Fig 2 - uploaded by D. Daniel
Content may be subject to copyright.
The BBN model of the PAMSIMAS project in Indonesia. The bars in each node show the probability that a node is in a certain state (existing condition).
Source publication
This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to analyze factors influencing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia. 28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed. The data indicates that 85.4% of the water supply s...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... complete BBN model is shown in Fig. 2 . The baseline conditions show that 3% of the systems were not functioning, 10% were partially functioning, and 87% were fully functioning, which is close to the actual conditions. The average model accuracy was 89.3%. The accuracy to predict not functioning, partially functioning, and fully functioning systems were 80.6%, 1.8%, and ...
Similar publications
This research aims to identify the sustainability driving factors of drinking water provision in the PAMSIMAS program in Kapongan Sub-District, Situbondo Regency, focusing on community participation based on environmental, social, economic, technological, and institutional dimensions. This study utilizes a quantitative approach with the Rap-SPAM an...
Citations
... Water and sanitation are fundamental to the well-being of any nation, impacting both public health and environmental sustainability (Shaw et al. 2022;Shukla et al. 2023;Zyoud and Zyoud 2023;Anthonj et al. 2024). In the archipelagic nation of Indonesia, characterized by its diverse landscapes, cultural richness, and growing population, the challenges and complexities of water and sanitation management are manifold (Daniel et al. 2023). As Indonesia continues to evolve and grow, the nation faces a series of pressing future challenges in water and sanitation management (Karon et al. 2017;Odagiri et al. 2020). ...
... Despite continued government focus, progress in lowering maternal mortality has stalled in recent years, underlining the need to better investigate potential underlying variables and develop effective interventions (Belton et al. 2014;Soedarmono 2017). A lack of water services impedes safe basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) (Daniel et al. 2023), impacting human health. According to a prior study, 60% of worldwide diarrhea deaths to WASH issues (Prüss-Ustün et al. 2019). ...
... Efforts to reduce open defecation, especially in rural and remote areas, involve a combination of strategies (Daniel et al. 2023). The construction of toilets, sewage systems, and waste treatment facilities can be challenging in these regions due to geographical constraints, limited resources, and traditional practices. ...
As an archipelagic tropical developing country, Indonesia is characterized by vast expanses of rural and isolated areas. This review aims to discuss water pollution and sanitation’s existing condition, health, and environmental impacts, alongside its management and challenges in Indonesia. The systematic review approach was utilized to ensure transparency and replicability, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Many water sources in Indonesia are contaminated by various pollutants such as heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Moreover, the existing water and wastewater treatment plants cannot completely remove pollutants, including bacteria that cause waterborne diseases. The lack of proper sanitation facilities, including toilets and latrines, is not only reported in rural areas but also in peri-urban regions of Indonesia. This situation forces many to rely on unimproved water sources, such as river water, for their daily use and engage in open defecation, which may increase the risk of direct exposure to waterborne contaminants. Insufficient sanitation has been linked to significant public health issues in Indonesia, including maternal health complications, childhood stunting, and an increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea. Based on the findings of this review, Indonesia still needs to improve its sanitation and water treatment facilities, as well as reduce pollution of the aquatic environment. This condition not only illustrates the condition of water and sanitation in Indonesia but can also be used as an illustration of how developing countries face various pollution and sanitation problems during the massive development and industry.
... Some of SPAMDes get the funding support from the Government (called as PAMSIMAS Project), while some depend on their own financial budget. In many cases, the financial status highly affects the sustainability of SPAMDes [5]. Besides, assurance or certainty which is the ability to provide trust to the community, and empathy, also have big contributed in the sustainability of SPAMDes [5]. ...
... In many cases, the financial status highly affects the sustainability of SPAMDes [5]. Besides, assurance or certainty which is the ability to provide trust to the community, and empathy, also have big contributed in the sustainability of SPAMDes [5]. In Indonesia, there were only 85.4% fully functioning PAMSIMAS, while the others were partially functioning and not functioning at all. ...
According to Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 122 of 2015 concerning Drinking Water Supply Systems, the Government is responsible for ensuring public access to drinking water. However, several areas in Yogyakarta are experiencing water shortages. One solution to overcome this situation is to build a community-based rural clean water supply system, called SPAMDes. Each SPAMDes has different characteristics regarding its management and maintenance system because it is managed directly by village community groups. This research aims to examine the characteristics of SPAMDes Tirto Sari Ponces which is located in Nanggulan sub-district, Kulon Progo Regency starting from management, services and network infrastructure conditions. It is hoped that this research can become supporting data for researchers, the government and related agencies so that they can plan an effective rural development program The methods used in this study are field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, the condition of the SPAMDes network infrastructure has not been well maintained. The operational system is still relatively simple and not comprehensive. The level of consumer satisfaction with water quality, water quantity, services provided, information media used in services, and the rates set are considered satisfactory.
... The relief characteristics of a watershed involve a comprehensive three-dimensional examination of the physical features of a drainage basin. This includes analyzing the basin in terms of its area, volume, and the evaluation of landforms (Daniel [13]). An essential aspect of the morphometric analysis of any drainage basin is the slope and slope aspect. ...
... Boxes 1 and 2 provide two examples of effective CM. Others exist, both in the region (SSA) and further afield in Indonesia (Daniel et al, 2023) and India (Hutchings et al, 2015), but they are few and far between. ...
There is a strong drive among many rural water professionals to move away from community management (which is deemed to have failed) to ‘professionalised’ service provision by private enterprises or public utilities.
I estimate that a few tens of millions of rural people in sub-Saharan Africa (the geographical focus of the paper) currently have a service provided by a ‘professional’ entity in this sense; and that a similar number may enjoy a community managed arrangement in the true sense (i.e. in which the community’s skills have been brought to an appropriate level for their various tasks, and in which there is a formal arrangement for external support). This may leave about 500 million rural people whose water service is effectively unmanaged.
I argue that the apparent failure of community management is a problem of implementation, not so much the model itself as origi-nally envisaged. This failure is largely that of implementers neglecting to ensure the existence of adequate community capacity and exter-nal support.
The transition to professional management arrangements will take time. Systems which are currently effectively unmanaged should in-creasingly be supported by local governments and their develop-ment partners. At the same time more experimentation with service provision by private enterprises and public utilities should be encour-aged, and the learning from such transition experiments be properly documented.
I conclude with five principles for the transition, urging (a) realistic time scales, (b) genuine public participation, (c) experimentation and learning, (d) a recognition of the unpredictability of the change pro-cess, and (e) openness to a plurality of outcomes.
... In Morocco, residents' satisfaction with their current housing construction types relatively affects their future living choices 15 . Daniel et al. 16 noted that Indonesia has a significant young population in rural areas, with many enterprises operating in these regions. Consequently, young Indonesians prefer staying in their current rural homes for the foreseeable future. ...
Understanding farmers’ future residential preferences and the factors affecting these choices is crucial for tackling the issues related to hollow village management and rural planning. Despite limited research on the role of the family life cycle, this study explores how the family life cycle, characteristics of the household head, livelihood strategies, and resource availability shape farmers’ future residential preferences. Data were collected from 777 households in China’s main grain-producing area. The findings reveal that 52.90% of households prefer to stay in their current rural residences. Other favored options are elderly care facilities (13.90%), living with children in the village (12.36%), and ancestral homes (11.68%). The family life cycle significantly affects these preferences (p < 0.01), with changes in family structure and age leading to different living choices. Specifically, households in the initial (71.29%), burden (70.32%), and stable stages (40.14%) prefer their current rural residences, while those in the maintenance and empty-nest stages opt for living with their children’s residences (22.22% and 16.96%, respectively) or in elderly care facilities (30.00% and 33.93%). Meanwhile, age, health, income, livelihood strategies, and land ownership also markedly influence the choice of residence. Recommendations include educational programs for elderly rural residents, improving older individuals’ adaptability to rural changes, creating more rural employment opportunities, and enhancing medical and infrastructural services for the sustainable rural development.
... Several of these studies investigated correlates of functionality or other sustainability indicators using a variety of methods, including cross-sectional surveys (DuChanois et al., 2019;Fisher et al., 2015;Foster, 2013;Foster, Shantz, et al., 2018;Whittington et al., 2009), Bayesian network analysis (Cronk & Bartram, 2017;Daniel et al., 2023), survival analysis , and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (Marks et al., 2018). Findings suggest a range of factors that predict sustainability, including community participation; private ownership; infrastructure age; and community management factors including financial management, access to external support, and distance to urban centers (a proxy for spare part availability) (Cronk & Bartram, 2017;Daniel et al., 2023;Davis et al., 2008;Foster, 2013;Foster, Shantz, et al., 2018;Fisher et al., 2015;Marks et al., 2018;Whittington et al., 2009). ...
... Several of these studies investigated correlates of functionality or other sustainability indicators using a variety of methods, including cross-sectional surveys (DuChanois et al., 2019;Fisher et al., 2015;Foster, 2013;Foster, Shantz, et al., 2018;Whittington et al., 2009), Bayesian network analysis (Cronk & Bartram, 2017;Daniel et al., 2023), survival analysis , and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (Marks et al., 2018). Findings suggest a range of factors that predict sustainability, including community participation; private ownership; infrastructure age; and community management factors including financial management, access to external support, and distance to urban centers (a proxy for spare part availability) (Cronk & Bartram, 2017;Daniel et al., 2023;Davis et al., 2008;Foster, 2013;Foster, Shantz, et al., 2018;Fisher et al., 2015;Marks et al., 2018;Whittington et al., 2009). The majority of these studies focus on a single water supply infrastructure type or one geographic location. ...
... As the prevalence of rural piped water system increases, there is a need for a standard functionality definition for piped water systems, as they have been introduced for hand pumps (Bonsor et al., 2018;Fallas et al., 2018;Smith et al., 2023). Some studies define piped system functionality with regard to a proportion of system taps with water available (Daniel et al., 2023;Davis et al., 2008;Marks et al., 2018), but this requires a clear understanding of system networks, something unavailable in this study and others (Cronk & Bartram, 2017). Standard definitions are also needed for types of mechanized systems, which vary throughout the literature (Andres et al., 2018;Cronk & Bartram, 2017;Joesph et al., 2019). ...
Sustained functionality of rural water systems is a global challenge. Research on factors contributing to rural water system functionality is largely restricted to hand pumps from single geographies. We analyzed monitoring data from 10 drinking water supply programs in nine sub‐Saharan African and South Asian countries collected between 2017 and 2020. Data included 1,805 randomly selected water points (tap stands, spring protections, rainwater collection, and boreholes and hand‐dug wells with hand pumps) from two cross‐sectional samples: older construction (1–12 years old) and new construction (<1 year). Data collection included observations of water point functionality (“water available”) and management committee questionnaires. Overall, 79% of older construction and 92% of new construction water points were functional. In a mixed effects logistic regression to identify factors contributing to functionality within the older construction sample, piped water tap stands had lower odds of functioning than boreholes with hand pumps (OR = 0.26, 95% CI:0.15–0.46). Water points in communities with fewer available water points, those with operational water management committees (which meet often, collect fees, and can name someone for maintenance), and those with financial savings were associated with higher functionality. As piped water system provision increases in line with international development goals, our results suggest that the benefits of providing higher levels of water service should be carefully considered alongside the technological, institutional, and financial investment required to operate and maintain more complex piped water systems in rural settings.
... More importantly, rural SSA is yet to make significant progress in access to safe water with almost 43% of the populace in the sub-region living with no hope of access to safe water (Asefa et al., 2023). Spatial variations in access to safe water caused by climate change and variability (Dongzagla et al., 2022;Matlakala et al., 2023), institutional failures and power relations (Ahiabli et al., 2023;Daniel et al., 2023;Gbedemah et al., 2022), financial challenges (Achore et al., 2020;Ghana Statistical Service, 2021;Venkataramanan et al., 2020) among others critically explain the dynamics of access and constraints to safe water in developing regions including the Upper West Region of Ghana. This study draws on the theory of access to understand the challenges and coping strategies of safe water access in a rural setting of Ghana. ...
... Thus, only 57% of the population in SSA can boast of access to improved water sources. Therefore, the adoption of various water treatment strategies and alternative measures like promoting the continued functioning of community-based water supply systems in rural areas is emphasized in the literature (Asefa et al., 2023;Daniel et al., 2023). ...
Households’ access to safe drinking water remains a forlorn hope in sub-Saharan Africa because of the continuous deterioration in water quality and quantity. The impacts on livelihoods are particularly dire for rural households who are at high risk of collecting unsafe and insufficent water. In our quest to provide safely managed water services for all by 2030 as envisioned by SDG target 6.1, knowledge of rural households’ water collection experiences and challenges are essential for policy decisions on rural water supply. Yet, few studies have explored how rural households navigate access to safe drinking water. Our study draws on a descriptive survey design, involving face-to-face semi-structured interviews and observation to gain insight on how rural households in the Siriyiri community of Ghana access drinking water. Critical water access challenges unpacked in the study were long distances to water sources, high water collection time, high cost of buying water and head portage of water amidst concerns about the water being contaminated. Inadequate access to safe drinking water in rural communities, and the Siriyiri community in particular, is exacerbated by dysfunctional hand pump boreholes, the main source of water supply. Households cope with water insecurity through water storage, collection of water from privately-owned sources, building of water infrastructure (self-supply), re-use of wastewater, dependence on multiple water sources and travelling to distant locations to collect water. Based on the findings, the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, and District Assemblies should provide network water systems that are accessible on premises or via standpost in all water-stressed rural communities.
... Such village water groups take different forms, and also include BUMDes, a village owned enterprise. There have been three periods of the PAMSIMAS program: PAMSIMAS I (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), PAMSIMAS II (2013, and PAMSIMAS III (2016-2022) (Daniel et al., 2022). The national government is currently formulating the "new generation" PAMSIMAS which will start in 2024. ...
In this report, we provide an overview of selected climate change risks to community-based rural water supply in Indonesia. The focus is on the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project or Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (PAMSIMAS) program (Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Program), one of the largest community-based rural water supply programs in the world. We develop provincial level risk maps of five hazard-related dimensions (rainfall, sea level rise, drought, flood, and water availability in the watershed), and three vulnerability dimensions including, functionality of rural water supply, financial condition of the water board, and women’s involvement in management at the province level. We also provide provincial level risk maps for the current state of two important service outcomes (household water availability and water source quality). Publicly available data were used to develop the maps. The potential PAMSIMAS system and rural population affected were also estimated.
... The GCA on the upstream-downstream water supply system PPP concept is not only limited to the Central Government but also involves Regional/Local Governments. A Memorandum of Understanding and Integration Agreement will serve as the legal foundation for implementing the Upstream-Downstream Water Supply System PPP project (Daniel et al., 2023;Grimsey & Lewis, 2002;Eljawati et al., 2022). The partnership agreement was created to prevent future upstream-downstream issues in the water supply system PPP project. ...
Water supply system management for providing proper services to the community is a challenge for the Government of Indonesia. The Indonesian government through the Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) scheme involves the role of the private sector for decent, quality, and cost-effective water supply system infrastructure. This study aims to describe problems faced by the Regional water supply system PPP project initiated by business entities (unsolicited) in Indonesia. Also, describes the application of Critical Success Factors as a problem-solving strategy in the implementation of the water supply system PPP project. To express this, This research uses a case study qualitative method involving Government Contracting Agency (GCA) informants from the Ministry of X. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentation studies. It was found that in this case, the water supply PPP project has gone through the stages of PPP agreement signing which still faced problems in land provision, the certainty of raw water sources, inflation, tariff setting, and downstream infrastructure development. GCA seeks to resolve the problem with intensive coordination between related parties, financial and non-financial compensation, alternative sources of raw water, and support from the GCA Budget for downstream development.
... Three types of management models with respect to the number values of 1 (Commune People's Committee), of 2 (Joint-stock cooperative), and of 3 (Private enterprise). [36,39] Design_cap The total capacity of the water system (m 3 /day-night) [11,15,38] Performance Is equal to the actual capacity divided by the design capacity (%) [11,15,38] Lifespan Determined by the number of years that the system has been operated to the present (years) [39,40] Invest_rate Calculated by the total investment cost divided by the capacity of the system (million VND/m 3 ) [41] Source: Summarized by the authors. ...
Clean water and sanitation is a global issue that has recently received special attention from governments and international organizations, as they essential to enhance people’s health and foster socio-economic development in different countries. Therefore, one of the United Nations’ Millennium Goals is to ensure access to safe drinking water for all as its target by 2030. However, ensuring water supply in rural regions, especially in developing countries, is a challenge. To meet the target, investing in infrastructure and maintaining the sustainability of water systems is crucial. This study takes into account the role of the management model of rural water supply systems and its relationship with the sustainability of the water systems. A weighing procedure for a sustainability assessment of rural water systems for the current study was proposed, then an ordered logit regression model was applied to examine the relationship between types of water system management models and the sustainability of the water systems in the context of Vietnam. The results from this study showed that type of management model had an influence on the sustainability of rural water supply systems, and the private management model was considered the one that significantly contributed to the sustainability of the rural water systems in the study area. The study provides some lessons learned for researchers in the field of rural water supply to select appropriate approaches to assess the sustainability of water systems and for policymakers to modify current policies toward more sustainable development of water infrastructure in the future, especially in developing countries.
