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The effects of different algal diets on the mortality, apparent ingestion, weight, length and conversion rates of the European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) maintained in a semi-closed seawater system throughout the year were compared. Various combinations of red algae (Palmaria palmata, Ceramium rubrum and Chondrus crispus cultured or harvested f...
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This study aimed to develop new canned chub mackerel products incorporating edible seaweeds (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus spiralis, Saccorhiza polyschides, Chondrus crispus, Porphyra sp. and Ulva sp.) harvested in the Portuguese North-Central coast, with simultaneous sensory improvement and minerals enrichment. Two processes were compared, namely the...
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... The abalone is a grazing gastropod which feeds on various macroalgae and preferentially on the red alga Palmaria palmata (Basuyaux et al. 2018). Besides their ecological importance as primary consumers, abalones are economically important since they are widely consumed in Asian countries, and are among the most studied models used as marine gastropods in ecotoxicological studies (Bryan et al. 1977;Huang et al. 2010;Mottin et al. 2010;Liu et al. 2011). ...
To protect metal structures immersed in the sea from corrosion, the galvanic anode cathodic protection system (GACP) is often applied. However, this association leads to continuous oxidation of the galvanic anode and therefore to a release of a metal cocktail in the forms of ions or oxy-hydroxides. Therefore, the main objective of our study was to investigate the toxicity of elements released from the dissolution of an aluminium-based galvanic anode (∼95% Al, ∼5% Zn, <0.1% for In, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe) on a grazing gastropod, the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. The present study was carried out in complement to other research currently in submission. Gastropods were exposed for 16 weeks (12 weeks of exposure and 4 weeks of decontamination phase) to 6 conditions including a control, 4 concentrations based on total aluminium level (86, 425, 1096 and 3549 µg L⁻¹) and a trophic control, corresponding to abalones placed in non-contaminated natural seawater but fed with contaminated algae. The effects of metals on growth, glycogen levels, brix index of hemolymph, MDA levels in digestive gland and gills, hemocyte phagocytic activity, ROS production, lysosomal system and the progress of gametogenesis were investigated throughout the entire exposure allowing the realization of kinetics. The results revealed that the aluminium-based anode does not seem to have an effect on the health status of the individuals for environmentally realistic concentrations. However, in extreme conditions strong effects were reported on the growth, immune system and reproduction of abalone.
... Our results of the different parameters reflecting the growth and nutrition of young abalones under control conditions are in agreement with values found in a previous study focusing on the importance of Palmaria palmata in the diet of H. tuberculata (Basuyaux et al. 2018). As shown in the results, all parameters were significantly affected from 494.9 µg L −1 of Al. ...
In the marine environment, the galvanic anode cathodic protection system (GACP) undergoes oxidation and releases metals in the forms of ions or oxy-hydroxides into the environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of a cocktail of metals released from the dissolution of an aluminium-based galvanic anode (~ 95% Al, ~ 5% Zn) on the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Juveniles were exposed for 16 weeks (i.e. 12 weeks of exposure and 4 weeks of decontamination phase) and their growth, intake rate, conversion rate and metallic concentrations were monitored. A total of 6 conditions were tested: a control, 4 concentrations based on Al and a trophic control. Results showed that the mortality reached 57% for individuals exposed to 1125 µg L⁻¹ of Al, and the abalone growth significantly decreased for an Al concentration greater than 495 µg L⁻¹. At the highest exposure concentration, intake rate measurements revealed that the appetite of abalones was affected, supported by the large increase in the conversion rate which was indicative of a poor feed efficiency. The monitoring of metallic concentrations showed that H. tuberculata strongly bioconcentrated Al relative to zinc. The diet did not appear to be the primary pathway for metal entry. Concentrations that significantly impacted abalone growth and survival during the experiment were higher than those found in natural environment, but the bioconcentration of Al into the tissues of a primary consumer such as abalone may be a potential pathway for Al to enter food webs.
... The oscillation in seawater seasonal properties might also negatively affect physiology, stress response and, ultimately, the survival of scallops in the Northern Adriatic [15,16]. In mollusks, the cellular immune system is composed of hemocytes and their phagocytic immune response is the first line of defense, but it is also equipped with an array of other tissue defense mechanisms [17]. The tissue responses to seasonal variations in green ormers and Mediterranean scallops in the Northern Adriatic have not been reported. ...
In the shallow Northern Adriatic, marine mollusks are affected by bottom trawling and seafood disturbance. Seasonal oscillations of oceanographic factors additionally influence their physiology, stress responses and survival. Tissue responses to seasonal variations in green ormer (Haliotis tuberculata L.) and Mediterranean scallop (Pecten jacobaeus L.) in the Northern Adriatic have not been reported. Hence, their biochemical and antioxidant defense properties over seasons were studied and the microanatomical structure of their tissue was correlated with function. Histological analysis of gonads revealed two peaks of gonadal maturation and spawning during the spring/summer period and winter season for scallops, and one peak during the fall for ormers. The gonadal maturation of both species was correlated with their seasonal variations of metabolic demands and antioxidant capacity. The lipid vacuoles of tubuloacinar terminations in the digestive gland differed between the two species; in scallop they are several-fold larger in size and number. Low temperatures in winter contributed to a decline in enzymatic antioxidant defense in scallop tissues, having lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and higher concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant status (TAS). In ormers, winter induced lower TAS, TBARS, SOD and GPx concentrations. The significant difference of winter TAS and TBARS levels between ormers and scallops was correlated with variations in their reproductive cycles, as well as in antioxidant defense systems. The most important factor for stress-related parameters for both species in this work was found to be the season-induced temperature change.
... Only a few studies directly compared the effects of different macroalgal diets on growth focusing on their seasonal composition changes on the long term (Basuyaux et al., 2018) and on a commercial scale (Nelson et al., 2002). The first objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value of eight monospecific seaweed diets and their respective impact on the growth and reproduction of H. tuberculata, reared in large sea-based growing structures during one year. ...
... gave moderate growth performances while U. lactuca and stipes of L. hyperborea presented the lowest growth performances. Previous studies on H. tuberculata have shown that diets based on P. palmata produced better growth rates than most of the algae found in Europe (Mercer et al., 1993;Mai et al., 1996;Viera et al., 2015;Basuyaux et al., 2018). In addition, the high nutritional value of P. palmata has been reported for other abalone species such as H. discus hannai (Uki et al., 1986;Mercer et al., 1993). ...
... This result is in accordance with the metaanalysis of Lefcheck et al. (2013) performed on variety of taxa and systems showing that mixed diets conferred significantly higher fitness than the average of single-species diets, but not for the best single prey species. However, in order to prevent depletion of the algal resources, a mixed diet seems an optimal solution for European abalone farms, with good growth performance as tested by Basuyaux et al. (2018). ...
The commercial culture of Haliotis tuberculata has recently started in Europe. As abalone is herbivorous, the use of local collected algae as feed may appear advantageous. The nutritional value of eight monospecific seaweed diets was studied using Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta), filamentous algae, mainly Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta), Enteromorpha sp. and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), together with Saccharina latissima, Saccorhiza polyschides, Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) and a mixed macroalgal diet. An integrative approach consisted in monitoring the seasonal composition changes of these algae in terms of protein, lipid, soluble carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino-acid contents, and to relate it to seasonal growth and reproduction investment during a large-scale experiment. Abalone and algae were studied for one year in commercial sea-cage structures. Abalone fed with monospecific diet using either P. palmata or S. latissima, and with mixed diet presented the best growth rate, muscle ratio and gonad development. Seasonal daily weight gain was mainly associated with n-3/n-6 ratio, soluble carbohydrate content and total protein content. In term of amino-acid contents, the daily weight gain was associated with free phenylalanine as well as isoleucine levels. Moreover, 90% of 2-years old abalone started gonad development but less than a quarter featured a fully matured gonad. The gonad development of H. tuberculata was mostly associated to total valine, methionine, leucine, arginine and isoleucine levels. The age of initial sexual maturity in H. tuberculata turned to be a highly plastic trait in response to different growth rates and algal diets. Even if P. palmata is the best option for growth performance, mixed diets should probably be preferred to a monospecific diet in order to avoid too high pressure on a single algal resource.
The increased demand for alternative ingredients in farmed aquatic animal feeds is an urgent need to support the unprecedented growth of aquaculture. Macroalgae and macrophytes have long been undervalued as a food source for fishes and invertebrates. The use of aquatic plants as a substitute for fishmeal has the potential to revolutionize aquaculture in meeting the global demand for protein. In contrast to terrestrial plants, the amino acid profile of certain floating macrophytes appears to meet even the lysine and methionine requirements of common cultured tropical fishes. In addition, this potential feed source also appears to be underutilized, particularly with respect to polyunsaturated fatty acids. The use of marine macroalgae as aquafeed ingredients appears to be less successful to date: Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae can be used as whole plants, but Phaeophyceae can only be used as extracts. Pretreatment such as fermentation seems to improve utilization, but this needs further investigation. A few papers that have used fermented aquatic plant diets show that digestibility is often, but not always, increased and subsequent growth performance is not adversely affected, if not improved. In general, antinutrients such as phytic acid or tannins are reduced by fermentation. This issue requires much more empirical work. Nevertheless, a high nutritional potential can be attributed to duckweeds and, to a lesser extent, floating ferns. ‘Omics’ studies, including hologenomics or epigenomics, are rare, as are trials to improve gut microbiota through functional diets to better utilize macroalgae and macrophytes. Interesting studies will follow.
Our previous study showed that strawberry conch Strombus luhuanus could actively survive on seaweeds, such as Laminaria japonica, Eucheuma gelatinae and Undaria pinnatifida. In this study, four treatments, which included wild group and three seaweed-feeding treatment groups with L. japonica (L-D), E. gelatinae (E-D) and U. pinnatifida (U-D), were performed to evaluate the dietary value of these seaweeds as food source for strawberry conch. After 2-month of rearing period, strawberry conches that were fed with these seaweeds showed high survival rate and high increase in body weight. The specific growth rate (SGR) of strawberry conch of U-D treatment was the highest, followed by L-D and E-D treatments, with significant differences observed among three treatments (P < 0.05). The histological measurements, such as intestinal fold height (hF) and fold width (wF), enterocyte height (hE) and microvillus height (hMV) of intestinal tissues in U-D and L-D treatments were not lower than that of wild group, however, these measurements were found to be significantly lower in E-D treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, amylase, cellulase and lipase activities in strawberry conches fed with seaweeds were higher than that in wild group, whereas contrasting result was observed for pepsin activities (P < 0.05). The concentrations of all amino acids, except methionine, histidine, serine and proline, were significantly higher in wild strawberry conch compared to seaweed-feeding groups (P < 0.05). The lipid contents in L-D and U-D treatments were no less than in wild group. However, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), was significantly lower in all seaweed-cultured groups compared to wild individuals (P < 0.05). In summary, U. pinnatifida and L. japonica were found to be more suitable as diets than that of E. gelatinae for strawberry conch rearing.
