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Temporal and age patterns in global DALYs for all neurological conditions combined DALY counts are shown over time (A) and by age group in 2021 (B). Age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population are shown over time (C) and age-specific rates are shown in 2021 (D). Shading in panels A and C and black bars in panels B and D depict 95% uncertainty intervals. DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years.
Source publication
Background Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditio...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... COVID-19 cases contributed 2·48 million (0·0872-7·99) DALYs. In 2021, rates of age-standardised DALYs for the total neurological category were lower in females (5185·8 [95% UI 4281·2-6262·9] per 100 000 people) than in males (6101·0 [5320·2-6982·7] per 100 000 people; figure 3; table 2), with a female-to-male ratio of 0·85 (0·78-0·93; figure 2). Age-specific rates show similar or higher DALY burden in males than in females in most age groups, except for ages 90-94 years and 95 years and older ( figure 3). ...
Context 2
... 2021, rates of age-standardised DALYs for the total neurological category were lower in females (5185·8 [95% UI 4281·2-6262·9] per 100 000 people) than in males (6101·0 [5320·2-6982·7] per 100 000 people; figure 3; table 2), with a female-to-male ratio of 0·85 (0·78-0·93; figure 2). Age-specific rates show similar or higher DALY burden in males than in females in most age groups, except for ages 90-94 years and 95 years and older ( figure 3). The three conditions with the largest female-to-male ratios were cognitive impairment or Guillain-Barré syndrome due to COVID-19 (1·84, 0·97-3·35), multiple sclerosis (1·80, 1·72-1·87), and migraine (1·62, 1·39-1·79). ...
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Citations
... Informal caregivers, such as loved ones play a pivotal role, particularly in the later phases (E and F), where they provide essential care and support in the home environment, ensuring continuity beyond institutional settings. CNS disorders remain the top global disease burden, underscoring the need for effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies (Steinmetz, 2024). ...
Background: Acquired neurological diseases significantly alter the dynamics between patients and their caregiving
relatives, particularly spouses. This study investigates how these disorders impact the patient-spouse
relationship and assesses the role of healthcare professionals in shaping these dynamics during long-term
rehabilitation.
Methods: We conducted three comprehensive, in-depth sequential analyses that focused on (1) patients, (2)
spouses, and (3) both partners within their relationship. Using a dynamic interactionist approach, narrative
interviews with couples provided insights from both partners on relationship dynamics. Data analysis followed
the documentary method, emphasizing socio-genetic type building to classify patient, caregiver, and relationship
types.
Results: We identified four patient types, four caregiver types, and three relationship types, each with distinct
social interaction patterns and specific rehabilitation needs. Our model, based on symbolic interactionism and
Baxter’s Relational Dialectics Theory, underscores the fluid and evolving nature of these roles. Patients and
caregivers can transition between different types due to the chronic nature of the disorder and the social context
of rehabilitation. Recognizing these shifts is essential for addressing relational and social aspects in therapy.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the necessity of acknowledging the dynamic and varied needs of patients and
caregivers as well as the relationship dynamics. By understanding relationship types and interactions, healthcare
professionals can develop personalized therapeutic strategies that enhance patient- and family-centred care, vital
for improving rehabilitation outcomes.
... In this study, data on MAFLD among youths and young adults were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, which provides a comprehensive assessment of health loss for 371 diseases across 204 countries and territories, encompassing metrics such as prevalence, disease severity, and mortality 19 . Specifically, data on Total burden related to MAFLD were extracted, including prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). ...
Metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a widespread chronic liver condition that has been steadily increasing among adolescents and young adults in recent years, posing a major global public health concern. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data on MAFLD, focusing on prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for individuals aged 15–39, spanning the period from 1990 to 2021. This research examines data from the GBD study covering 1990 to 2021 to assess the prevalence, incidence, and DALYs associated with of MAFLD in adolescents and young adults aged 15–39. The analysis is broken down by socioeconomic status, geographic regions, and specific countries. Advanced statistical methods, including the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) modeling, were used to deliver the most current and thorough epidemiological assessment of MAFLD in this demographic. In 2021, the estimated global cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adolescents and young adults reached approximately 423 million, representing a 75.31% increase from 1990. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) was 14,221.32 cases per 100,000 population, and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 977.61 cases per 100,000 population in 2021. Between 1990 and 2021, the ASPR, ASIR, age-standardized DALY rate, and age-standardized mortality rate showed a continuous upward trend, with EAPC of 0.84, 0.79, 0.65, and 0.81, respectively. Regions with Middle and Low-middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), as well as High-middle SDI, emerged as “hotspots” for MAFLD prevalence, particularly in North Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, and South Asia. Males exhibited higher prevalence rates compared to females, and the rates continued to increase across all adolescents and young adult age groups. By 2050, the ASPR for MAFLD among this population is projected to reach 16,101 cases per 100,000, signaling an alarming trend. Over the last 30 years, the burden of metabolic-dysfunction associated fatty liver disease has significantly increased among adolescents and young adults worldwide. To counter this rising global health concern, it is crucial to develop and implement targeted and effective interventions tailored to socio-economic settings.
... Migraine is a prevalent and debilitating neurologic disorder, ranking as the third leading cause of neurologic disability globally, according to the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases study [1,2]. Clinically, migraine is characterized by recurrent, unilateral, pulsating headaches of moderate-to-severe intensity, aggravated by physical activity and associated with nausea, photophobia, or phonophobia [3,4]. ...
Background
Previous studies have linked migraine to weather conditions, but variations in the factors examined and inconsistent focus have complicated comparisons. This underscores the need for a more comprehensive and clearer analysis.
Methods
Studies published before December 2024 on the association between weather and migraine were searched from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Meta-analyses based on effect sizes were performed using Review Manager version 5.4.1.
Results
A total of 31 studies were included in the meta-analyses. It revealed a significant association between migraine attack and weather changes reported as a trigger factor (RD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.40–0.54). Additionally, specific weather factors, such as temperature (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02–1.29) and ambient pressure (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.15), were significantly associated with migraine attacks, while humidity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.97–1.11) did not show a significant association. Moreover, increased levels of air pollutants, including PM10 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.11), PM2.5 (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.06), NO2 (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03–1.14), CO (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01–1.16), and O3 (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03–1.21), were significantly associated with an increased risk of migraine clinical visits, whereas SO2 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00–1.04) was not.
Conclusions
This meta-analysis revealed that weather changes are significant trigger factors for migraine, with temperature and ambient pressure playing notable roles in this association. Additionally, increased levels of air pollutants are linked to a higher risk of migraine attacks. These findings could lead to new interventions for patients who are weather-sensitive and offer fresh perspectives for future research into the pathogenesis of migraine.
... The GBD database covers indicators of MDD incidence, prevalence, mortality, DALYs, etc. (11). Therefore, this study quantifies the overall burden of MDD in CJK based on the GBD database and predicts the future burden of MDD in the three countries to provide focus and direction for the prevention and treatment of MDD in the relevant countries, as well as data support for health policy decision makers to accurately and efficiently allocate healthcare resources, identify high-risk populations, and formulate prevention strategies. ...
Objective
To analyze the disease burden of major depressive disorder (MDD) and risk factors associated with MDD in China, Japan, and South Korea(CJK) from 1990 to 2021, to explore the effects of age, period, and cohort on the disease burden of MDD, and to predict the burden of MDD in CJK from 2021 to 2035.
Methods
The Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD) database was searched to collect the incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and risk factors of MDD in CJK. The respondents were selected from the Global, China, Japan, and South Korea. The respondents’ disease was major depressive disorder. The respondents’ gender was male, female, and both. The time was selected from 1990 to 2021. The age was selected from the whole age group (less than 5 years old to over 95 years old). Trends in MDD burden from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed using Joinpoint 4.9.1.0. Age-period-cohort (APC) analyses were performed using the APC Web Tool. Bayesian age-period-cohort analyses (BAPC) were performed using R4.4.1.
Results
Japan had the highest burden of MDD, followed by South Korea, and China had the lowest burden of MDD; The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of MDD burden indicators in China was less than 0, while in Japan and South Korea it was greater than 0. In 2021, middle-aged people aged 55–59 years had the highest burden of MDD in China, while in Japan and South Korea, young people aged 20–29 years had the highest burden of MDD, and the burden of MDD was higher among females than males in CJK from 1990 to 2021; APC analyses showed that the net drifts, local drifts, and RR values of the MDD burden indicators in CJK in terms of age, period, and cohort effects were closely related to the economic forms and aging populations; MDD had 3 levels and 5 risk factors; The burden of MDD in China would be in a decreasing trend between 2021 and 2035, and the burden of MDD in Japan and South Korea would be in a decreasing trend between 2021 and 2022, and an increasing trend between 2022 and 2035.
Conclusion
There are both commonalities and differences in the burden of MDD in CJK, while the current burden of MDD in CJK is lower than the global average. Compared with Japan and South Korea China has a lower burden of MDD, but all three countries still face enormous challenges in the prevention and control of MDD.
... Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, with a rapidly increasing prevalence [1]. It is mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia [2]. ...
Background
Manual dexterity deficits impair the ability to effectively use touchscreen devices in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Objective
To examine the effects and feasibility of a home-based, unsupervised tablet-task training on task-specific performance in a randomized controlled trial and to determine which individuals are likely to benefit.
Methods
Thirty-four PD patients were randomized and included into an experimental training (EXP, N = 16) and passive control group (CTL, N = 18). The EXP practiced a Swipe-Slide Pattern (SSP) task on a tablet (5x/week for 2 weeks) as fast and accurately as possible in single and dual task conditions. Performance on the SSP and an untrained mobile phone task (MPT) were tested before and after two weeks of training and after four weeks follow-up. SSP-Time (primary outcome), SSP-Accuracy (% correct) and MPT-Time were recorded. Linear mixed models were used to assess training effects.
Results
The home-based task-specific training program significantly improved the SSP-Time immediately after training (p < 0.001, d = 0.917) and at follow-up (p = 0.006, d = 0.663), and showed excellent compliance rates (average 98%). No transfer occurred to the untrained MPT. Worse baseline SSP-performance and older age were significantly associated with short- and long-term gains (p < 0.010).
Conclusion
Home-based, unsupervised touchscreen training is feasible and effective to improve movement time of the trained task, albeit without transfer to an untrained task. The heterogeneity and variability of the effects underscore the importance of personalizing rehabilitation programs in PD, according to baseline performance. Future studies should investigate a wider range of transfer tasks and clinical determinants that could impact the training response.
Clinical trial registration
https://clinicaltrials.gov/: NTC05696197, retrospectively registered on January 13, 2023.
... PD is not common among individuals younger than 50 years and increases in prevalence with age (1). One data estimated by The Global Burden of Disease Study has shown that the prevalence of PD has reached 11.8 million in 2021, with a percentage change of 273.9%, which may bring a tremendous burden to society (2). ...
Objective
The association of B lymphocytes and B lymphocyte subsets and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly acknowledged. However, there is inconsistence in the alterations of B lymphocytes or B lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of PD patients. To comprehensively understand its changes in PD patients,it is necessary to conduct a systematic review on this subject.
Methods
PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE databases were searched until 3rd February 2024.
Results
We included 20 studies (n=2658) to conduct this systematic review. We conducted a qualitative analysis to assess the alterations of B lymphocytes and B lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of individuals with PD. And studies reviewed demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of B cells, as well as immune dysregulation in the B lymphocyte subsets of these patients’ peripheral blood.
Conclusion
Studies reviewed demonstrated that PD is linked to abnormalities in B lymphocytes and/or B lymphocytes subsets in peripheral blood. This study provides a novel perspective into the pathogenesis of PD, and future investigations into the B lymphocytes and/or B lymphocyte subsets as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PD is warranted.
... In a study of the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2021, stroke was the greatest contributor globally to the neurological burden, and its mortality rate had increased by 44.1% compared with that in 1990 [1]. Stroke include two groups: ischemic stroke, caused by the blockage of blood vessels and hemorrhagic stroke, caused by the rupture of blood vessels. ...
Although thrombolytic therapy has enjoyed relative success, limitations remain, such as a narrow therapeutic window and inconsistent efficacy. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered increasing attention as a potential alternative to stem cell therapy. Because of their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage, the exploration of EVs for clinical application in stroke treatment is expanding. EVs are characterized by high heterogeneity, with their composition closely mirroring that of their parent cells. This property enables EVs to distinguish between cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage, thus facilitating a more rapid and accurate diagnosis. Additionally, EVs can be engineered to carry specific molecules, such as miRNAs, targeting them to specific cells, potentially enhancing the therapeutic outcome and improving stroke prognosis. In this review, we will also explore the methodologies for the isolation and extraction of EVs, critically evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of various commonly employed separation techniques. Furthermore, we will briefly address current EV preservation and administration methods, providing a comprehensive overview of the state of EV-based therapies in stroke treatment.
... The CNS is comprised of the brain, spinal cord and retina, where it serves a significant role in detecting stimuli, emotion, memory, communication and thought processing. CNS disorders have one of the highest rates of morbidity and mortality globally, resulting in over 11.1 million deaths in 2021 [1]. In fact, reducing premature mortality from these types of non-communicable diseases by 2030 has become a sustainable development goal of the United Nations. ...
Advancements in our understanding of genetic disease and adeno-associated virus has prompted great excitement into the field of AAV-mediated gene therapy, particularly for genetic diseases of the central nervous system, including retinal disorders. Despite significant progress, exemplified by the approval of therapies such as Luxturna® and Zolgensma®, a substantial number of therapies remain in pre-clinical or early clinical stages, with many failing to advance to later phases. Whilst the use of animal models to test safety and delivery route efficacy of AAV treatments is imperative, differences in tissue structure and physiology between humans and animal models has restricted precise disease modelling and gene therapy development for many CNS disorders. Alongside the FDA push for non-animal alternative models, researchers are increasingly turning to human-based models, including stem cell-derived organoids, which can offer a more accurate representation of human cellular microenvironments and niches. As such, this review explores the advantages and limitations of brain and retinal organoids as pre-clinical models of disease, with a primary focus on their utility in identifying novel AAV capsids, cell-specific promoters, and their role in recent pre-clinical AAV gene therapy studies.
... Although well-accepted diagnostic criteria exist for migraine, it is still a complex disorder that remains both underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The lack of appropriate biomarkers is an obstacle to developing more effective diagnostic criteria and treatments (Durham and Papapetropoulos, 2013). ...
Background
Migraine is a paroxysmal headache disorder, which seriously affects the patients’ quality of life. However, the pathogenesis of migraine is not clear yet. Proteomics is an emerging technology for studying small molecules and protein components in biological systems. This study aimed to analyze the serum proteome of migraine patients and healthy controls and identify differentially expressed proteins, which could provide a reference for the study of biomarkers and pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine.
Methods
Fasting venous blood was collected, and serum was separated. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to detect the proteome of the two groups, and MaxQuant was used to analyze the protein profile and identify the differentially expressed proteins.
Results
Twenty-seven migraine patients and 20 healthy people matching the age and sex ratio of the migraine group were collected. A total of 27 differentially expressed proteins were identified between migraine and control groups, which were mainly related to immune response, inflammation, glycolysis, lipid metabolism, neurotrophy and development, and so on. Subgroup analysis also identified several differentially expressed proteins between the migraine with aura and the migraine without aura groups and between the ictal and interictal migraine groups. Moreover, the signal pathways that may be related to migraine include the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signal pathway. Differentially expressed proteins are mainly distributed in the extracellular area. Related biological processes include complement activation, immunoglobulin receptor binding, and phagocytosis.
Discussion
The research screened out several differentially expressed proteins of migraine patients, which may be potential biomarkers, but it still needs verification in further studies with larger sample sizes. Various proteins related to inflammation, immune response, and energy metabolism are differentially expressed between the migraine group and the control group, suggesting that the pathogenesis of migraine may be related to inflammation, immunity, and energy metabolism disorders. In the future, we can further explore the therapeutic targets of migraine in terms of these biological processes.
... However, this increase has significantly led to an increase in age-related neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and Parkinson's disease, necessitating global health policies that not only focus on survival but also minimize the health loss due to (2025) 15:96 96 Page 2 of 13 disability by promoting function and independence . In a recent survey conducted by Steinmetz et al. (2024), the top ten neurological conditions contributing to loss of health include stroke, neonatal encephalopathy (brain injury), migraine, dementia, diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications from preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system. It could be evidenced that more than 3 billion people worldwide have a neurological condition (Feigin et al. 2021). ...
Neurological disorders burden modern healthcare causing cognitive and emotional issues. The Siddha system offers a promising herbal and non-invasive-based therapy. This present review explores the neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects of the Siddha system integrating herbal and non-invasive interventions with modern neuroscience for a comprehensive treatment strategy against neurological disorders. A detailed literature review was conducted using sources, such as Google search engine, Web of Science, and published databases, focusing on keywords related to ‘Siddha herbal, non-invasive, traditional approach for neurological disorders'. The findings indicate that Siddha-based herbal medicines exhibit significant pharmacological activities, which help slow the progression of neurological diseases. Additionally, Siddha-based non-invasive therapies, such as yoga, meditation, Varma (traditional pressure point therapy), massage, and other external manipulations, have been reported to significantly increase brain activity, improve cognitive function, and enhance the patient’s quality of life. The findings suggest that complementing Siddha-based therapy with modern neuroscience could enhance personalized neurological care in patients. Although Siddha has a rich history in traditional medicine, a significant research gap remains in large-scale clinical trials, treatment standardization, pharmacological validation, and mechanistic understanding. Addressing these gaps could enhance clinical utility in contemporary healthcare, ultimately benefitting brain health and overall well-being. Integrating Siddha medicine with modern neuroscience holds promise for advancing neurological care.
