Table 2 - uploaded by Yuying Li
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The Bray-Curtis similarity values (%) among stages of flower development of L. yunnanensis. (I) bud stage; (II) initial-flowering stage; (III) full-flowering stage; and (IV) end-flower stage.
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Luculia plants are famed ornamentals with sweetly fragrant flowers. Luculia yunnanensis Hu is an endemic plant from Yunnan Province, China. Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the different flower development stages of L. yunnanensis...
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Context 1
... mean Bray-Curtis similarity index range was 64.29-81.40% (Table 2). The bud stage was more similar to the initial-flowering stage (BCS = 81.40%) ...
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Citations
... Luculia pinceana Hook., which belongs to the genus Luculia in Rubiaceae, is distinguished by its exceptionally long flowering period, elegant colouration, dense flower clusters, large inflorescences, and strong fragrance [1,2]. Moreover, all the species within the genus Luculia are characterized by their typical distyly. ...
... The authors declare no competing interests. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, ...
Background
To explore the physiological and biochemical differences between different ploidy Luculia pinceana Hook. varieties and to obtain germplasm resources with excellent horticultural characteristics and strong resistance, we analysed and compared the morphological characteristics, photosynthetic properties, and physiological indices of diploid and tetraploid L. pinceana.
Results
(1) Tetraploid L. pinceana exhibited distinct polyploid characteristics, including a smaller plant, rounder, thicker, and darker green leaves, as well as coarser and longer leaf and stem hairs. Moreover, the flowers of tetraploids are relatively large, and the diameters of the flowers, the lengths of the corolla tubes and the lengths of the pistils are all extremely significantly greater than those of diploids. Compared with those of tetraploids, the leaf width and thickness of the diploid plants increased by 16.38% and 14.71%, respectively, whereas the leaf length, leaf area, and plant height decreased by 21.20%, 3.46%, and 54.86%, respectively. (2) The diurnal variation curve of photosynthesis in L. pinceana was unimodal, reaching a maximum value at approximately 10:00. Compared with diploid plants, tetraploid plants presented a significantly greater maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), light saturation point (LSP), and light compensation point (LCP). (3) Compared with diploids, tetraploid leaves presented significantly greater activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD, + 51.61%), peroxidase (POD, + 6226%), and catalase (CAT, + 211.66%). Additionally, the concentrations of osmolytes [soluble sugar (SS, + 80.11%), soluble protein (SP, + 63.49%), and proline (Pro, + 57.40%)] were markedly elevated. Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was substantially decreased (-46.16%).
Conclusion
These results demonstrate that the tetraploid L. pinceana has greater ornamental value, fertility and resistance. It is an excellent breeding material for the germplasm resources of L. pinceana and provides a material basis for the cultivation of new varieties of L. pinceana.
... Ma et al. (2012) made use of a modified biotinstreptavidin capture method to develop 11 pairs of SSR primers with polymorphism in two populations of L. yunnanensis. Li et al. (2017) determined the floral components of L. yunnanensis. Zhang et al. (2022) developed 17 EST-SSR primers with polymorphism in six populations of L. yunnanensis based on transcriptomic data. ...
Luculia yunnanensis is a vulnerable species endemic to Yunnan Province, Southwestern China, which has high ornamental value. Its wild population has not been fully protected and utilized for a long time, which is not conducive to the long-term stable development of this species. Genetic diversity assessment is the basis and prerequisite for the conservation of rare species. In this study, 21 phenotypic traits and 17 highly polymorphic EST-SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 164 individuals from six L. yunnanensis populations. The coefficient of variation of 21 phenotypic traits ranged from 11.76% to 52.58% (mean=21.72%), and the coefficient of variation of 18 traits was less than 30%. The average values of Ne, I, Ho and He were 1.710, 0.619, 0.384, and 0.352, respectively. The genetic diversity of LLO (Ho = 0.476 and He = 0.426) and LCM (Ho = 0.424 and He = 0.381) populations in Lushui County was highest. The GDX populations (Ho = 0.335 and He = 0.269) isolated by Gaoligong Mountain had the lowest genetic diversity. The AMOVA results showed that 13.04% of the genetic variation was among populations and 86.96% was within populations. The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient of phenotypic traits among populations was 18.69%. The results of phenotypic and genetic variation analysis were consistent, indicating that the most of variation exists within population. Genetic structure, UPGMA clustering and PCA analysis results showed that the populations of L. yunnanensis had obvious geographical divisions, and the populations distributed in the southern region and distributed in the northern region of the Nujiang River clustered into one group respectively. Combining the results of phenotypic and molecular markers, we recommend that give priority to the protection of LLO, LCM and GDX population, in order to ensure the sustainable utilization of L. yunnanensis germplasm resources.
... Hu et al. have analyzed the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae on citrus wines using HS-SPME-GC-MS and found that mixed fermentation could improve the flavor quality of citrus wines [21]. In addition, HS-SPME-GC-MS has also been used to characterize the VOCs in Yunnan Luculia at different developmental stages [22] and the VOCs in wild roses at different flowering stages [23]. ...
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flavor characteristics of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. (RR) and Rosa sterilis (RS) were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The flavor network was constructed by combining relative odor activity values (ROAVs), and the signature differential flavor components were screened using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest (RF). The results showed that 61 VOCs were detected in both RR and RS: 48 in RR, and 26 in RS. There were six key flavor components (ROAVs ≥ 1) in RR, namely nonanal, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, (3Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, ethyl caprylate, and styrene, among which ethyl butanoate had the highest contribution, whereas there were eight key flavor components (ROAVs ≥ 1) in RS, namely 2-nonanol, (E)-2-hexenal, nonanal, methyl salicylate, β-ocimene, caryophyllene, α-ionone, and styrene, among which nonanal contributed the most to RS. The flavor of RR is primarily fruity, sweet, green banana, and waxy, while the flavor of RS is primarily sweet and floral. In addition, OPLS-DA and RF suggested that (E)-2-hexenal, ethyl caprylate, β-ocimene, and ethyl butanoate could be the signature differential flavor components for distinguishing between RR and RS. In this study, the differences in VOCs between RR and RS were analyzed to provide a basis for further development and utilization.
... In this study, it was found that squalene and 1-octadecene were expressed in both HW and SW, which could be used as a source for the extraction of these two substances and provide a reference for the further development and utilization of P. Zhennan wood [40,41]. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that cadinene has a woody fragrance [42,43]. The pleasant fragrance of Luculia is due to the presence of cadinene and other volatile compounds [43]. ...
Nanmu (Phoebe zhennan) has a unique fragrance and is a high-quality tree species for forest conservation. The types and contents of volatile compounds in different tissues of nanmu wood are different, and the study of its volatile metabolites can help us to understand the source of its fragrance and functions. In order to explore the metabolites related to the wood fragrance of nanmu and to find out the unique volatile substances in the heartwood, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to analyze the non-targeted metabolomics in five radial tissues from the sapwood to the heartwood of nanmu. A total of 53 volatile metabolites belonging to 11 classes were detected in all tissues, including terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, organoheterocyclics, phenols, esters, organic acids, alcohols, alkaloids, alkane, indoles derivatives, and others. And most of the volatile metabolites were identified for the first time in nanmu wood. Among them, terpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main volatile components. In addition, 22 differential metabolites were screened from HW and SW, HW, and TZ via metabolomic analysis. Among these DAMs, three volatile metabolites (cadinene, a sesquiterpenoid; p-cymene, a monoterpenoid; 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon) contributed heavily to the characteristic fragrance of the heartwood. Additionally, the expression of transcripts showed that the unigenes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway were especially up-regulated in the SW. Therefore, we speculated that fragrance-related metabolites were synthesized in SW and then deposited in heartwood during sapwood transformed to heartwood. The expression levels of transcription factors (e.g., WRKY, C2H2, NAC) acted as the major regulatory factors in the synthesis of terpenoid. The results lay the foundations for further studies on the formation mechanism of fragrance components in nanmu wood and also provide a reference for the further development and utilization of nanmu wood.
... Recent research has integrated an olfactory system with GC-MS to create olfactometry, which enables the qualitative assessment of odorous chemicals in commodities such as meat and fruits , Ubeda et al., 2012. Although several research have examined the chemical evaluation of floral aroma (Kong et al., 2012;Yue et al., 2014;Li et al., 2017), relatively little information has been published on sensory evaluation of this quality which is most crucial for marketing of ornamental plants. Most sensory evaluations have been conducted on foods and beverages, including juice and wine (Amerine, 2013;Andreu-Sevilla et al., 2013;Aros et al., 2020). ...
Aerides odorata, an endangered aromatic orchid species belongs to the Orchidaceae family
is a subtropical epiphytic orchid commonly grown in North Eastern Himalayan region. Its magnificent
racemes of fragrant, pleasantly aromatic nature with long shelf life and colorful flowers are valued in
horticulture sector and have a high demand in the local market. In the present investigation, the sensory
evaluation study was conducted to identify the best fragrant collection of Aerides odorata from four
distinct collections at ICAR-NRCO, Sikkim. The aroma score of collection 1 (5.60 ± 0.26) were
significantly different from those of the other collections (C2, C3 and C4). Collection 3 scored the highest
acceptability rating followed by Collection 2 and 4. Separate and overall recording of male and female
acceptability showed that Collection 1 and 3 had the highest acceptability percentage. Pearson's Chisquared
test based on the perception of individual participants showed significant result and collection 3
scored highest perception rating. Overall sensory evaluation depicted that collection 3 is the best
performed fragrant orchid (Aerides odorata) collection. Therefore, the present study revealed that the
flowers of collection 3 has higher fragrance compared to other selected collections, which can be used as
an aroma source raw material in the perfume based industries.
... Floral fragrance, derived from volatile compounds in plants, is an important characteristic of C. praecox. Flower fragrance is useful for driving away herbivores [8,9], resisting pathogens [10], protecting flowers from harmful insects [11], attracting pollinators [12], communicating with other plants [13,14], treating diseases [15], improving esthetic value, attracting tourists [16], etc. Floral fragrances have important scientific and economic significance. Therefore, cultivating ornamental plants with floral fragrance has always been the goal of scientists. ...
In order to better understand the floral fragrance compounds of Chimonanthus praecox belonging to genus Chimonanthus of Chimonanaceae in Yunnan, headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze these compounds from four C. praecox plants with different floral colors. Thirty-one types of floral fragrance compounds were identified, among which terpenes, alcohols, esters, phenols, and heterocyclic compounds were the main compounds. Interestingly, the floral fragrance compounds identified in the flowers of C. praecox var. concolor included benzyl acetate, α-ocimene, eugenol, indole, and benzyl alcohol. By contrast, the floral fragrance compounds β-ocimene, α-ocimene, and trans-β-ocimene were detected in C. praecox var. patens. Cluster analysis showed that C. praecox var. concolor H1, H2, and C. praecox var. patens H4 were clustered in one group, but C. praecox var. patens H3 was individually clustered in the other group. Additionally, principal component analysis showed that α-ocimene, benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, and indole were the main floral fragrance compounds that could distinguish the four C. praecox with different floral colors in Yunnan. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanism and pathway of the floral fragrance release of C. praecox.
... Additional volatile fractions, which were carboxylic acids, ketones and terpenoid triterpenes, were identified during full bloom. The results shown were comparable to a similar study conducted by Li et al. (2017) for volatile emission from Luculia yunannensis. Steenhuisen et al. (2010), scent production was limited to certain flowering times and stages such as anthesis and receptivity also limit the unnecessary use of resources into producing scent after pollination. ...
... Meanwhile, plants can also rapidly alter their volatile floral production in response to volatile floral cues from their flowering neighbours (Caruso & Parachnowitsch, 2016;Ninkovic et al., 2016). This mechanism can increase the pollination rate and mating by increasing floral volatile emission to attract more pollinators (Li et al. 2017). ...
Phalaenopsis bellina, is an orchid widely known for their distinctive fragrance. Of late, fragrant orchids are getting more attention from Orchid breeders for their horticultural market value. Although volatile compounds have been identified in several orchid species, the floral scent emission of P. bellina is far from understood. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of different timing and floral development stages on the volatile emissions from P. bellina flowers using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile compound was extracted during morning and afternoon sessions from three different floral developmental stages. The volatile compounds emitted from flowers from two different sessions were trapped with SPME fiber for 30 minutes before directly injected into GC-MS for identification. Results showed that approximately 79 volatile compounds were identified, with the terpenoid presented as the major compound class. P. bellina had the highest number of volatiles during the morning and full bloom (41), with 29.82% monoterpene and 23.33% sesquiterpenes accounted in total. α-farnesene (19.56%) was abundance during morning emission and remains as the highest volatile in afternoon emission (44.08%), even higher when compared to morning emission. However, a decrease in the volatile compound was observed in afternoon emission, in which only 34 volatile compounds detected. Meanwhile, partial bloom developmental stage revealed linalool as the major terpenoid volatile compounds (25.89%), with only 20 volatile compounds recorded. On the other hand, no volatile compounds were recorded and profiled from flower bud stage. The establishment of a floral scent study provides a brief overview of the regulation of fragrance in P. bellina, which can be continued through gene isolation or fragrance-related enzymes study. This information will provide necessary information on orchid floral scent research that useful in boosting horticultural trade of the scented orchids and their function in pollination ecology study.
... Although several studies have considered the chemical evaluation of floral scent [15][16][17], very little information has been published related to sensorial analysis of this important characteristic for the marketing of ornamental plants. Most of the sensorial analyses have been performed to evaluate food [18] and beverages, such as juice and wine [19,20]. ...
The main function of floral scent is to attract and guide pollinators, but it is also an important character in the ornamental plant industry. Several studies have considered the chemical evaluation of floral scent during vase life, but only a few have considered sensorial analysis of this character, which is a very important quality trait for the marketing of ornamental plants. This study focused on assessing the floral scent of three fragrant cut flowers of high economic importance: Lilium, chrysanthemum, and freesia. Eighty individuals were included in a sensorial analysis where the attributes of floral scent liking and intensity were evaluated. The composition of the floral scent was analyzed through the collection of headspace followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The floral scents of oriental lily and freesia were perceived as more intense, compared to chrysanthemum. A total of 28 volatile compounds were detected and the monoterpenes β-pinene (40.7 ± 1.8 μg·L⁻¹), β-cis-ocimene (5552 ± 990 μg·L⁻¹), and linalool (11,800 ± 220 μg·L⁻¹) were the major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in chrysanthemum, lilium, and freesia, respectively. The results presented in this study confirm that the concentration and abundance of volatile compounds is not directly related to the human perception of floral scent.
... Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is a simple, fast, and sensitive method that allows for extraction of volatile compounds present in plants by using a minimal amount of sample [11]. This technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been widely used for the analysis of VOcs and for determination of chemical markers in plants [11][12][13][14][15], as well as in a vast diversity of bryophytes [6]. ...
We report for the first time the chemical composition of volatile components (VOCs) of two subspecies, D. hirsuta subsp. hirsuta and D. hirsuta subsp. nepalensis, of the liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta from Panama by using headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to assess distinguishing markers between the two species. Forty VOCs were identified in total for both subspecies. Of these, 34 are reported for the first time in D. hirsuta. Furthermore, both subspecies showed clear differences in the type and amount of VOCs. The major compounds in D. hirsuta subsp. hirsuta were α-gurjunene, β-selinene, α-guaiene, α-humulene and β-caryophyllene; while in D. hirsuta subsp. nepalensis were ledene, α-gurjunene, β-caryophyllene and α-guaiene, respectively. Two oxygenated sesquiterpenes, globulol and nerolidol, could be considered as possible distinguishing chemical markers between these two subspecies. We conclude that both morphotypes of D. hirsuta are chemically different.
