make decisions in smaller areas than an entire field [7]; PA means using digital solutions and advanced data analytics can improve yields, cut costs and increase crop resilience [8]. ...
... In this context, some research related to precision agriculture technologies has been divided between studies focused on trials that assess the technical evaluation of precision tools in the fields [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Other studies have addressed the assessment of the effects of precision technologies' application [70,[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] and other sources referenced in this paper. ...
... Karydas et al., [41] carried out their study on the development and use of a farm management information system (FMIS). Fertilization management using FMIS enabled farmers to increase their plot yields by around 15%. ...
Climate change, population growth, and economic shocks govern a context where food security and economic sustainability represent major challenges for the agricultural sector. Research for innovative production systems that ensure a better allocation of resources is a necessity to provide the foundations for farm reconversion. In this way, we carried out our work relating to precision farming, which is one of the innovative approaches aimed at ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production systems, thanks to its application principles and potential benefits. This synthesis paper examines aspects of assessing the impact of the use of such technology by analyzing previous research. The analysis carried out showed that the study of the impact of the use of precision technologies focused on three essential components on a micro-economic scale: the economic component, the environmental component, and the agronomic component. Prior studies examining the advantages of precision technologies have mostly relied on the examination of experiments and the application of quantitative analysis methods to measure the impact on environmental, economic, and agronomic parameters. The results of the study demonstrated that the adoption of precision farming technologies has provided advantages that contribute to the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Specifically, reducing environmental impact, cutting GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions by over 80%, valorizing natural resources (water and soil) with irrigation water savings of over 26%, and improving production efficiency and effectiveness. However, we suggest further studies examining the effects of precision agriculture using an integrated approach to assess the agronomic, economic, environmental, and social aspects of a production system as a whole. These studies will provide recommendations for adapting precision agriculture technologies to a wide range of farm types. In turn, highlighting the benefits of using precision farming technologies will support the process of adoption by farmers. The overview and findings presented in this article should point researchers in the direction of further research into precision farming technologies and provide extension staff, farm advisors, and farm machinery dealers with guidelines for promoting the adoption of precision farming.
... Farm Management Information Systems manage all farm processes and support decision-making. They combine data from different sensors and machines to reduce resource wastage and improve efficiency and are particularly effective when combined with agricultural technologies [17,18]. Researches also proved that agriculture, combined with decision support systems, can help implement energyefficient practices through real-time data analysis [19]. ...
Precision fertilization and irrigation systems (as a part of Precision Agriculture Systems) represent an innovation in modern agriculture aimed at optimizing resources and increasing the efficiency of agricultural practices. They use advanced technologies such as sensors, GPS, and software algorithms to provide accurate data and automated solutions for water and fertilizer management. This topic is crucial as it facilitates substantial reductions in resource losses and enhances resource losses and improves yields, consequently reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. A factory business model focused on producing ammonium and phosphorus fertilizers, integrated with consulting services for precision fertilization and irrigation, is highly relevant in today's agricultural industry. This report presents some findings in this direction. Real tests have been done in small pilot farms. Some of the results are given regarding the effectiveness of the precision fertilization and watering system application as a consulting service from the business model of a large chemical enterprise.
... Di era transformasi teknologi yang terus berkembang pesat, Sistem Informasi Manajemen (SIM) telah menjadi katalis utama dalam revolusi digital di berbagai sektor, mulai dari pertanian presisi hingga keuangan digital. SIM tidak hanya meningkatkan efisiensi operasional, tetapi juga telah menjadi instrumen kunci dalam pengambilan keputusan berbasis data yang lebih akurat dan responsif terhadap perubahan lingkungan bisnis yang dinamis (Karydas et al., 2023); ...
... Dalam sektor pertanian, integrasi teknologi presisi ke dalam SIM telah membuka era baru dalam pengelolaan lahan dan sumber daya. Sistem ini memungkinkan petani dan manajer pertanian untuk membuat keputusan yang lebih informasi, meningkatkan produktivitas, dan mendorong praktik pertanian yang lebih berkelanjutan (Karydas et al., 2023;(Kim et al., 2023)). Implementasi SIM dalam pertanian presisi tidak hanya meningkatkan hasil panen, tetapi juga berkontribusi pada konservasi sumber daya alam dan pengurangan dampak lingkungan (Ammann et al., 2022)). ...
... The advent of precision agriculture has transformed the landscape of agricultural production, especially in regions with tropical climates, where the variability of conditions presents unique challenges and opportunities. Precision agriculture is an integrated farming system that utilizes information and technology to manage agricultural processes by identifying, analyzing, and managing spatial and temporal variability at specific locations to achieve optimal and sustainable benefits while minimizing negative impacts on the environment (Karydas et al., 2023;Monteiro et al., 2021;Nugroho et al., 2013;Vishwajith et al., 2014). A vital component of this approach is the strategic use of fertilization, which is essential for bountiful harvests. ...
... This would involve correlating the application's fertilizer guidelines with actual crop yield data and soil health metrics post-fertilization. To enhance the system's robustness and reliability, it is recommended to integrate a broader spectrum of peerreviewed agricultural research, such as the findings by (Karydas et al., 2023) and (Lu et al., 2022)which investigate the impact of precise fertilizer application on crop yield and soil conservation. Comparing the system's outputs with these established studies can provide a benchmark for accuracy and offer opportunities for refinement. ...
Precision Agriculture (PA) is an integrated farming system based on information and technology for managing agriculture to identify, analyze, and manage spatial and temporal diversity information in specific locations to obtain optimum and sustainable benefits while minimizing unwanted environmental impacts. Fertilization is one of the crucial phases in agricultural production process considering technical cultivation aspects, costs, and environmental impacts. The current fertilization process at Kebun Buah Nawungan Selopamioro (KBNS) is still conventional, so there is no standard rule in determining the fertilization dose. Therefore, a PA approach is needed to provide suitable fertilizer doses for agricultural production needs. This objective of this study was to develop of a web-based fertilizer management system, integrating with orchard management to enhance accessibility and decision-making. The system calculates fertilizer requirements by analyzing soil nutrient availability (N, P, K), cultivation area, crop type and age, and available fertilizer types. The development followed the waterfall methodology, encompassing stages from requirement analysis to system maintenance. The outcome is a web application that manages land assets, administrative activities, and fertilizer needs tailored to specific land blocks, crop characteristics, and nutrient inventories. Subsequent validation against field conditions ensures the accuracy of its recommendations. Although comprehensive testing confirmed a 100% success rate in functionality, the system currently operates within a limited scope of variables. Future enhancements are planned to incorporate broader agronomic factors, such as soil pH and texture, to augment the system's precision. Despite its limitations, this system represents a significant technological advance in precision agriculture, promising to improve fertilizer application efficiency and support sustainable farming practices.
... MySQL (My Structured Query Language) Bahasa pemrograman MySQL digunakan sebagai sistem manajemen basis data dalam mengatur pengelolaan relational database. MySQL mengatur data ke dalam satu atau lebih tabel data dan dapat berkaitan satu sama lain untuk keperluan website (Karydas et al., 2023). ...
Dalam menerima pesanan, penerapan jasa pengantaran di perusahaan air galon isi ulang mengharuskan karyawannya untuk mengunjungi titik lokasi konsumen sebanyak dua kali. Proses pemesanan yang dilakukan masih manual yaitu dengan cara telepon atau pesan singkat. Karyawan juga perlu mengetahui lokasi tujuan pengantaran yang telah diberikan oleh konsumen secara akurat. Aplikasi dengan sistem pemesanan saja masih belum cukup karena jasa pengantaran membutuhkan informasi geografis. Dibutuhkan solusi untuk dapat memudahkan proses pemesanan dan pencarian rute pengantaran produk. Penelitian ini menerapkan Google Maps API sebagai media pendukung untuk mengelola informasi geografis pengguna. Metode pengembangan aplikasi yang digunakan yaitu dengan Waterfall dan menggunakan Model View Controller (MVC) sebagai software design pattern. Sistem aplikasi dikembangkan dengan framework Laravel yang menggunakan Livewire agar bisa memberikan tampilan web yang real-time. Aplikasi yang akan dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan MySQL sebagai tempat penyimpanan data. Pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan cara wawancara sehingga jenis data penelitian ini berupa kualitatif. Jumlah informan yang berhasil didapatkan yaitu berasal dari tiga water refill store dan tiga ibu rumah tangga yang sudah terbiasa dalam memesan jasa antar air galon isi ulang. Sumber informan yang dipakai dalam water refill store yaitu store manager dan karyawan. Hasil temuan dari penelitian ini yaitu adanya aplikasi berbasis web yang dijadikan sebagai media pemesanan produk di water refill store yang juga bisa memudahkan proses pengantaran bagi karyawan di store. Sistem yang dihasilkan bisa membantu proses pemesanan dan pengantaran produk di water refill store. Saran pengembangan berikutnya yaitu menambahkan fitur pembayaran secara daring dan membuat pelacakan lokasi tetap dapat berfungsi pada perangkat dengan mode lock screen.
... • Emerging technologies: The fast technological development of forest machines has prompted enterprises to invest in virtual learning environments [5]. Crop quality may be enhanced by employing precision fertilization services [37]. Different strategies were recommended, such as microcontrollers [45] to improve system performance in agricultural settings, "long range wireless area network" technology [41] to improve sensor data transmission and reduce resource utilization, IoT sensors and execution layers [40] to streamline task management, and "low power wide area" technology for high-speed data transfer, which were also reported to have positive effects on agriculture systems [43]. ...
... Interoperability enables the acquisition and manipulation of data from many sources and devices deployed in diverse situations [4]. As an illustration, consider the interoperability initiatives that the European Commission has funded over the past ten years [37]. To improve interoperability in precision agriculture, thousands of entrepreneurs worldwide provide farm management systems that may be expanded to include additional services. ...
... [5] 2023 Rapid technical development with an increasing number of new features. [37] 2023 ...
Software architecture forms the cornerstone for achieving and ensuring various software quality attributes. It encompasses the collected requirements of the product, serving as a blueprint that delineates quality features for all project stakeholders, along with methods for measurement and control. Despite the significant increase in IoT-based agricultural systems, there is a dearth of studies on the quality elements of their software architecture. To address this need, this study offers an overview of components and services tailored to address specific quality attributes pertinent to agriculture systems. It identifies, investigates, and presents quality attributes influencing the design of software architecture for IoT-based agriculture systems. This paper identified and discussed several quality attributes, including performance, scalability, flexibility, interoperability, productivity, extensibility, and security, and mapped them to corresponding components of the IoT-based agriculture software architecture. Also, several issues were identified and discussed for the software architecture quality of IoT-based agriculture systems, such as real-time processing and interoperability due to the various devices and protocols utilized in these systems. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for developing, executing, and refining IoT-based agricultural systems to fulfill the changing requirements of the agriculture industry.
... Cui et al. [181] conducted field trials across China, utilising a decision-support program that resulted in an average yield increase of 10.8 % to 11.5 % for major crops such as maize, rice, and wheat. Karydas et al. [182] further demonstrated the economic benefits of PreFer services in Greece, where 33 farmers experienced significant yield improvements up to 15 % across 1864 hectares of rice, maize, cotton, and wheat cultivation. ...
... These systems optimise farm operations, leading to enhanced productivity and efficiency while significantly reducing operational costs. Karydas et al. [182] showcased the economic benefits of PreFer, an FMIS offering site-specific prescription maps for fertilisation. Farmers utilising PreFer reported yield increases up to 15 % and input cost reductions up to 20 %, highlighting the system's effectiveness in simplifying fertilisation planning and application processes. ...
