| Templates used for preventing and managing activities related to seismic risk scenarios (from left to right: GNDT, AeDES, SIVARS). These forms are filled out manually by an operator following predefined procedures. Thus, the validity of these forms depends on the competence of the operator.

Contexts in source publication

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... this direction, one of the tools used by Civil Protection 1 to estimate the damage and viability of buildings in the post-earthquake phase is the manual compilation of Aedes matrix-based templates ( fig. 1). Over the years, these have been complemented by the Erikus digital information system (Regione Piemonte, 2018). This digital system makes it possible to put together data from different sources (such as previous survey reports) and semi-automatically compile it within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment Aedes forms. ...

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... In order to make the work homogeneous, it was necessary to create an abacus of signs that determine the technical and formal characteristics of each building. The presence of these signs allowed the drawing to be deconstructed semantically within a GIS database that enabled each individual building to be easily understood (Baculo Giusti, 1994) ( fig. 1). From the end of the 1990s onwards, satellite technologies and GIS systems combined with CAD environments enabled the development of software dedicated to the management of representations on a territorial and urban scale. From a methodological point of view, there is a reversal in the order of the phases. In fact, as Coppo warns, the ...

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... distinct geometric characteristics are extracted at various scales. Then iteratively evaluate just the more pertinent characteristics and re-run the classification procedure after conducting a multi-scale classification with a Random Forest classifier. Last, using the standard confusion matrix ratings, the various findings are compared ( fig. 10). The features extracted for the training of the classifiers are the ones of the covariance matrix related to local regions of the point cloud to classify (Chehata et al., 2009). The values of these features emphasize certain topological and geometrical characteristics of the cloud depending on whether the individual regions of the ...

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... values of these features emphasize certain topological and geometrical characteristics of the cloud depending on whether the individual regions of the point cloud are analyzed by giving priority to linearity, planarity, or volumetry of the neighborhood under consideration. In the figure below the complete list of the features taken into account ( fig. 11). The features considered can be extracted several times with different radius size as concerns the 3D neighborhood ( Niemeyer et al., 2014). This may increase the possibility of success in the prediction as stated in Weinmann et al. (2013) (fig. 12). Regarding the classification phase, as mentioned above, it is carried out thanks to ...

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... under consideration. In the figure below the complete list of the features taken into account ( fig. 11). The features considered can be extracted several times with different radius size as concerns the 3D neighborhood ( Niemeyer et al., 2014). This may increase the possibility of success in the prediction as stated in Weinmann et al. (2013) (fig. 12). Regarding the classification phase, as mentioned above, it is carried out thanks to the Random Forest classifier. RF is a supervised classification method created by Leo Breiman (2001) that combines a group of classification trees, gets a prediction from each tree, then votes on the top candidate. To create the forest trees (as are ...

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... each class, there are indicators that help determine the efficiency of the classification, in particular there are the precision (indicating the quality in identifying the class), recall (the completeness of the classification) and F1 score, which consists of an average of these two and provides an all-round indicator. In the context of geomatics, this indicator ( A meaningful case study for the objectives set in this research project is the classification of some porticos in the historic center of Bologna where the described methodology was applied ( Remondino et Al., 2016; 16). In order to overcome the difficulty of the classification task, RGB values were additionally considered as essential components for the successful classification of the point cloud in addition to the 11 geometric characteristics extracted. ...

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... its internal relations and properties" (Zwierzycki, 2017). There is thus a move towards a more fluid concept of architecture based on two fundamental concepts: parameters and relationships. This concept, more than half a century later, will define the basic structure of all parametric information models currently available in the AEC industry ( fig. 18). In conclusion, a parametric model means a system that describes a part of reality, with its attributes (both geometric and informative) and relationships, and that the model is capable of changing its properties on the basis of fixed or variable parameters (Zwierzycki, 2017). & Partners (London, 1994 ...

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... al., 2015). It is worth to mention that there are not many applications towards the adoption of computational design tools for optimising and accelerating the Scan-to-FEM pipelines ( Funari et al., 2021). Another research gap can be found in the lack of applications between city blocks acquisition-modeling and a semi-automatic transition to FEA ( fig. 31). ...

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... this format accessible to most programmers, especially beginners. In fact, JSON files are structured from the nesting of common dictionaries and thus find easy development in both existing software and new applications. In CityJSON, the hierarchical structure is reduced to a minimum, through a division between first-and second-level CityObjects ( fig. 41). All hierarchical relationships are explicitly stated within the objects in the form of attributes ("parents" and "children") and not by means of an actual semantic structure. Thus, by using the appropriate keys, the data model can be reconstructed correctly ( . ...

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... is transferred to the BIM environment for further development, geometric and informative, of the individual building units. In the latter stage, the product of instrumental surveys such as georeferenced point clouds obtained through integrated survey methods (terrestrial laser scanner, aerial drone shots, SFM photogrammetry) is also integrated ( fig. ...

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... 2.3.2). Compared to this methodology, this thesis advances by proposing a speditive and parametric approach that, through the City Information Modeling approach, allows the development of semantic 3D city models. In addition, it is possible to extract the geometric models required for FEM analysis from the parametric CIM models developed ( fig. ...

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... methodology adopted in this application is the Survey-to-CIM approach described in section 3.1.1. Below is showed a conceptual scheme of the pipeline of work adopted ( fig.1). The methodology has been applied to Fleri, a village in the municipality of Zafferana Etnea in the territory of Catania, which has been damaged by a seismic event of magnitude 4.9 on the Richter scale that occurred on the night of December 26th in 2018. ...

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... the identification of the urban block, the geometric data were acquired through laser scanning for a total of 11 scans, which were subsequently aligned and georeferenced. Finally, the overall point cloud was edited to obtain orthographic images useful for the study of the building openings ( fig. 10). The point cloud was then imported into the modeling environment using Volvox. This tool provided a basis for the modeling operations that led to the creation of LOD 3. The study of the facade elements focused on the openings, which were analyzed both from the metric and the material point of view. This way variants and invariants of ...

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... this last case, it was necessary to code a definition divided into input data (Boolean conditions, number sliders, texts) and output data (Breps). The first ones corresponded to the geometric and informative parameters that the style would possess, while the second ones concerned the geometric models ( fig. 11). Following the finalization of the library of styles needed to describe the facades of the urban canyon studied, there is the transduction of the parameterized geometries into editable BIM ...

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... and then identified the position of the openings previously developed in Grasshopper or chosen from the VisualARQ libraries. Afterwards, the modelling of the building roofs was updated on the basis of the point cloud. For the correct perimeter of the roofs with reference to the buildings, the cartography overlapping the satellite image was used ( fig. 12). The lack of access to the rear of the buildings did not allow a direct survey of the geometries. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out a photographic survey to represent the rear of the buildings as faithfully as possible by means of photo-straightening. This allowed to complete the modelling phase (figg. 13-14). The building ...

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... spaces. In the case of the reinforced concrete frame structures, a rectangular 5x6 m layout with 30x40 cm profile pillars and 30x60 cm profile beams was assumed. The BIM-based approach allows to update and easily modify these geometries as soon as new data is available, verified through the acquisition of cadastral plans and/ or site surveys ( fig. 15). Data collection on building components is not always successful, in some cases missing data can be assumed, and in others, there will be information lacking. It is therefore recommended to explicit the different levels of reliability of the data incorporated for information enrichment through the definition of an appropriate ...

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... layouts of the buildings but only information from the visual investigation on site. Level1 is given to the internal layers of floors and walls, as they are assumed from literature sources. Openings and roofs, on the other hand, belong to level 2 because they were verified by the visual metric survey performed during the survey campaign ( fig. ...

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... is useful to prevent and detect drift errors, optimize cloud registration and reduce alignment error. Figure 17 summarizes the specifications of the instrument. For SFM acquisitions a GOPRO Fusion 360 action camera was used. ...

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... plan foresees the opening of Via Mangano (now Via Filippo Corridoni) and the new Via Santa Caterina, never built, in order to ventilate the blocks often below street level. As a matter of fact, behind the new nineteenth-century road axis characterized by the scenes of the palaces of the new middle class, narrow alleys and courtyards, legacy of the Mediterranean culture, find space in the micro building tissue (Restuccia et al, 2011). The district originally developed at different heights and had non-homogeneous blocks with shapeless lots, narrow courtyards and streets of penetration. ...

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... (without the need for a digital survey) and the creation of structural geometric models to be used in the FEM analysis environment. The methodology adopted in this case study is the 'Survey-to-CIM' already discussed in section 3.1.1 but now includes the transition to the geometric FEM models. Below is showed a conceptual scheme of the workflow ( fig. 31). In order to develop a prototype, it was identified a one-level building included in the already analyzed city block studied in section 4. The building chosen as a case study was included in a mapping process that produced geodata on the historic center. These geodata consist of a shapefile that, in addition to the building ...