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The COI phylogeny of the Artemia specimens analysed, based on the Bayesian Inference approach. The numbers behind major nodes denote posterior probabilities. Daphnia tenebrosa G. O. Sars, 1898 (GenBank accession no. HQ972028) was used as an outgroup.
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The taxonomic identity of an unknown Artemia population inhabiting the Al Wathba Wetland Reserve in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., was determined using phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 ( COI ). The results showed that the examined population belongs to an exotic invasive species, Artemia franciscana . Based on the...
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Context 1
... to the BI phylogenetic tree based on the COI dataset, all examined Artemia individuals from the AWWR were grouped in the clade of A. franciscana fig. 2). The results thus confirmed that the AWWR has been invaded by the American native species A. franciscana, and no evidence was found that could possibly document the existence of an endemic population of Artemia in the ...
Citations
... The introduction of A. franciscana around the world represents a risk for local endemic Artemia populations and species; thus, there is a need to assess and protect their biodiversity at the gene, population, and species levels , 2021, Laikre et al. 2020; Thomson et al. 2021, Hvilsom et al. 2022. Artemia franciscana has tremendous intraspecific ecological plasticity (Gajardo et al. 2002, Gajardo and Beardmore 2012, and has invaded Old World and Australian habitats, sometimes displacing local species (Zheng et al. 2004, Scalone and Rabet 2013, 2020, Asem et al. 2018, 2021, Horváth et al. 2018, Saji et al. 2019, Shen et al. 2021, Wu et al. 2022. Its ecological plasticity allows it to tolerate a variety of salinity concentrations (7 to 340 g/L), ionic composition (chloride and sulphate/carbonate), altitude (sea level to 4500 m a.s.l.), and climate (tropical to subarctic) (Post and Youssef 1977, Zheng 1997, Van Stappen et al. 2003, Asem et al. 2012, 2019, Gajardo and Beardmore 2012, Zheng and Sun 2013. ...
... The non-native American A. franciscana was found in Yangnapen Lake coexisting with A. sorgeloosi. Since the mid-20th century, A. franciscana has been exported from the Americas for use in aquaculture of marine and ornamental fish , Saji et al. 2019, Asem et al. 2021, Shen et al. 2021, Wu et al. 2022. Due to its adaptive capabilities and high reproductive potential, it was introduced in new regions around the world for economic exploitation; but, it outcompetes most native Old World populations (Amat et al. 2005, Mura et Shen et al. 2021, Wu et al. 2022. ...
Hypersaline lakes in arid and semi-arid areas are unique ecosystems that harbor unique extremophile organisms, such as Artemia, the paradigmatic example of adaptation to harsh living conditions. We assessed the mitogenomic biodiversity of Artemia species from the Tibetan Plateau, China, a remote and yet minimally disturbed ecosystem with a variety of hypersaline lakes. Analysis of ten Tibetan salt lakes demonstrated the occurrence of two regionally endemic species, A. tibetiana and A. sorgeloosi, with the latter being the dominant species with eight localities. Both species coexist in Jingyu and Jibu lakes, representing the first case of natural distribution overlap between sexual Artemia species. Artemia sorgeloosi exhibits higher genetic diversity and interpopulation differences, a result consistent with the heterogeneity of local salt lakes, local Artemia population demographics, and their adaptive potentials. Significant FST values demonstrate a gene flow barrier between A. sorgeloosi populations that is compatible with an “island biogeography” distribution pattern, making the Tibetan Plateau a sort of natural laboratory to study intraspecific population differences. Artemia sorgeloosi and the exotic A. franciscana were found coexisting in Yangnapen Lake, demonstrating the ability of this invasive species to colonize high-altitude inland habitats, and the need to monitor its presence and eventual expansion.
... The other four species are native to the Old World: A. salina (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Mediterranean region, A. sinica Cai, 1989in China, A. urmiana Günther, 1899 in Lake Urmia (Iran) and the Crimean Peninsula, and A. tibetiana Abatzopoulos, Zhang & Sorgeloos, 1998, in the Tibetan or Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Artemia franciscana has been anthropogenically introduced in Eurasia and Australia (Zheng et al., 2004;Amat et al., 2005;Abatzopoulos et al., 2009;Scalone & Rabet, 2013;Eimanifar et al., 2014Eimanifar et al., , 2020Asem et al., 2018Asem et al., , 2021aSaji et al., 2019;Shen et al., 2021). Obligate parthenogenetic linegaes widely distributed in Eurasia, Africa, and Australia consist of different ploidy (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-and heteroploids) (Sun et al., 1999;Asem & Sun 2014a, b;. ...
... Previous phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear ITS1 marker considered the American A. franciscana and Asian Artemia as sister clades, with A. franciscana as a basal for this group. Additionally, A. sinica was reported as the basal clade for Asian Artemia (Baxevanis et al., 2006;Kappas et al., 2009;Maniatsi et al., 2011;Eimanifar et al., 2014Eimanifar et al., , 2020Saji et al., 2019;Asem et al., 2018Asem et al., , 2021a. Our findings, using the complete mitochondrial sequences, also suggest that A. sinica and the American A. franciscana would be divided with a basal node ("ancestral node," according to Omland et al., 2008), in which A. sinica is basal to other Asian species of Artemia. ...
Species of Artemia are regionally endemic branchiopod crustaceans composed of sexual species and parthenogenetic lineages, and represent an excellent model for studying adaptation and speciation to extreme and heterogeneous hypersaline environments. We tested hypotheses of whether populations from the Tibetan Plateau belong to A. tibetiana Abatzopoulos, Zhang & Sorgeloos,1998 and whether a population from Kazakhstan is a new species, using other Asian species of Artemia as outgroups. We conducted a multitrait phylogenetic study based on the complete mitogenome, mitochondrial (COI, 12S, 16S) and nuclear (microsatellites, ITS1) markers, and a suit of uni-and multivariate morphological traits. Our results led to the discovery of two new species, one from the Tibetan Plateau (Haiyan Lake) in China (Artemia sorgeloosi n. sp.) and a second from Kazakhstan (Artemia amati n. sp.). Our analysis demonstrate that A. tibetiana and A. amati n. sp. are monophyletic, whereas A. sorgeloosi n. sp., and A. tibetiana are polyphyletic. Evolutionary relationships based on mitochondrial and nSSR markers suggest that A. tibetiana may have arisen from a past hybridization event of a maternal ancestor of A. tibetiana with A. sorgeloosi n. sp. or its ancestor. We present the complete mitogenome of A. tibetiana, A. amati n. sp., and A. sorgeloosi n. sp. We also provide a novel taxonomic identification key based on morphology, emphasizing the phenotype as a necessary component of the species concept.
... However, human commercial interests have also come along with disturbances in brine shrimp species distribution, even compromising the survival of some. The large demand of Artemia for fish farming triggered the introduction and invasion of the North American cultivated species Artemia monica Verrill, 1869 (= A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906) into coastal salterns all over the world (Triantaphyllidis et al. 1994;Amat et al. 2007;Mura et al. 2006;Ruebhart et al. 2008;Scalone and Rabet 2013;Saji et al. 2019). This species is displacing the Mediterranean native species Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Oscoz et al. 2010;Horváth et al. 2018) possibly due to its high adaptive potential and physiological plasticity that enhance its invasion range capacity (Dlugosch and Parker 2008). ...
Brine shrimps ( Artemia ) have undergone geographic range and demographic expansions as a result of their interaction with humans since the beginning of salt harvesting. This interaction has favoured the expansion of some species but compromising the survival of others. Mediterranean native populations of Artemia salina from coastal salterns and lagoons are facing the presence and expansion of the introduced and invasive American species Artemia monica (= A . franciscana ). However, this species could not be the only threat. Parthenogenetic populations of the Asian species A . urmiana and A . sinica are widespread along the Mediterranean and other areas of the world. In this work, with the use of large cox1 and mitogenomic datasets, phylogenetic and phylogeographic inferences, and a time calibrated tree, we confirmed the Asian origin and recent arrival of the current Western Mediterranean parthenogenetic populations of Artemia . In addition, the replacement of Iberian populations of A . salina by Asiatic parthenogenetic populations lead us to recognize parthenogens as invasive. Current salterns development and commercial importance of Artemia make human-mediated introduction probable. These results demonstrate again the impact that changing human interests have on population expansion or decline of species adapted to anthropogenic habitats. Artemia salina decline makes urgent the implementation of conservation measures such as its use in fish farming and salt production or its inoculation in inland salterns.
... Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906 is native to the Americas, but was widely introduced across Eurasia and threatens and/or outcompetes native Artemia populations (Amat et al., 2007;Mura et al., 2006;Muñoz et al., 2008). Records from the Arabian Peninsula include unidentified Artemia populations from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (Triantaphyllidis et al., 1998;Thiéry, 1996) and A. franciscana was recorded from the United Arab Emirates (Saji et al., 2019). Native or invasive forms could easily show up in appropriate saline habitat in Qatar. ...
The large branchiopod crustaceans (Anostraca, Notostraca, and Spinicaudata) of Qatar have only been examined recently. Although 15 nominal species have been reported for the Arabian Peninsula, there is confusion surrounding the determinations of previously collected taxa from Qatar, and the validity of some spinicaudatan taxa is in question. Most spinicaudatan clam shrimp taxa are poorly described; some lack type material or the type material has been lost. We provide a review of the taxa from Qatar and some records from adjacent Saudi Arabia. We recognise five large branchiopod crustacean taxa from Qatar (two anostracans, one notostracan, and two spinicaudatans) and provide new locality records from Umm Alshkoot and correct some previous literature statements. In addition, we comment on the likelihood of another ten taxa to occur in or near Qatar.
... The mitochondrial markers, COX1 and 16S, have been successfully used in phylogeny of branchiopods [60][61][62][63][64][65]. To date only COX1 has been utilized for phylogenetic studies on Artemia, nevertheless mitogenomic results demonstrated significant difference in the nucleotide composition of ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3. ...
In the previously published mitochondrial genome sequence of Artemia urmiana (NC_021382
[JQ975176]), the taxonomic status of the examined Artemia had not been determined, due to partheno�genetic populations coexisting with A. urmiana in Urmia Lake. Additionally, NC_021382 [JQ975176]
has been obtained with pooled cysts of Artemia (0.25 g cysts consists of 20,000–25,000 cysts), not a
single specimen. With regard to coexisting populations in Urmia Lake, and intra- and inter-specific
variations in the pooled samples, NC_021382 [JQ975176] cannot be recommended as a valid se�quence and any attempt to attribute it to A. urmiana or a parthenogenetic population is unreasonable.
With the aid of next-generation sequencing methods, we characterized and assembled a complete
mitochondrial genome of A. urmiana with defined taxonomic status. Our results reveal that in
the previously published mitogenome (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), tRNA-Phe has been erroneously
attributed to the heavy strand but it is encoded in the light strand. There was a major problem in the
position of the ND5. It was extended over the tRNA-Phe, which is biologically incorrect. We have
also identified a partial nucleotide sequence of 311 bp that was probably erroneously duplicated
in the assembly of the control region of NC_021382 [JQ975176], which enlarges the control region
length by 16%. This partial sequence could not be recognized in our assembled mitogenome as well
as in 48 further examined specimens of A. urmiana. Although, only COX1 and 16S genes have been
widely used for phylogenetic studies in Artemia, our findings reveal substantial differences in the
nucleotide composition of some other genes (including ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3)
among Artemia species. It is suggested that these markers should be included in future phylogenetic
studies.
... Unintentional escapes caused by normal use in hatcheries and/or transmission by migratory waterfowl should be considered as a secondary factor in the distribution of A. franciscana in new habitats. At present, A. franciscana has been colonized in numerous regions across Eurasia, especially in the Mediterranean (Amat et al., 2005;Mura et al., 2006;Van Stappen, 2008;Muñoz, 2009;Ben Naceur et al., 2010, Eimanifar et al., 2014Scalone and Rabet, 2013;Horvath et al., 2018;Saji et al., 2019;Eimanifar et al., 2020) and Australia (Asem et al., 2018). ...
... Two Artemia sites have been reported in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Aspinall and Hellyer, 1999;Sivakumar et al., 2018). Saji et al. (2019) have documented the invasive A. franciscana in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR). Evidence that Artemia has been introduced intentionally into these localities for commercial activity is lacking (Saji et al., 2019). ...
... Saji et al. (2019) have documented the invasive A. franciscana in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR). Evidence that Artemia has been introduced intentionally into these localities for commercial activity is lacking (Saji et al., 2019). In 1998, before the introduction of the greater flamingos in Godolphin Lakes (GL), cysts of Artemia were distributed in those water bodies (Sivakumar et al., 2018). ...
Artemia franciscana, native to America, has recently colonized as non-indigenous population in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and Australia. We evaluated the effects of the colonization of A. franciscana on genetic differentiation in new environments in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We used the COI marker to determine the genetic structure and origins of exotic populations in the UAE. Results confirmed the colonization of A. franciscana in two localities. Invasive populations of A. franciscana had significantly lower genetic variation than native populations in the Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay. Results showed that the studied populations could not have colonized directly from natural American habitats, and they possibly were from secondary introduction events of other non-indigenous populations. Genetic analysis yielded different demographic patterns for the studied invasive populations. The population in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) demonstrated demographic expansion, whereas in Godolphin Lakes (GL), it reached a demographic equilibrium. Neutrality tests showed an excess of recent and historical mutations in the COI gene pool of invasive AWWR Artemia in the new environment. The results suggest that different ecological conditions in new environments can exert selective pressures during the introduction of an exotic population, which can affect genetic variation.
... Unintentional escapes caused by normal use in hatcheries and/or transmission by migratory waterfowl should be considered as a secondary factor in the distribution of A. franciscana in new habitats. At present, A. franciscana has been colonized in numerous regions across Eurasia, especially in the Mediterranean (Amat et al., 2005;Mura et al., 2006;Van Stappen, 2008;Muñoz, 2009;Ben Naceur et al., 2010, Eimanifar et al., 2014Scalone and Rabet, 2013;Horvath et al., 2018;Saji et al., 2019;Eimanifar et al., 2020) and Australia (Asem et al., 2018). ...
... Two Artemia sites have been reported in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Aspinall and Hellyer, 1999;Sivakumar et al., 2018). Saji et al. (2019) have documented the invasive A. franciscana in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR). Evidence that Artemia has been introduced intentionally into these localities for commercial activity is lacking (Saji et al., 2019). ...
... Saji et al. (2019) have documented the invasive A. franciscana in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR). Evidence that Artemia has been introduced intentionally into these localities for commercial activity is lacking (Saji et al., 2019). In 1998, before the introduction of the greater flamingos in Godolphin Lakes (GL), cysts of Artemia were distributed in those water bodies (Sivakumar et al., 2018). ...
Artemia franciscana, native to America, has recently colonized as non-indigenous population in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and Australia. We evaluated the effects of the colonization of A. franciscana on genetic differentiation in new environments in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We used the COI marker to determine the genetic structure and origins of exotic populations in the UAE. Results confirmed the colonization of A. franciscana in two localities. Invasive populations of A. franciscana had significantly lower genetic variation than native populations in the Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay. Results showed that the studied populations could not have colonized directly from natural American habitats, and they possibly were from secondary introduction events of other non-indigenous populations. Genetic analysis yielded different demographic patterns for the studied invasive populations. The population in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) demonstrated demographic expansion, whereas in Godolphin Lakes (GL), it reached a demographic equilibrium. Neutrality tests showed an excess of recent and historical mutations in the COI gene pool of invasive AWWR Artemia in the new environment. The results suggest that different ecological conditions in new environments can exert selective pressures during the introduction of an exotic population, which can affect genetic variation.
... The mitochondrial markers, COX1 and 16S, have been successfully used in phylogeny of branchiopods [60][61][62][63][64][65]. To date only COX1 has been utilized for phylogenetic studies on Artemia, nevertheless mitogenomic results demonstrated significant difference in the nucleotide composition of ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3. ...
In the previously published mitochondrial genome sequence of Artemia urmiana (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), the taxonomic status of the examined Artemia had not been determined, due to parthenogenetic populations coexisting with A. urmiana in Urmia Lake. Additionally, NC_021382 [JQ975176] has been obtained with pooled cysts of Artemia (0.25 g cysts consists of 20,000–25,000 cysts), not a single specimen. With regard to coexisting populations in Urmia Lake, and intra- and inter-specific variations in the pooled samples, NC_021382 [JQ975176] cannot be recommended as a valid sequence and any attempt to attribute it to A. urmiana or a parthenogenetic population is unreasonable. With the aid of next-generation sequencing methods, we characterized and assembled a complete mitochondrial genome of A. urmiana with defined taxonomic status. Our results reveal that in the previously published mitogenome (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), tRNA-Phe has been erroneously attributed to the heavy strand but it is encoded in the light strand. There was a major problem in the position of the ND5. It was extended over the tRNA-Phe, which is biologically incorrect. We have also identified a partial nucleotide sequence of 311 bp that was probably erroneously duplicated in the assembly of the control region of NC_021382 [JQ975176], which enlarges the control region length by 16%. This partial sequence could not be recognized in our assembled mitogenome as well as in 48 further examined specimens of A. urmiana. Although, only COX1 and 16S genes have been widely used for phylogenetic studies in Artemia, our findings reveal substantial differences in the nucleotide composition of some other genes (including ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3) among Artemia species. It is suggested that these markers should be included in future phylogenetic studies.
... In Europe, A. franciscana was first detected in Portugal in the 1980s (Hontoria et al., 1987) and a decade later in France (Thiéry and Robert, 1992). Since then, it has progressively invaded most hypersaline ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin, including those of Spain and Italy (Amat et al., 2005(Amat et al., , 2007Horváth et al., 2018), North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia) (Amat et al., 2005(Amat et al., , 2007Naceur et al., 2010), and has reached the Middle East (Iran, Egypt, Arab Emirates) (Hajirostamloo and Pourrabbi, 2011;Sheir et al., 2018;Saji et al., 2019). It is also present in Australia, Brazil, India, China and Kenya (Ruebhart et al., 2008;Camara, 2001;Zheng et al., 2004;Krishnakumar and Munuswamy, 2014;Ogello et al., 2014). ...
In recent decades, brine shrimps of the genus Artemia has suffered a major biodiversity loss in the Mediterranean region due to the introduction of the highly invasive A. franciscana. Pollution has been proposed as an important factor limiting this global invasion. Contrary to the general acceptation that pollution tends to favour invasive species, it has been postulated that local adaptation of native Artemia to pollution may prevent or delay colonization by the exotic species. To provide insight into this “pollution resistance hypothesis”, we investigated the individual effect of acute toxicity of mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn) on the survival of six different native and invasive Artemia populations from the Iberian Peninsula collected from areas with different levels of Hg- and Zn-pollution. The Hg and Zn 24 h-LC50 values for Artemia nauplii of the different populations varied between 20 and 70 mg Hg L⁻¹, and between 350 and 450 mg Zn L⁻¹, respectively. Native Artemia from Cabo de Gata (SW Spain) showed significantly higher survival at high Hg concentrations than other populations, which may be explained by the longer history of Hg-pollution in that area from mining activities, compared to the other sites. In contrast, differences between populations in response to high Zn levels were weak, and inconsistent with the environmental differences in Zn concentrations. Discussion of the results of this work was done in relation to the “pollution resistance hypothesis” and conclude that Hg pollution may limit the invasion by A. franciscana in some study sites for an uncertain length of time.
... Two Artemia sites have been reported from the United Arab Emirates 22,23 . Saji et al. 20 have documented invasive A. franciscana in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve. There is no evidence that Artemia had been introduced intentionally into these localities for commercial activity, but it has prepared a suitable habitat for the greater flamingos and other native shore birds 20 . ...
... Saji et al. 20 have documented invasive A. franciscana in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve. There is no evidence that Artemia had been introduced intentionally into these localities for commercial activity, but it has prepared a suitable habitat for the greater flamingos and other native shore birds 20 . In 1998, before introduction of the greater flamingos in Godolphin Lakes, cysts of Artemia were distributed in the water body 23 . ...
... Our results have also documented the colonization of same species in Godolphin Lakes locality.The San Francisco Bay (SFB) and Great Salt Lake (GSL) are the two main sources of Artemia that have usually been used to culture in other saline ecosystems for industrial aquaculture and fishery activates to produce Artemia cysts and biomass13,20,21,34 , for this reason these populations were considered in this analysis to find out the genetic alterations of the colonized populations in new non-native environments.Mitochondrial DNA represented some exceptional characteristics consisting rapid evolutionary rates, maternal origin, and lack of recombination35,36 . Then mitochondrial markers are important for apprehension the tracing and explanation the source of non-indigenous species in new habitats 20,21,37-40 . ...
Artemia franciscana, native to America, has recently colonized non-indigenous populations in Eurasia, Mediterranean regions and Australia. In present we sought to evaluate the potential effects of colonization of A. franciscana on genetic differentiation in the new environments in UAE. We used the COI marker to determine population genetic structure and identify the origins of exotic populations in UAE. Our findings have confirmed the colonization of both localities by A. franciscana. Genetic variation of invasive A. franciscana were exclusively lower than native population in Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay. Results have showed the studied population could not possibly have colonized directly from natural American localities, perhaps resulting from secondary introduction events from other non-indigenous populations. Genetic analysis have yielded different demographic patterns for invasive studied populations. Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) population have represented demographic expansion. In contrast, Godolphin Lakes (GL) population was at demographic equilibrium. Neutrality tests have documented the excess of both recent and historical mutations in the COI gene pool of invasive AWWR Artemia throughout establishment in the new environment.
