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1 Th e circumplex model of aff ect. Th e circumplex model describes aff ect in terms of the two orthogonal dimensions of valence and activation. From " Th e structure of currect aff ect: Controversies and emerging consensus, " by L. Feldman Barrett and J. A. Russell, 1999, Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 8, 11. Copyright 1999 by the American Psychological Society. Reprinted with permission.
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As recent developments attest, public policy makers will continue to make decisions involving consumer behavior whether or not research evidence is available. If these decisions are to be based on adequate research, the marketer must recognize and respond to the needs of the public policy maker and the weaknesses of present research. The authors dr...
It has long been recognized that the purchasing behavior of consumers depends not only on the product characteristics but also on other considerations such as their intrinsic desire for exclusivity. We study the implications of such consumer behavior on the design and introduction decisions for a durable product, namely the durability and pricing c...
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... On the other hand, emotion plays a decisive role in subjective environmental perception (Sakhaei et al., 2022b), which encompasses different positive or negative affective states that represent motivational phenomena from neuro-physiological, experiential, or expressive factors in the environment (Dormann, 2003). Multiple studies have highlighted the architecture-emotion interactions in which effective spatial stimuli arouse emotions (Altman and Stodols, 1987;Cohen and Areni, 1991;Cacioppo et al., 2000;Radberg and Steffner, 2003;Cho and Kim, 2017). Architecture as a built environment directly impacts human emotion, perception, behavior, preference, and brain response (Khaleghimoghaddam et al., 2022). ...
... As previously explored (Elliott and Quintino, 2019), these changes can be a sign of autonomic bodily responses to stimuli, which were changes in architectural forms in this experiment. The meaningful changes in physiological feedback in subjects illustrated that emotional arousal may have played an influential role when participants were observing different scenes, as echoed in multiple studies (Altman and Stodols, 1987;Cohen and Areni, 1991;Cacioppo et al., 2000;Radberg and Steffner, 2003;Cho and Kim, 2017). Also, the NAQ's significant changes between pre-event and post-event assessments validated the previous claim that subjects' emotional and mental states can be altered when being exposed to various spatial stimuli (Persiani et al., 2021). ...
Objectives: Human perception of the built environment affects emotional and physiological states. This research focused on the association between evaluating a space's visual qualities and physiological responses by mediating film contents to indicate the association between physiological indicators and assessing the quality of space in the presence of environmental stimuli.
Method: Data collection was conducted using a psychological questionnaire and physiological indicators of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), skin resistance level (SRL), and body temperature (BT) during the film screening. The ANOVA was conducted to compare different variables in the three films alongside linear regression to analyze the impact of variables on space quality. Spearman correlation coefficient analyses were performed to find the association between variables.
Results: The descriptive statistics showed significant changes in psychological and physiological variables in films. Associations between the NAQ factor and physiological changes in HR, SBP, and DBP factors were significant. The results derived from the simple and multiple linear regressions depicted the significant impact of physiological factors on HR and BP on perceiving the quality of space.
Conclusion: It was concluded that physiological changes caused by emotional arousal could be strongly associated with psychological assessments. Stimuli-affected video contents illustrating architectural spaces could efficiently extract the impact of physiological states and human cognitive responses to the space quality. Physiological characteristics related to the space appraisal could help realize the human-environment interaction in a multi-layered approach to the built environment and spatial cognition.
... Regarding assessing the impact of spatial components on architectural experience, the previous studies (Stokolos & Altman, 1987;Cohen & Areni, 1991;Cacioppo et al., 2001;Radberg & Steffner, 2003;Eun Cho & Kim, 2017) have introduced color, light, texture (touch), sound, and odor as sensory measurements. In addition, they have introduced largeness, height, width, depth, geometry, order, proportion, and rhythm as perceptual measures (physical factors). ...
A review of the studies that have been conducted in the field of architectural evaluation reveals that there is insufficient evidence on objective understanding of how architectural components psychologically affect users. This study draws on advances in neuroscience and aims to objectively examine the neurological process of spatial evaluation to create a pleasant environment for users. Research has used quantitative and experimental methods such as surveys and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To observe the brain's neural responses and to understand how it works when users evaluate architectural spaces, 36 participants' brains were scanned with an MRI scanner. In addition, 250 volunteers were asked to participate in a survey experiment to determine the contribution of each sensational and perceptional component to the users' spatial evaluation. The results showed that the spatial experience of architecture is involved in the brain's regional, emotional, perceptual, beauty judgment, and evaluation system. Also, the results revealed that pleasant spaces contribute much better to architectural design than unpleasant spaces due to higher attention and memory effects. Furthermore, the results showed that the texture and geometry have a greater ability to produce a pleasant and unpleasant sensation and perception. The high number of patients referred to the radiology polyclinic during the week posed serious problems for the researcher in renting an fMRI scanner and performing the imaging. It is expected that incorporating neuroscience findings into an architectural experience in the form of data can create new perspectives and solutions for qualified architectural design that addresses users' psychological responses and considers their environmental behavior and satisfaction.
... According to Cohen and Areni (1991), an effective response motivates some cognitive responses because buyers use cognitive reactions to validate their preference. Thus, if a customer likes an item, they may justify their preference by thinking it's high-quality or cost-effective. ...
With the current drastic changes in global weather, more countries are worried about the sustainability of the ecosystem. Global leaders are more concerned about the drastic climate change, and various initiatives are being taken to prevent further damage to the ecosystem. In Malaysia, the transportation sector, mainly motor vehicles, emitted approximately 97% of carbon monoxide to the environment, causing harmful air pollution. Because of this, green vehicles were introduced to overcome this problem. However, there remain various challenges that may impede or trigger the interest of Malaysian consumers in accepting green vehicles. Thus, this study applies the cognitive-affection model to predict the consumers’ intention to accept green vehicles. Using a purposive sampling among current vehicle drivers, a face-to-face survey was conducted and gathered a total of 606 responses. Data were analysed using statistical measurements such as descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Five latent factors such as consumers’ acceptance, perceived quality, perceived value (environmental concern, acquisition and maintenance cost), and government policies were identified. The results indicated that perceived value (environmental concern), perceived quality, and government policies have a strong positive relationship with consumers’ acceptance. The perceived value showed a negative relationship with consumer acceptance, indicating that consumers would only consider accepting green vehicles if they were cheaper and had a low maintenance cost.
... Secondly, it should be emphasized that tourists feel strong emotions when they enjoy the different resources of the destination (Del and have multiple interactions with local people (Stylidis, 2020). In general, emotions leave affective memory traces, which are especially relevant in people's subsequent evaluations (Cohen and Areni, 1991). The post-visit affective image can thus be considered a powerful variable in explaining tourists' loyalty since this type of image is mainly based on the emotions and feelings experienced at the destination (Li et al., 2021). ...
This paper examines how tourist behaviour is conditioned by the COVID-19 pandemic, developing a theoretical framework that considers not only traditional variables such as image, satisfaction, and variety seeking, but also the risks perceived during a pandemic to better explain loyalty towards a tourist destination. Moreover, the paper explores whether the effects of these variables differ in loyalty formation if people who consider visiting a destination in their country again are compared to people who contemplate travelling again to an international destination. Empirical evidence from a survey sample comprising more than 1000 Spanish tourists shows that pandemic-related risks differently influence the tourist loyalty dimensions intention to revisit and recommend both a national destination (441 respondents) and an international destination (600 respondents). Finally, affective image and satisfaction are the main drivers of loyalty in both subsamples.
... Additionally, both attitudes and emotions can be evaluated based on their valence, extremity, and arousal (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2009). Thus, the main distinctions that can be made are based on the duration (Mulligan & Scherer, 2012), intensity (Cohen & Areni, 1991) and rapidity of change (Scherer, 2005). Emotions can be considered states that last for a short period (Mulligan & Scherer, 2012), change rapidly (Scherer, 2005), are considered intense, and can be expressed physically (Bagozzi et al., 1999). ...
... Emotions can be considered states that last for a short period (Mulligan & Scherer, 2012), change rapidly (Scherer, 2005), are considered intense, and can be expressed physically (Bagozzi et al., 1999). Attitudes differ from emotions in that they are considered to be evaluative judgements (Cohen & Areni, 1991) and enduring beliefs that last for longer periods and are associated with a specific object (Scherer, 2005). Whether novelty should be studied from the perspective of emotions or attitudes depends on the context and purpose of the study, but this study proposes that a combination of these could be beneficial for broadening our understanding of this construct. ...
Novelty is often depicted as the essence of travelling and is gaining attention in the tourism literature. However, the understanding of novelty is diverse, with multiple theoretical perspectives and a lack of consensus regarding its definition and conceptualisation. This study integrates different theoretical perspectives and presents an extended analysis of the progress of novelty in tourism, both chronologically and thematically. The findings indicate three thematic clusters categorised based on the core of novelty, its antecedents, and consequences, evolving through different time periods. The results show that the core is mostly based on emotional appraisal attributes, is influenced by novelty-seeking personality traits, and can drive consequences including tourist satisfaction, loyalty, and value. Future research can explore an integrated theoretical perspective based on defining novelty in tourism as an attitudinal belief with varying degrees of valence, extremity, and arousal in the evaluative space, which connects novelty to other relevant antecedents and consequences.
... They removed from the definition of emotions adjectives referring to non-valenced cognitions (such as interest and surprise), physiological states (such as fatigued and drooping) and subjective appraisals of persons (such as self-confident or abandoned). Similar to Clore et al. (1987) [38], Cohen and Areni (1991) [39] also used the affective notion of emotions in their definition and described them as 'affective states characterized by episodes of intense feelings associated with a specific referent and instigate specific response behaviors', whereas Niedenthal et al. (2017) [11], based on the valenced tone of the Clore et al. (1987) [38] definition, described emotions as 'valenced responses to situations that entail synchronized patterns of appraisals, experiences, physiological changes, expressions, and/or behavioral tendencies'. Abdelkader and Bouslama (2014) [40] stated that 'emotions have some degree of intensity-positive or negative-associated to a stimulus that disrupts a stable state of the individual'. ...
... They removed from the definition of emotions adjectives referring to non-valenced cognitions (such as interest and surprise), physiological states (such as fatigued and drooping) and subjective appraisals of persons (such as self-confident or abandoned). Similar to Clore et al. (1987) [38], Cohen and Areni (1991) [39] also used the affective notion of emotions in their definition and described them as 'affective states characterized by episodes of intense feelings associated with a specific referent and instigate specific response behaviors', whereas Niedenthal et al. (2017) [11], based on the valenced tone of the Clore et al. (1987) [38] definition, described emotions as 'valenced responses to situations that entail synchronized patterns of appraisals, experiences, physiological changes, expressions, and/or behavioral tendencies'. Abdelkader and Bouslama (2014) [40] stated that 'emotions have some degree of intensity-positive or negative-associated to a stimulus that disrupts a stable state of the individual'. ...
The aim of this research is to examine the influence of customer experience on the customers’ emotions–customers’ behavioral intentions relationship. Moreover, this study seeks to obtain data that will help to address this research gap in the passenger transportation industry. A large-scale survey on the coastal line shipping industry was conducted. The random sampling methodology was employed, and the target respondents were ferry passengers. The anonymized questionnaires were completed by 840 passengers. The data were analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and regression analysis. The findings verified application of the adopted (customer experience, emotions) and adapted (behavioral intentions) measurement instruments in the examined customer journey in the passenger shipping sector and indicated the mediating role of customer experience in the relationship between customers’ emotions and customers’ behavioral intentions. A distinguishing feature of this work is that it measures and assesses emotions during the customer journey and not afterward based on recall journeys. Additionally, although academics have carried out extensive research on the emotions–behavioral intentions relationship, very little is known about the role of customer experience in this relationship. Thus, what is not yet clear is the impact of customer experience on the emotions–behavioral intentions relationship. Additionally, the measurement instruments used to test this research hypothesis were empirically tested for the first time in the passenger shipping service environment.
... Baek (2016) (Holbrook & Batra, 1987). 기분에 비하여 감정은 상대적으로 강도가 높고, 일반적으로 자극대상과 관련된 개념 이라고 하였다 (Cohen & Areni, 1991 (Je, 2017). 본 연구는 Cronbach's α 계수를 사용하여 신 ...
This study was conducted to verify the symbolic narrative, brand image, and customer's emotional response of hair salon Juno. The subjects of this study were 450 customers who use beauty salons, and data were collected through self-response questionnaires about the symbol mark narrative, brand image, and customer response. The results of this study are as follows. First, there is a significant positive correlation between symbolic narratives and brand images. Second, symbolic narrative had a significant positive (+) effect on customer's emotional response. Third, it was found that brand image had a mediating effect on customer's emotional response. Based on the results of this study, a plan to increase the revisit intention of beauty salon customers was suggested.
... Emotions exert a powerful influence on tourism experiences (Cohen et al., 2014), and are considered affective states characterized by episodes of intense feelings associated with a specific referent and instigating specific response behaviors (Cohen & Areni 1991). Tourism products (e.g., destinations, amusement parks, museums, festivals, and events) are the ideal places for generating rich experiences, while having the potential to evoke very strong emotional responses (Otto & Ritchie, 1996). ...
Tourism businesses pay significant attention to creating unique tourism experiences for their customers. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the tourism experience is developed. With a sample of 277 respondents, this study examines three well-established tourism experience scales and tests whether they hold separately as well as collectively. The study follows a Bayesian paradigm, where we extract the model from the quantitative data, the data drives our study and not a predefined model. We identify a composite tourism experience scale with five factors (reverie, tourismscape, contemplation, transformation, and amusement) and test its influence on perceived value and revisit intention toward the destination. The results show that instead of measuring the tourism experience comprehensively, the three tested scales only do so partially. The calculations propose a diverging item assignment to the dimensions. The results suggest that when researchers and practitioners apply these scales, their instability might mislead them. The study recommends a combined five-dimensional scale that measures the entire tourism experience better. We discuss the results’ theoretical and managerial implications, as well as further research directions arising from this study.
Keywords: tourism experience; outcomes; Bayesian approach
... Although the relationship between the built environment and emotional aspects of human beings has received increased interest in urban planning research in recent years, it remains a relatively new approach in the field of tourism geography (Raslan, Al-Hagla, & Bakr, 2014). Therefore, it makes it possible to conclude that emotions play a key role in understanding tourist behavior and experiences (Cohen & Areni, 1991). From the perspective of the tourism experience, sensory experiences are said to be unforgettable for children, affecting their future preferences (Schänzel & Lynch, 2016). ...
This study focuses on Generation Z, which is one of the most intriguing groups in terms of the future of tourism. The research questions of this study focus on what the landscape components that attract the attention of Generation Z in a tourism destination embrace, and how this interest can be operationalized in the tourism planning of that destination. The research was designed with an interpretive approach as the perceptions regarding landscape will differ according to the social location of the tourists. On-site observation studies were conducted with volunteer members from Generation Z, data being collected, and then analyzed with content analysis. The main findings of the study are as follows: Generation Z members enjoy interacting with local residents at a destination; they find traditional architecture and everyday-life interesting; and morphology, one of the natural environmental characteristics, is fascinating to Generation Z.
... As the actual behavior of consumers constitutes an important subject in consumer research (e.g. Ajzen, 2008;Cohen & Areni, 1991), we believe that our research would advance current consumer research through providing scholars with a better understanding of customer behavioral reactions in a queue. ...
Research on wait management has almost exclusively focused on customer affective response, trying to mitigate their negative emotions. As such, prior studies appear to be motivated by the assumption that encouraging customers to quit the wait is not an option. Our study challenges this assumption by proposing that during peak hours or for customers who are unlikely to get served within a reasonable time frame, the firm should consider applying tactics to skillfully guide them to quit the wait. We examine the effects of apologies and explanations on customer emotional and behavioral responses to waiting in a telephone queue setting. In two field studies and two lab studies, we find that apologies with a high-control explanation (which indicates that the firm has a high degree of control over the situation) versus a low-control explanation, result in greater attribution of locus to the service provider. In turn, this leads to greater customer call abandonment but, crucially, will not generate additional negative emotions from customers. Our study offers a new research angle by incorporating an operational perspective into customer experience management. Our findings can be applied to help service providers better manage the flow of customer calls while avoiding negative customer sentiments.
