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In northern Iraq, countless non-abuse stream valleys can be used to store water for a variety of purposes; domestic, supplementary irrigation, and recharging groundwater. Bandawaya is one of the stream valleys, which form the first perspective has excellent quality. The location of the suggested dam has been evaluated by hydrological and geotechnic...
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Context 1
... satellite images of the study area a catchment area was used of the proposed dam from the SRTM DEM and the area of interest (AOI). DEM, drainage pattern, satellite image maps of the study shown in Figures 5, 6 and 7. Important linear and arial parameters and features such as basin area, perimeter, basin length, shape factor, sinuosity factor, etc. have been calculated. The drainage patterns of the watershed are dendritic with fourth-order streams. ...
Context 2
... satellite images of the study area a catchment area was used of the proposed dam from the SRTM DEM and the area of interest (AOI). DEM, drainage pattern, satellite image maps of the study shown in Figures 5, 6 and 7. Important linear and arial parameters and features such as basin area, perimeter, basin length, shape factor, sinuosity factor, etc. have been calculated. The drainage patterns of the watershed are dendritic with fourth-order streams. ...
Context 3
... satellite images of the study area a catchment area was used of the proposed dam from the SRTM DEM and the area of interest (AOI). DEM, drainage pattern, satellite image maps of the study shown in Figures 5, 6 and 7. Important linear and arial parameters and features such as basin area, perimeter, basin length, shape factor, sinuosity factor, etc. have been calculated. The drainage patterns of the watershed are dendritic with fourth-order streams. ...
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Citations
... The comparison between rock mass geomechanical classification based on the GSI system and rock mass classification systems helps inexperienced engineers to use it in the field more straightforwardly for different kinds such as flysch, molasses, and massive rocks (Al-Jawadi et al., 2020). The GSI chart qualification gives more simplicity, uniformity, and speed to the geotechnical engineer. ...
The first Geological Strength Index (GSI) Chart was invented to
classify rock mass properties. The GSI Chart developer assumes that
qualified and skilled geologists or engineering geologists would
evaluate and record the rock mass properties. Without a robust
geological background and field experience, many researchers
misuse the GSI charts. Due to the abnormal increase in GSI charts
used in the recent decade, the update was necessary to eliminate
visualization and assumption problems in GSI charts. The correlation
between the quantified GSI charts was fair to reduce the uncertainty
in estimating the rock strength properties. Many GSI charts were
developed or updated to be quantified rather than visualized charts,
which have become more specific and universal. The GSI Chart was
modified by including additional parameters such as joint condition,
rock quality designation RQD, volumetric joint count (Jv), and block
volume (Vb). The modified GSI charts facilitate more practical use
and reduce error. However, field observation and visualization are
still essential for rock strength property estimation, particularly in the
geomechanical classification of the rock mass. Some modifications
add too much complexity to the original chart by adding a specific
parameter or modifying it, making the decision-making based on the
GSI Chart more difficult to find rock strength parameters. In some
cases, a rock sample gets a significantly different GSI value for the
same outcrop rock. Mixing 3D numerical modeling tools such as
synthetic rock mass (SRM) or three-dimensional numerical modeling
(3DEC) with GSI values is the most convenient method for
estimating joints' strength and assisting engineering geologists in
overcoming these obstacles.
... when rains had already stopped and there was no surface runoff to degrade the valley's sediments. Due to the huge catchment area in the basin within the valley, it is anticipated that the turbidity values will be high during times of heavy rainfall(Al-Jawadi et al. 2020). ...
Wadi Bandawaya, which is 40 km north of Mosul in Iraq, pierces Mount Dahqan and creates a small valley that is ideal for the construction of a dam for harvesting rainwater. Water quality is evaluated for domestic and agricultural uses using chemical analyses of the main cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), anions (HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-), as well as measurements of the acidity function (pH), electrical conductivity (Ec), concentration of total dissolved salts (TDS), and total hardness (TH). The valley water is considered to be within the limits permitted for drinking by the World Health Organization. If held inside the water harvesting project of the Bandawaya dam, the water of Bandawaya Valley is freshwater, suitable for drinking and domestic applications, according to the water quality index (WQI). It is also suitable for irrigation of agricultural lands adjacent to the valley in accordance with standards of the percentage of sodium (SSP), the rate of sodium adsorption (Sodium Adsorption Ratio, SAR), the quantity of residual sodium carbonate (Residual Sodium Bicarbonate, RSBC), and the percentage of magnesium (MAR). When there is little rain, the harvested water will be used for irrigation, as well as for supplemental irrigation techniques.
In the hydrological cycle, runoff precipitation is one of the most significant and complex phenomena. In order to develop and improve predictive models, different perspectives have been presented in its modeling. Hydrological processes can be confidently modeled with the help of artificial intelligence techniques. In this study, the runoff of the Leilanchai watershed was simulated using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and M5 model tree methods and their hybrid with wavelet transform. Seventy percent of the data used in the train state and thirty percent in the test state were collected in this watershed from 2000 to 2021. In addition to daily and monthly scales, simulated and observed results were compared within each scale. Initially, the rainfall and runoff time series were divided into multiple sub-series using the wavelet transform to combat instability. The resultant subheadings were then utilized as input for an ANN and M5 model tree. The results demonstrated that hybrid models with wavelet improved the ANN model's daily accuracy by 4% and its monthly accuracy by 26%. It also improved the M5 model tree's daily and monthly accuracy by 4% and 41%. The wavelet-M5 model's accuracy does not diminish to the same degree as the wavelet-ANN (WANN) model as the forecast horizon lengthens. Consequently, the Leilanchai watershed has a relatively stable behavior pattern. Finally, hybrid models, in conjunction with the wavelet transform, improve forecast accuracy.
Wadi Bandawaya is located 40 km north of Mosul city. On its path through Jabal Dehqan, a narrow valley is suitable for constructing a dam on it for the purposes of harvesting rainwater and feeding water to the valley through several springs located below the foot of Jabal Al-Qoush on the northern side of the mountain. The current study evaluated the quality of water for civil and agricultural purposes in order to complete the data for establishing water harvesting. It was found through chemical analyzes of the main cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and anions (HCO3-, SO4=, Cl-, NO3-), as well as measuring the pH, electrical conductivity (E.c.), total dissolved salts (TDS) and total hardness (TH). The valley water falls within the natural limits set by the World Health Organization for drinking purposes through the use of the water quality index (WQI) as well as its suitability for agricultural purposes according to the standards of Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio, SAR, and the amount of residual sodium carbonate (Residual Sodium) Carbonate, RSC). As well as, the percentage of magnesium (MAR).
