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Testicular tissue of F. vittigera unexposed (A-B) and exposed to butachlor (C-F). A . Compact seminiferous lobule with asynchronous spermatogenesis; control; B . Inset of A showing a lobule lumen containing spermatozoa (SZ) with spermatids (ST) in the periphery. C-D .Testicular section dominated by testicular perinucleolar (PN) oocytes scanty seminiferous lobules (white circles) from frogs exposed to butachlor beginning 3.2 mg/L (C) until 4.8 mg/l butachlor (D). E . A Testicular PN oocyte beside a seminiferous lobule containing spermatids (ST). F . A seminiferous lobule lumen with mature spermatozoa (ST) in a PN-dominated testicular section; 4.8 mg/l butachlor. ST-spermatids, SZ-spermatozoa, PN-Perinucleolar oocytes; Scale bar = A , -D = 50 μm; E-F 20 μm. H.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of F. vittigera unexposed to butachlor showed compact seminiferous lobules. Various spermatogenic cells were seen undergoing asynchronous spermatogenesis ( Fig. 2 A,B). Fig. 2 C,D show testicular sections dominated by testicular perinucleolar (PN) oocytes scanty seminiferous lobules (white circles) from frogs exposed to butachlor beginning 3.2 mg/L (C) until 4.8 mg/l butachlor. ...
Context 2
... the control ( P < 0.0001). The mean diameter of mature oocytes of F. vittigera exposed to 1.6 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, and 4.8 mg/L butachlor was significantly larger ( P < 0.0001). Testis of F. vittigera unexposed to butachlor showed compact seminiferous lobules. Various spermatogenic cells were seen undergoing asynchronous spermatogenesis ( Fig. 2 A,B). Fig. 2 C,D show testicular sections dominated by testicular perinucleolar (PN) oocytes scanty seminiferous lobules (white circles) from frogs exposed to butachlor beginning 3.2 mg/L (C) until 4.8 mg/l butachlor. Observation of feminization was noted starting at 3.2 mg/L ( Fig. 2 E, F) to 4.8 mg/L butachlor, where a more widespread number of ...
Context 3
... 2 C,D show testicular sections dominated by testicular perinucleolar (PN) oocytes scanty seminiferous lobules (white circles) from frogs exposed to butachlor beginning 3.2 mg/L (C) until 4.8 mg/l butachlor. Observation of feminization was noted starting at 3.2 mg/L ( Fig. 2 E, F) to 4.8 mg/L butachlor, where a more widespread number of perinucleolar oocytes versus spermatogenic cells were seen. ...
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... Some herbicides widely used in rice cultivation have been shown to be acutely toxic to E. sinensis, and studies have been carried out regarding their residual effects and histopathological characterization [18,19]. Butachlor, a highly effective and selective herbicide, is widely used in China [20][21][22][23]. Butachlor exerts a low direct toxicity on aquatic organisms. ...
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is one of the most commercially important crustacean species in China. The aim of this study was to characterize the toxic effects of butachlor (an herbicide of the acetanilide class) on juvenile E. sinensis crabs. The lethal effects and the acute toxicity of butachlor on juvenile E. sinensis specimens were assessed through a semi-static in vitro experiment. We determined the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the gills and the hepatopancreas of the juvenile crabs, at different time points over a 14-day short-term exposure to butachlor. Moreover, we measured the residual levels of butachlor in three different tissues (gills, hepatopancreas, and muscles) of the juvenile crabs over a longer period. Our findings revealed that butachlor is highly toxic for juvenile E. sinensis crabs. In fact, the median lethal concentration (LC50) values of butachlor at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were found to be 4.22, 1.84, 0.34, and 0.14 mg/L, respectively, while the safe concentration was 0.014 mg/L. The antioxidant defense ability of the juvenile E. sinensis crabs against butachlor was induced after exposure to the herbicide at a concentration of 0.01 mg/L. After 14 days of exposure to butachlor at 0.04 and 0.16 mg/L, both SOD and CAT were found to be significantly inhibited (p < 0.05), the GSH levels were found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and the MDA levels were identified as significantly increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, after 14 days of exposure to butachlor at 0.16 mg/L, the activities of SOD and CAT as well as the content of GSH in the hepatopancreas were found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Our results revealed that a high concentration of butachlor was capable of inducing oxidative stress and damage in juvenile E. sinensis crabs. The maximal residual value of butachlor was obtained in the gills, with a content of 4.56 μg/kg. Butachlor was not detected after 24 days in the aforementioned three tissues of the juvenile crabs, thereby indicating that it was effectively metabolized.
... Other studies in Southeast Asia indicate that amphibians provide bioindicator ecosystem services for pesticide risk in intensive rice production systems. Developmental and reproductive assays using amphibians that inhabit rice fields, such as the non-native cane toad or native Fejervarya species, may be used to monitor the physiological effects of pesticides in wildlife populations (Salvani et al., 2023;Shuman-Goodier et al., 2021). Other species across the globe have been used to study the impacts of pesticides on amphibians, and many pesticides have been observed to produce negative impacts on behavior, physiology, growth, reproduction, and survivorship (Baker et al., 2013;Egea-Serrano et al., 2012;Shuman-Goodier and Propper, 2016;Shuman-Goodier et al., 2017). ...
... Other studies in Southeast Asia indicate that amphibians provide bioindicator ecosystem services for pesticide risk in intensive rice production systems. Developmental and reproductive assays using amphibians that inhabit rice fields, such as the non-native cane toad or native Fejervarya species, may be used to monitor the physiological effects of pesticides in wildlife populations (Salvani et al., 2023;Shuman-Goodier et al., 2021). Other species across the globe have been used to study the impacts of pesticides on amphibians, and many pesticides have been observed to produce negative impacts on behavior, physiology, growth, reproduction, and survivorship (Baker et al., 2013;Egea-Serrano et al., 2012;Shuman-Goodier and Propper, 2016;Shuman-Goodier et al., 2017). ...
The climatic and geographic range of Asia provides ideal conditions for growing rice. With a growing demand for food security to feed an ever increasing human population, there is growing pressure to increase rice production. Within the Philippines, rice fields cover over 2.6 million ha and provide habitat for at least 50 species of waterbirds. Thus, any changes in cropping intensity is highly likely to have a knock-on effect on regional wetland bird populations.
Over a 10 month period, spot counts were conducted at four rice field sites in Isabela province, N. Luzon, Philippines, for four consecutive mornings per month. The order of the surveys was rotated daily to eliminate any time of day effect. Each count lasted 20 minutes and the total number of species and individual birds was recorded. Two sites were in newly intensified rice field areas growing five crops over two years, and two sites were in rice field areas growing the traditional four crops over two years. Each site was located a minimum distance of 1 km from any different field management system.
Preliminary results indicate that the mean number of individuals was slightly higher in the intensified cropping system compared to the traditional system. Additionally, the intensified crops had a higher mean number of species recorded. One possible explanation for these findings is that the intensively managed rice crops provide habitat for a number of avian species, especially migratory species, during times when there is no rice planted in the traditional cropping systems. However, the shorter duration of the rice crops in the intensively managed areas may have an overall negative effect on some species, especially waterbirds, due to reduced periods of suitable habitat availability during breeding. Continued surveying over a longer period of time is needed to monitor for any such long-term effects.
