Figure 1 - uploaded by Fabio Remondino
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
In the valley of Bamiyan, Afkhanistan, approximately 1700 years ago, two large standing Buddha statues were carved out of the sedimentary rock of the region. They were 53 and 38 in high and the larger one-figured as the tallest representation of a standing Buddha in the world. In March 2001 the Taleban government militia demolished the colossal sta...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the Bamiyan valley ( Fig. 1), at an altitude of 2500 m, three big statues of Buddha and a great number of caves were carved out from the sedimentary rock of the region (Figs. 2 and 3). There were two big standing Buddha statues, which stood about 900 m apart, while in the centre there was a smaller image of a seated Buddha (Fig. ...
Context 2
... metric images were acquired in August 1970 with a TAF camera (Finsterwalder, 1896;Finsterwalder and Hofmann, 1968). The TAF (Terrestrische Ausrüstung Finsterwalder) is a phototheodolite camera (Fig. 16, left) that acquires photos on 13 · 18 cm glass plates. Two fiducial marks are present on the longer sides of the photos while a pointer defines the image horizon with an index that moves ...
Context 3
... original photos were scanned by Vexcel Imaging Inc. Graz, Austria with the ULTRA SCAN 5000 at a resolution of 10 lm. The digitised images each resulted in 16 930 · 12 700 pixels (Fig. ...
Context 4
... multi-photo geometrically constrained (MPGC) least squares matching software package, developed at the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry at ETH Zürich, was applied to all three image data-sets ( Grün et al., 2001Grün et al., , 2003. The automatic surface reconstruction (Fig. 11) works in fully automated mode according to the following ...
Context 5
... the MPGC approach, sub-pixel accuracy matching results and 3D object coordinates can be obtained simultaneously (Fig. 12) and also, through covariance matrix computations, a good basis for quality ...
Context 6
... differences between each other. In these cases the cross-correlation technique used in the first step to extract the approximations for the MPGC matching normally encounters difficulties. In order to solve these restrictions rectified images are used. The rectified images are generated using a vertical plane fitted to the control and tie points (Fig. 13, left). Then each pixel of the original image is projected onto the vertical plane by using the known orientation parameters. The relationships between the original and rectified images can be calculated using the collinearity ...
Context 7
... . 12. Epipolar geometry between the metric images to get the correct matching (upper row). MPGC matching results (patch resampling) and computed 3D object coordinates (lower ...
Context 8
... in image scales and rotations, the initial values of the reshaping parameters in MPGC matching can be predetermined by using the collinearity conditions for the four corner points of the image patches. The corresponding rays of these four corners in the template image should intersect in object space and their object coordinates can be determined (Fig. 13, right). Through the collinearity equations the corresponding image coordinates in the search image can be determined. The initial values of the four reshaping parameters are determined from these four points and their ...
Context 9
... of the tie points were obtained semi-automatically with adaptive least squares matching (Grün, 1985). The final average standard deviations of the object point coordinates located on the Buddha itself and on its immediate vicinity are r x,y ¼ 0AE13 m and r z ¼ 0AE30 m. The recovered camera poses and the tie and control points used are shown in Fig. 14, ...
Context 10
... the surface reconstruction, due to the scale and rotation differences among the images, the modified version of the developed MPGC matching algorithm was applied. A point cloud of approximately 6000 points was obtained. Some gaps are present in the results (Fig. 14, centre) because of surface changes due to the different times of image acquisition and to the low texture in some areas. For the conversion of the point cloud to a triangular surface mesh, a 2AE5D Delaunay triangulation is applied, which is clearly sub-optimal. The textured 3D model is shown in Fig. 14, ...
Context 11
... Some gaps are present in the results (Fig. 14, centre) because of surface changes due to the different times of image acquisition and to the low texture in some areas. For the conversion of the point cloud to a triangular surface mesh, a 2AE5D Delaunay triangulation is applied, which is clearly sub-optimal. The textured 3D model is shown in Fig. 14, ...
Context 12
... final orientation parameters were recovered with a bundle adjustment (Fig. 15, left). The final average standard deviations of the object point coordinates located on the Buddha itself and on its immediate vicinity were r x,y ¼ 0AE12 m and r z ¼ 0AE17 ...
Context 13
... modified matching procedure on the tourist images resulted in 5585 points. Some blunders were deleted by manual editing and the final point cloud and the related textured model are shown in Fig. 15, centre and right. The relatively low image resolution of the tourist data-set results in a coarse but quite complete 3D ...
Context 14
... all TAF images the principal point (PP) is defined as the intersection of the straight line joining the two fiducial marks on the upper and lower side of the image and the horizontal line passing through the horizontal index defined on the right side of the image (Fig. 16, centre). The focal length of the camera (160AE29 mm) is given in Kostka (1974), where the acquisition procedure is also described (Fig. 16, right). The images were acquired in the normal case, with a double baseline and at a distance of about 130 to 150 m from the statue (Fig. 16, ...
Context 15
... intersection of the straight line joining the two fiducial marks on the upper and lower side of the image and the horizontal line passing through the horizontal index defined on the right side of the image (Fig. 16, centre). The focal length of the camera (160AE29 mm) is given in Kostka (1974), where the acquisition procedure is also described (Fig. 16, right). The images were acquired in the normal case, with a double baseline and at a distance of about 130 to 150 m from the statue (Fig. 16, ...
Context 16
... the horizontal index defined on the right side of the image (Fig. 16, centre). The focal length of the camera (160AE29 mm) is given in Kostka (1974), where the acquisition procedure is also described (Fig. 16, right). The images were acquired in the normal case, with a double baseline and at a distance of about 130 to 150 m from the statue (Fig. 16, ...
Context 17
... this information and some control points measured on the contour plot, the first approximations of the exterior orientation were achieved. With the following bundle adjustment all the parameters of the three images were recovered (Fig. 17); the final standard deviations of the object point coordinates located on the Buddha itself and in its immediate vicinity were r x,y ¼ 0AE07 m and r z ¼ 0AE14 m. These high values can be explained by the unfavourable control point distribution covering just a small part of the images (see Fig. 14, bigger ...
Context 18
... parameters of the three images were recovered (Fig. 17); the final standard deviations of the object point coordinates located on the Buddha itself and in its immediate vicinity were r x,y ¼ 0AE07 m and r z ¼ 0AE14 m. These high values can be explained by the unfavourable control point distribution covering just a small part of the images (see Fig. 14, bigger ...
Context 19
... MPGC matching algorithm resulted in fairly reliable and precise results. From the three metric images, 49 333 points (without the surrounding rocks) and 73 640 points (with part of the surrounding rocks) were obtained. The point cloud data is shown in Fig. 18 (centre), as well as a textured 3D model (right). Although an automatic blunder and occlusion detection process was used, some blunders are present in the 3D point cloud and they were removed with manual editing. As shown Fig. 16. The TAF camera (left) and the interior orientation of the images (centre). The acquisition geometry of the three ...
Context 20
... rocks) and 73 640 points (with part of the surrounding rocks) were obtained. The point cloud data is shown in Fig. 18 (centre), as well as a textured 3D model (right). Although an automatic blunder and occlusion detection process was used, some blunders are present in the 3D point cloud and they were removed with manual editing. As shown Fig. 16. The TAF camera (left) and the interior orientation of the images (centre). The acquisition geometry of the three metric images as presented in Kostka (1974). in Fig. 18, there are some gaps in the point cloud, mainly due to the shading effects caused by the variation of the illumination conditions during the image acquisition (typical ...
Context 21
... Although an automatic blunder and occlusion detection process was used, some blunders are present in the 3D point cloud and they were removed with manual editing. As shown Fig. 16. The TAF camera (left) and the interior orientation of the images (centre). The acquisition geometry of the three metric images as presented in Kostka (1974). in Fig. 18, there are some gaps in the point cloud, mainly due to the shading effects caused by the variation of the illumination conditions during the image acquisition (typical areas are marked in Fig. 18). As shown in Fig. 19, the dress of the Buddha was rich in folds, which were between 5 and 15 cm in width. Many folds could not be exactly ...
Context 22
... camera (left) and the interior orientation of the images (centre). The acquisition geometry of the three metric images as presented in Kostka (1974). in Fig. 18, there are some gaps in the point cloud, mainly due to the shading effects caused by the variation of the illumination conditions during the image acquisition (typical areas are marked in Fig. 18). As shown in Fig. 19, the dress of the Buddha was rich in folds, which were between 5 and 15 cm in width. Many folds could not be exactly reconstructed with the automatic program. Fig. 19 also shows some of the problems that the automated matcher had to deal with: high noise values in the shadow areas, large differences between ...
Context 23
... interior orientation of the images (centre). The acquisition geometry of the three metric images as presented in Kostka (1974). in Fig. 18, there are some gaps in the point cloud, mainly due to the shading effects caused by the variation of the illumination conditions during the image acquisition (typical areas are marked in Fig. 18). As shown in Fig. 19, the dress of the Buddha was rich in folds, which were between 5 and 15 cm in width. Many folds could not be exactly reconstructed with the automatic program. Fig. 19 also shows some of the problems that the automated matcher had to deal with: high noise values in the shadow areas, large differences between illuminated and shadow ...
Context 24
... point cloud, mainly due to the shading effects caused by the variation of the illumination conditions during the image acquisition (typical areas are marked in Fig. 18). As shown in Fig. 19, the dress of the Buddha was rich in folds, which were between 5 and 15 cm in width. Many folds could not be exactly reconstructed with the automatic program. Fig. 19 also shows some of the problems that the automated matcher had to deal with: high noise values in the shadow areas, large differences between illuminated and shadow areas, and artefacts (straight lines) from the photographic development process. Other reasons for failure are: the image patches of least squares matching are assumed to ...
Context 25
... the application, the metric images of Fig. 10(b) and (c) from Professor Kostka were used to reconstruct the 3D model. A regular image grid with 9 pixels spacing was matched using a patch size of 9 · 9 pixels and four pyramid levels. As a result, a very dense point cloud of approximately 178 000 points was generated (Fig. 21). The statue as well as the rock around it is well ...
Context 26
... the application, the metric images of Fig. 10(b) and (c) from Professor Kostka were used to reconstruct the 3D model. A regular image grid with 9 pixels spacing was matched using a patch size of 9 · 9 pixels and four pyramid levels. As a result, a very dense point cloud of approximately 178 000 points was generated (Fig. 21). The statue as well as the rock around it is well reconstructed, but due to the smoothness constraint and grid-point-based matching the small folds on the body of the Buddha were filtered or skipped and they are not visible. A 2AE5D Delaunay triangulation was applied for the surface modelling. Without losing its topology, the 3D ...
Context 27
... the vertical cylinder axis crossing the model centre and parallel to the original Y axis of the Cartesian object coordinate system; q is the Euclidean distance from the surface point to the z axis and h is the angle around the z axis. The 2AE5D triangulation was done in the hf plane and the final shaded model of the triangulated mesh is shown in Fig. 21, right. The shaded model looks ''bumpy'', mainly due to small measurement errors and inconsistencies in surface modelling. The central image of the metric data-set was mapped onto the 3D geometric surface to achieve a photorealistic virtual model (Fig. 22). The lower parts of the legs are not completely modelled because in the ...
Similar publications
In the great valley of Bamiyan, Afghanistan, two big standing Buddha statues were carved out of the sedimen-tary rock of the region around the second to fourth centu-ries AD. The larger statue was 53 meters high while the smaller Buddha measured 35 m. The two colossal statues were demolished in March 2001 by the Taleban, using mortars, dynamite and...
Citations
... Ultimately, metric images dating from 1970 proved to be the best for the 3D reconstruction of the Buddha statues. From these, a wireframe model was developed, and the object was physically reconstructed using 3D printing technology [13]. ...
The city of Warsaw, Poland, has endured significant damage throughout its history, particularly during World War II. The city was bombed in September 1939, and many buildings were blown up following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in May 1943. The Warsaw Uprising in August and September 1944 led to further destruction from artillery bombardments and fires. Even after the surrender and civilian evacuation in October 1944, additional demolitions occurred, leaving almost 90% of Warsaw in ruins. Despite ongoing efforts to rebuild the city, many landmarks could not be fully reconstructed. However, invaluable historical archives preserve remnants of Warsaw’s rich history. To reconstruct 3D models of pre-war buildings in Warsaw, a methodology was developed that integrates cartographic materials, spatial data, and results from tachymetric measurements. Historical maps, terrestrial and aerial photographs, and architectural blueprints from the National Archives in Warsaw were used to propose three distinct approaches to 3D modeling. Notable structures such as the Grand Synagogue, the Kamienica Theater building, and the Tłomackie buildings were selected for 3D modeling. These buildings either were destroyed or endured significant damage during the war. The 3D modeling process involved meticulous processing and calibrating of historical photographs alongside tachymetric surveying for accurate measurements. The proposed methodology showcases the feasibility of recreating 3D renderings of historical edifices, even those lost to time, utilizing archival cartographic data and spatial information from diverse sources. By leveraging cartographic heritage with digital advancements, a unique perspective on Warsaw’s narrative can be gained, enriching the understanding of its past for both residents and professionals such as historians, archivists, and cartographers.
... This practice dates to the invention of the method 100 years ago [23][24][25]. The digital reconstruction of archaeological sites based on archive images has been demonstrated on multiple occasions but has mostly focused on destroyed buildings, structures and features [26][27][28][29][30]. Fewer studies have used archive images to reconstruct archaeological excavations. ...
Over the last 30 years, high-resolution site documentation has rapidly developed, with analogue drawings and film photography being replaced with high-precision digital recordings. Today, most archaeological field data sets are produced using digital tools that store spatial and visual information in various digital formats directly, i.e., born-digital. A fully digital workflow makes the process of combining, comparing, and integrating field datasets quicker, easier, and potentially more analytically powerful. However, at sites where both analogue and born-digital data sets have been produced, additional procedural digitization steps are required before full data interoperability is achieved. In cases where the archaeological sites have a long excavation history, multiple generations of analogue and digital site documentation techniques have often been used, making it particularly challenging to physically reconstruct an excavated site based on its archival material. The Middle Stone Age site of Blombos Cave, South Africa, is a prime example of this type of challenging situation. This site features a more than 3-meter-deep and well-preserved archaeological sequence dated to between 300 and 100 000 years ago. Since it was initially excavated in 1991, multiple archaeological campaigns have been carried out (>15), and the excavations are still ongoing. The field documentation from Blombos Cave has, over the years, produced varied but rich datasets that have never been integrated into a single, coherent, and accessible archive. In this paper we evaluate the changes in excavation protocol at Blombos Cave over time, and we use this knowledge to digitally integrate and map the various stages of excavation within a three-dimensional framework using digital photogrammetry and archival photographs. The archaeological and analytical value of this approach is exemplified through multiple case studies, in which we demonstrate how and why the merging of old and new archaeological field data can lead to new results, specifically by offering more complete mapping and more accurate and analytically dynamic visualisations. The research history at Blombos Cave is not unique or site-specific. Our approach would be applicable to a wide variety of sites and contexts where long-running excavations have produced a mix of analogue and digital field data.
... Indeed, the global availability of smartphones and the increasing popularity of cameras and drones have transformed even non-professionals citizens into sensors (Goodchild, 2007). Since the requirements of quality and metric precision for the output model(s) can sometimes be more relaxed in landscape planning and design applications and in simulation reasoning at the territorial scale, professionally generated 3D digital reconstructions could theoretically be fuelled and periodically updated with videos, photos, lidar scans from mobile devices, etc. collected and shared by citizens(-scientists) and tourists (Grün et al., 2004;Agarwal et al., 2011;Wahbeh et al., 2016;Pezzica et al., 2019;Bshouty et al., 2020), who are becoming increasingly involved in and responsible for the management of landscape. This would also provide insights about the opinions, needs, and perceptions of local communities, useful to define design requirements and strategies (Nikšič et al., 2017;Witanto et al., 2018), as well as enable monitoring the places of greatest tourist concentration, with particular regard to local resources exposed to hazards. ...
Over the past three decades, the digital and information revolution has reshaped design methodologies, offering dynamic and multi-level modelling approaches. Urban Digital Twins have emerged as a powerful tool for Smart Cities, facilitating scenario assessments and citizen engagement. However, rural and mountainous areas face challenges due to poor connectivity and digital infrastructure, hindering technological advancements in design processes. This doctoral thesis aims to develop sustainable workflows for virtual landscape reconstructions, integrating diverse data sources and tools to support landscape and urban design in mountainous regions. The concept of a ready-made model is introduced, assembling digital procedures to address specific contextual challenges. The research employs qualitative and quantitative methodologies across different landscape scales and case studies in the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. Experimental-instrumental findings contribute to theoretical-methodological insights, enhancing understanding of complex territorial transformations. The thesis focuses on landscape topography, built environment, and green infrastructure, providing a holistic perspective for digital reconstruction and management. The ultimate goal is to create a Territorial Digital Twin, a three-dimensional repository of knowledge and simulator for resilient futures, bridging gaps in strategic planning and process management at the landscape scale.
... The caryatids, sculpted female figures that served as architectural supports, suffered significant disfiguration on the Acropolis in Athens as a result of the exposure to air pollution and mainly to sulfur dioxide (SO2) [9], [10]. The Bamiyan Buddhas, two giant statues carved into a cliff face in Afghanistan, were exploded by the Taliban in 2001 [11]. More recently, the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris suffered significant damage in a fire in 2019, putting centuries-old artefacts and structures at risk of being lost [12]. ...
... The focus of the current study is to investigate the mold risk of two timber historic buildings located in southern Norway. In many studies, the impact of climate change on the mold risk of timber elements has been investigated [9][10][11][12] by using the biohygrothermal model [13]. In [9,10,12], the mold risk of historically significant artifacts that are made of timber was investigated, while in [11], the focus was placed on the investigation of the mold growth risk on the log walls of a historic timber construction. ...
... In many studies, the impact of climate change on the mold risk of timber elements has been investigated [9][10][11][12] by using the biohygrothermal model [13]. In [9,10,12], the mold risk of historically significant artifacts that are made of timber was investigated, while in [11], the focus was placed on the investigation of the mold growth risk on the log walls of a historic timber construction. The biohygrothermal model accounts for the temperature and relative humidity on the surface of interest, and also for different substrate categories in order to calculate the mold growth in millimeters. ...
... The processing workflow of each set of images was performed independently in Metashape, where the alignment process was configured to high accuracy and no point limit settings. This initial stage entails the employment of SfM algorithms [101] to retrieve the spatial coordinates of points within the scene by correlating and subsequently analyzing the 2D pixel coordinates across various images [102,103]. The resulting matched tie points form a sparse point cloud that represents the reconstructed scene. ...
In recent decades, the scientific community has increasingly focused on extreme events linked to climate change, which are leading to more intense and frequent natural disasters. The Mediterranean can be considered a hotspot where the effects of these changes are expected to be more intense compared to other regions of the planet. Italy is not exempt; in fact, with its extensive shoreline, it is particularly vulnerable, especially to high sea levels and coastal erosions. In this framework, from late October to early November 2023, six storm surges occurred in the Gulf of Trieste (NE Italy). These events, characterized by winds from 190°N to 220°N and the significant wave height, which reached up to 1.81 m nearshore—an uncommon meteorological condition in the northern Adriatic Sea—caused the occurrence of eight coastal sinkholes and substantial damages to man-made structures. Thanks to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and their derived products (high-resolution orthomosaics, Digital Elevation Models—DEMs, and point clouds), it was possible to study these features over time, enabling long-term coastal dynamics monitoring, which can be crucial for timely and effective response and restoration efforts.
... This protocol allows the reconstruction of past knapping processes using archaeological material, which is a relevant contribution to the field. This dynamic approach to the visualisation of archaeological data is essential both to strengthen the preservation of the material culture and to promote the digital heritage [97][98][99][100][101]. In the case of stone tools, 3D reconstructions can preserve the pieces from residues and glues used in their study, as well as reducing the micro-chipping and edge breakage caused by the refitting process [55,63], which is beneficial for use-wear analysis. ...
Visual representation of material culture plays a crucial role in prehistoric archaeology, from academic research to public outreach and communication. Scientific illustration is a valuable tool for visualising lithic artefacts and refittings, where technical attributes must be drawn to enhance our understanding of their significance. However, the representation of lithic refittings, which involve dynamic and sequential transformations of a volume, requires an alternative approach to traditional two-dimensional models such as photography or illustration. Advances in imaging technologies have improved our ability to capture and communicate the multifaceted nature of archaeological artefacts. In this context, we present the ReViBE protocol (Refitting Visualisation using Blender Engine), which integrates photogrammetry, 3D modelling and the animation software Blender© for the virtual representation of lithic refittings. This protocol allows the sequential study of core reduction phases and their associated flakes, as well as other aspects related to knapping decision making (core rotations, surface modifications, and direction and position of impact points). Thus, this method allows the visualisation of techno-cognitive aspects involved in core reduction through a step-by-step animation process. In addition, the 3D models and virtual reconstructions generated by ReViBE can be accessed through open repositories, in line with the principles of open science and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data. This accessibility ensures that data on lithic technology and human behaviour are widely available, promoting transparency and knowledge sharing, and enabling remote lithic analysis. This in turn breaks down geographical barriers and encourages scientific collaboration.
... This method was applied to reconstruct the Buddha of Bamiyan in Afghanistan, a heritage site that was significantly damaged (Hammer et al. 2018;Grün et al. 2004). By interweaving historical narratives with AI capabilities, this study seeks to uncover new methodologies in cultural heritage preservation, contributing to the academic discourse within the digital humanities (Brisco et al. 2023;Kenig et al. 2023;Navarro-Mateu et al. 2021). ...
The preservation of cultural heritage has become increasingly important in the face of conflicts and natural disasters that threaten historical sites worldwide. This study explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically text-to-image generation technologies, in reconstructing heritage sites damaged by these adversities. Utilising detailed textual descriptions and historical records, this study employed AI to produce accurate visual representations of damaged heritage sites, bridging the gap between traditional documentation and modern digital reconstruction methods. This approach not only enhances the architectural design process across various disciplines but also initiates a paradigm shift towards more dynamic, intuitive, and efficient heritage conservation practices. The methodology integrates data collection, iterative AI-generated image production, expert review, and comparative analysis against historical data to evaluate reconstruction accuracy and authenticity. By integrating AI with traditional preservation practices, this study advocates a balanced approach to conserving cultural legacies, ensuring their preservation and revitalisation for future generations. Preliminary findings suggest that AI-generated imagery holds significant promise for enhancing digital heritage preservation by offering novel approaches for visualising and understanding historical sites. These findings also highlight the need to address ethical, technical, and collaborative challenges to enhance the precision, reliability, and applicability of AI technologies in the field of cultural heritage. This study contributes to digital humanities and archaeological conservation, demonstrating AI's potential to support and complement traditional heritage preservation methods and suggests a pathway for substantial methodological evolution in the field.
... Three-dimensional (3D) models created from archived photographs can aid in remote analysis and visualization, reducing the need for invasive physical interventions. Additionally, in cases of asset destruction, a digital copy must be created, as seen in the case of the Buddhas of Bamiyan [4]. In fact, three-dimensional imaging technology has become a significant tool in the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage assets. ...
The goal of this research is to make photogrammetric surveys of the walls of Cortona from 2012 accessible using new methodologies for recovering photographic material. This will allow a team of archaeologists to carry out a virtual reconnaissance of the surveyed stretch of wall as well as provide the basis for future investigations into any potential changes that may have occurred in the wall since 2012. Photogrammetry is a widely used technique in archaeology that can help researchers accurately measure, reconstruct, and analyze different architectural components of the wall. By using state-of-the-art photogrammetric techniques, including advanced computer vision algorithms, our team aims to produce high-quality 3D models and accurate measurements of different parts of the wall. The results of this research project will enable archaeologists to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the layout of the fortifications and the role of the Cortonese walls in the historical context of the area. Additionally, the research project will provide a detailed documentation of the wall that will be useful for both archaeological researchers and cultural heritage organizations. Finally, the research project will also provide the basis for future investigations into potential changes that may have occurred in the wall since 2012, which will be important for monitoring conservation and restoration efforts and providing an up-to-date record of the wall’s state of preservation.
... The research on the virtual restoration of cultural relics is growing. As a topic with a broad research scope, it mainly focuses on five perspectives: virtual splicing of broken cultural relics [2][3][4][5], virtual matching of missing parts of cultural relics [6][7][8], virtual restoration of the shape and structure of cultural relics and historical space [9,10], virtual reconstruction of ancient human's appearance [11][12][13], and virtual restoration of the colours and textures of objects. In terms of the virtual restoration of colours and textures. ...
This work proposes the virtual restoration of the Bodhidharma polychrome sculpture from the Lingyan Temple in China. Based on scientific analyses and simulation experiments, exterior colours and textures were virtually restored by combining 3D scanning and multi-view 3D reconstruction. At the same time, an efficient cultural relics high-fidelity information 3D modelling method was proposed. Colours and textures are essential for polychrome cultural relics, reflecting the historical appearance and technology. Due to long periods of natural ageing and the destruction of environmental factors, the colours and textures of polychrome sculptures are often altered or radically changed, making it difficult for people to appreciate the initial appearance. With the rapid development of digital technology and high-fidelity 3D modelling, virtual reality technology allows us to restore the appearance of cultural relics. This study expands the dimension of cultural relics exhibition, provides new perspectives for archaeology, art history and cultural heritage research, and provides a reference for the virtual restoration and digitalised archive of other cultural relics.
... Imagery can be obtained from various cameras ranging from large format metric cameras, where high accuracy and archival value are essential, to smaller format 35mm cameras which are helpful where access is restricted. Compared to standard aerial (orbital) photogrammetry, close-range photogrammetry collects images taken at a closer range [14,15]. One major drawback of photographic reconstruction is the need for post-processing. ...
The recent emergence of technology as digital tools has provided architects with possibilities for 3D modelling and simulation of built environments. Currently, the "digital twin" and Building Information Management (BIM) techniques enable analytical tools like connection analysis and energy performance modelling in tandem with the ideation of realistic 3D illustrations. These methods are now seen emerging in managing and documenting heritage structures. A Heritage Building Information Management (HBIM) platform is a multi-disciplinary process and a valuable tool to automate, manage, and document heritage structures. However, making the final product in an HBIM platform involves several laborious steps of processing, segmenting, and integrating raw data from different sources, such as laser-scanned point data and image data. Hence, an expedited, streamlined platform is necessary to facilitate conservation architects and other agencies involved in documenting, maintaining and interpreting heritage buildings and structures. Newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence can enhance previously unavailable opportunities to automate specific tasks and uncover paradigms through predictable simulations. For this, the researchers reviewed the literature on two fronts: i)Investigating process flow and identifying the issues and challenges in gathering digital data of the existing building effectively. ii)Reviewing the literature to understand the models and tech solutions that revolutionized building heritage building information models for practical use. This study unravels workflow patterns and challenges based on these two sections of this literature review. Further, this research explores and analyses the trends and techniques employed in a typical heritage Building Information Management (HBIM) platform. The focus is on AI's capabilities as a digital tool in different stages of documentation and interpretation, performance measurement and simulation of heritage buildings, such as energy performance modeling, 4D (3D+Time) for projects planning, cost solutions, and simulating the historical significance to propagate the importance of HBIM. This study referred to the progress in the scientific literature on HBIM after the initial studies of C. Dore, and M. Murphy (2009).
