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Temperature sensors based on PEDOT:PSS. (a) Analytical diagram of the action of PEDOT:PSS in temperature sensing. 208 (b) The sensor has the greatest temperature sensitivity when the GO flakes completely fill the gaps between adjacent PEDOT:PSS nanoparticles. An excess of GO flakes will affect the connection of adjacent PEDOT:PSS nanoparticles, and fewer GO flakes will be unable to completely fill the gap between the adjacent PEDOT:PSS nanoparticles. 29 (c) Micrographs of PSS:PEDOT-PDMS sensors with microcracks and a heatmap of the sensor's TCR and crack morphology. 49 (d) Structure of a multilayer temperature sensor based on pNIPAM/PEDOT:PSS/CNT and PDMS, and a performance comparison with other sensing materials. 50
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HIGHLIGHTS
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The morphology of PEDOT:PSS, including in the forms of aqueous dispersions, solid films, and hydrogels, is outlined, and the application potential of PEDOT:PSS hydrogels is described.
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Fabrication techniques for PEDOT:PSS-based devices are introduced, including coating, printing, conventional lithography, and soft lithography.
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The l...
Citations
... In this sub-section, we discuss the ongoing advancements in polymer design and integration with nanomaterials, showing the potential of these sensors to improve healthcare and daily living. PEDOT:PSS in Flexible Sensors: Among these conductive polymers, PEDOT:PSS has become a key material for reliable flexible sensors in health monitoring applications, thanks to its high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and ease of processing [53], [54]. For example, in [55], pH-sensitive and antibacterial fibers based on a PANI-PEDOT:PSS composite were created, with PANI electrochemically deposited onto wetspun PEDOT:PSS. ...
The global population is aging due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates. As a result, there is a growing prevalence of chronic diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, among the older population. These conditions not only diminish the quality of life, but also significantly drive up healthcare costs. Consequently, the demand for efficient and cost-effective healthcare solutions is rising. Traditional healthcare systems are often challenged by issues of accessibility and equity, particularly in regions with inadequate medical infrastructure and geographic barriers. In response to these challenges, this paper explores the potential of advanced flexible sensor technologies, integrated with cutting-edge communication and computing tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics. These sensors enable continuous, unobtrusive monitoring of vital signs and health parameters, facilitating personalized and preventive care in the comfort of an individual’s home. However, widespread adoption of these technologies faces several obstacles, including challenges related to manufacturing scalability, cost, mechanical stability, and data security. This paper reviews the current state of research and development in flexible sensors and their integration with modern technologies for IoT-based health monitoring. It also examines key challenges and concerns associated with their use and outlines the future potential for these sensors to revolutionize healthcare monitoring and management.
... The negative charged PSS take the place as a counterion in order to balance the positive charges of PEDOT, so the formation of a stable and homogenous aqueous dispersion is obtained together with the PEDOT base. d) Tertiary structure in which a creation of a polyionic complex based on colloidal nanoparticles, known as gel particles [4][5][6] takes place, where a hydrophobic PEDOT-rich core and a hydrophilic PSS-rich shell are eventually dispersed in water [7][8][9]. Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
... Chemical structures of PEDOT and PSS, b initial, c secondary and d tertiary structure of PEDOT:PSS[9] ...
This work presents research results concerning to the fabrication of hybrid solar cells in a superstrate configuration with the following structure: glass/SnO2:F/ZnO + CdS/CdTe + CdCl2-TT/PEDOT:PSS-TT/Cu-Mo. After Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) absorber layer processing, the organic conjugated polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was deposited with a thickness around 50 nm, then a thermal annealing (TA) was carried out varying annealing time (20-40 min) and temperature (80-120 °C). The physical properties and output electrical parameters of the devices were measured and compared with a reference solar cells without TA. A decrease of the resistivity values was reached as a result of the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS on CdTe as a hole transport layer. CdTe/PEDOT:PSS structure was characterized by profilometry, four-probe method, UV–Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. The electrical performance of the fabricated hybrid solar cells was analysed through the current density vs. voltage (J vs. V) characteristic, External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) measurements and the values spread distribution for each electrical parameter was also discussed. A highest conversion efficiency around 15.2% was obtained for a device in which the TA was performed at 100 °C during 30 min with output electrical parameters values of Voc ~ 0.778 V, Jsc ~ 34.0 mA/cm², FF ~ 0.55 and EQE values above 55%, resulting this in an improvement of the use of PEDOT:PSS in hybrid solar cells. A monitoring of the degradation effect of the output electrical values was carried out after a period of 24 months and an average degradation rate around 20% was found, however for devices processed at higher temperatures of TA, degradation rate of the conversion efficiency was at least 3%.
... The overall methodology required to investigate the proposed AP-TSC is summarized in Fig. 2. Initially, all optical and electrical parameters required for the study were collected from relevant literature sources 50,55,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65] . Each WBG and NBG sub-cell was then examined individually as SJ-PSC, with a focus on their optical and electrical characteristics. ...
This study investigates a carbon-based all-perovskite tandem solar cell (AP-TSC) with the structure ITO, SnO₂, Cs₀.₂FA₀.₈Pb(I₀.₇Br₀.₃)₃, WS₂, MoO₃, ITO, C₆₀, MAPb₀.₅Sn₀.₅I₃, PEDOT: PSS, Carbon. The bandgap configuration of the cell is 1.75 eV/1.17 eV, which is theoretically limited to 36% efficiency. The effectiveness of embedding cubic plasmonic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) made of Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag) within the absorber layers to eliminate the requirement for thicker absorber layers, decrease manufacturing costs and Pb toxicity is demonstrated in our analysis. This analysis was conducted using 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations for both optical and electrical calculations. Prior to delving into the primary investigation of the tandem structure, a validation simulation was conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the simulations. Notably, the efficiency mismatch observed during the validation simulation, specifically in relation to the incorporation of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), amounted to a mere 0.01%. To mitigate the potential issues of direct contact between metallic NPs and perovskite materials, such as increased thermal and chemical instability and recombination at the NP surface, a 5 nm dielectric shell was applied to the NPs. The incorporation of cubic core-shell Ag NPs resulted in a 15.32% enhancement in short-circuit current density, from 16.39 mA/cm² to 18.90 mA/cm², and a 15.68% increase in overall efficiency, from 26.9 to 31.12%. This research paves the way for the integration of core-shell metallic NPs in AP-TSCs, highlighting a significant potential for efficiency and stability improvements. In a dedicated section the band alignment of the sub-cell was addressed. Additionally, a thermal investigation of the proposed tandem structure was conducted, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed AP-TSC. Finally, the sensitivity analyses related to input parameters and the challenges associated with large-scale fabrication of the proposed AP-TSC were extensively discussed.
... Ideally, such temperature sensors should be easily flexible, reliable, scalable, low-cost, durable, and sustainable. Frequently used materials to develop such temperature sensors include silver [3,4], poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) [5][6][7][8], ceramics [9][10][11][12][13], and carbon allotropes [1,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The carbon allotropes, in particular, are known to present high thermal and electrical conductivities, superior mechanical stiffness and strength, and excellent chemical stability [1,6]. ...
... Thereby, PSS not only disperses and stabilizes PEDOT in water and other solvents but also functions as a counter-partner for primary doping [14,15]. PEDOT is a p-type doped 1. Humidity Sensors: Leveraging the hygroscopic nature of PEDOT:PSS, humidity sensors can detect changes in moisture levels through variations in electrical resistance [37]. For instance, flexible humidity sensors using PEDOT:PSS nanowires show high sensitivity (5.46%) and ultrafast response times (0.63 s), suitable for applications like human breath testing [39]. ...
... While intrinsic PEDOT:PSS is brittle and prone to breakage, making it unsuitable for stretchable strain sensors, its stretchability can be significantly enhanced. This is achieved by blending PEDOT:PSS with elastomers or by incorporating it into textile fibers or aerogels, thereby improving its flexibility and durability [37]. A notable application involves a strain sensor combining PEDOT:PSS with a biocompatible polymer, achieving a conductive elastomer with a maximum strain of 230%, ideal for flexible and wearable electronics [42]. ...
... 4. Temperature Sensors: PEDOT:PSS is a promising material for wearable temperature sensors due to its flexibility and high thermal response. Its sensitivity arises from temperature-induced microstructural changes in the hygroscopic PSS-rich shell [37]. Enhancements in thermal sensitivity have been achieved through secondary doping and thermal expansion techniques. ...
Porous conductive polymer structures, in particular Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) structures, are gaining in importance due to their versatile fields of application as sensors, hydrogels, or supercapacitors, to name just a few. Moreover, (porous) conducting polymers have become of interest for wearable and smart textile applications due to their biocompatibility, which enables applications with direct skin contact. Therefore, there is a huge need to investigate distinct, straightforward, and textile-compatible production methods for the fabrication of porous PEDOT:PSS structures. Here, we present novel and uncomplicated approaches to producing diverse porous PEDOT:PSS structures and characterize them thoroughly in terms of po-rosity, electrical resistance, and their overall appearance. Production methods comprise the incorporation of micro cellulose, the usage of a blowing agent, creating a sponge-like structure, and spraying onto a porous base substrate. This results in the fabrication of various porous structures, ranging from thin and slightly porous to thick and highly porous. Depending on the application, these structures can be modified and integrated into electronic components or wearables to serve as porous electrodes, sensors, or other functional devices.
... [1][2][3] Much attention has been devoted to both the energy storage characteristics and energy loss of capacitors used in these and other microsystems. [4][5][6][7][8] Especially in projectiles and missiles, tantalum electrolytic capacitors provide a very important secondary power supply for sensors, signal processing circuits, and detonation actuators of fuzes. In recent years, there has been grow-Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering ARTICLE pubs.aip.org/aip/npe ...
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors have performance advantages of long life, high temperature stability, and high energy storage capacity and are essential micro-energy storage devices in many pieces of military mechatronic equipment, including penetration weapons. The latter are high-value ammunition used to strike strategic targets, and precision in their blast point is ensured through the use of penetration fuzes as control systems. However, the extreme dynamic impact that occurs during penetration causes a surge in the leakage current of tantalum capacitors, resulting in a loss of ignition energy, which can lead to ammunition half-burst or even sometimes misfire. To address the urgent need for a reliable design of tantalum capacitor for penetration fuzes, in this study, the maximum acceptable leakage current of a tantalum capacitor during impact is calculated, and two different types of tantalum capacitors are tested using a machete hammer. It is found that the leakage current of tantalum capacitors increases sharply under extreme impact, causing functional failure. Considering the piezoresistive effect of the tantalum capacitor dielectric and the changes in the contact area between the dielectric and the negative electrode under pressure, a force–electric simulation model at the microscale is established in COMSOL software. The simulation results align favorably with the experimental results, and it is anticipated that the leakage current of a tantalum capacitor will experience exponential growth with increasing pressure, ultimately culminating in complete failure according to this model. Finally, the morphological changes in tantalum capacitor sintered cells both without pressure and under pressure are characterized by electron microscopy. Broken particles of Ta–Ta2O5 sintered molecular clusters are observed under pressure, together with cracks in the MnO2 negative base, proving that large stresses and strains are generated at the micrometer scale.
... Similar faster bubble expansion behavior was also observed in experiments where surfactants were added to water to reduce its surface tension 31,32 . However, unlike surfactants, which have amphiphilic molecular structures, PEDOT:PSS NPs have a hydrophilic shell that enables their dispersity in water 41 . Therefore, when these NPs are dispersed in water, they remain inside the water instead of at the water-air interface, resulting in no change to the surface tension. ...
Holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy has been considered the gold standard for treating urinary stones, a disease with increasing prevalence in the US in recent years. While various efforts have been made to enhance the stone ablation efficiency of Ho:YAG laser, these have primarily focused on adjusting laser source settings such as pulse energy and frequency. In this study, we introduced a novel strategy to improve the ablation efficiency of the Ho:YAG laser by incorporating nanoparticles into the fluid surrounding the stone with strong near-infrared light absorption. Experimental results of stone damage revealed an 82% increase in photothermal ablation efficiency when using a "dusting" mode of laser lithotripsy in 0.03 wt.% PEDOT:PSS solution in direct contact. The enhanced NIR absorbance of the fluid was found to promote vapor tunnel formation, facilitating increased laser energy transmission to the stone surface, and to enhance stone absorbance due to trapped fluid inside, leading to greater laser energy absorption for photothermal ablation. Furthermore, cytotoxicity tests on PEDOT:PSS solution demonstrated minimal toxicity when carefully controlling concentration and application duration. This modification of fluid absorbance for efficiency improvement presents a versatile approach compatible with previously reported laser setting modulation methods, showcasing significant potential for enhancing Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.
... The depth profile of the XPS data in Fig. 2b reveals that the film etching exposes the PEDOT:PSS-rich bottom layer, which exhibits a dominant C-H peak at 284.5 eV. The results suggest that PEDOT:PSS precipitates first owing to the robust π-π interaction and hydrophobic properties of ethylenedioxy groups, forming PEDOT:PSS-rich bottom and P123-rich top layers 23 . ...
The use of water-based chemistry in photolithography during semiconductor fabrication is desirable due to its cost-effectiveness and minimal environmental impact, especially considering the large scale of semiconductor production. Despite these benefits, limited research has reported successful demonstrations of water-based photopatterning, particularly for intrinsically water-soluble materials such as Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) due to significant challenges in achieving selective dissolution during the developing process. In this paper, we propose a method for the direct patterning of PEDOT:PSS in water by introducing an amphiphilic Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO-PPO-PEO, P123) block copolymer to the PEDOT:PSS film. The addition of the block copolymer enhances the stretchability of the composite film and reduces the hydrophilicity of the film surface, allowing for water absorption only after UV exposure through a photoinitiated reaction with benzophenone. We apply this technique to fabricate tactile and wearable biosensors, both of which benefit from the mechanical stretchability and transparency of PEDOT:PSS. Our method represents a promising solution for water-based photopatterning of hydrophilic materials, with potential for wider applications in semiconductor fabrication.
... and organic and easily formulated materials [6]. Throughout the literature, materials (or material combinations) that withstand electrical resistance changes with temperature (PTC or NTC), are frequently studied in terms of sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, and response and recovery time [7]. In the case of thermo-resistive sensors, sensitivity is given by the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR), which is measured in units of (ºC -1 ) or (%.ºC -1 ), as provided by (1): ...
... Regarding the use of organic polymers, even though other thermoresistive polymers exist, poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), is by far the most reported one [6], [7]. Due to its organic nature, its sensing range is more limited than the one of the previous materials. ...
... Nonetheless, several advantages can be highlighted starting with its high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, ease of processing, and good compatibility with different substrates. It also has a fast response to temperature, is water soluble, inexpensive, biocompatible, and innocuous to the environment [7]. As depicted in Fig. 1, PEDOT:PSS is a conjugated polymer that consists of positively charged PEDOT chains, which are attracted to the negatively charged PSS chains, according to Coulomb's law [8]. ...
This work presents an approach to develop, study, and optimize the performance of flexible temperature sensors. With the development of Industry 4.0 and the smartification of control processes, there is a high demand for inexpensive, flexible, and seamless sensors that can be adapted to various applications. Concerning the development of flexible printed temperature sensors, the most frequently used materials include silver, carbon allotropes, and polymers such as PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:PSS presents great electrical properties, optical transparency, and is inkjet printing compatible. Unfortunately, most PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-based composite temperature sensors still lack sensitivity, and do not present linear behavior, which challenges their use and reliability. Hence, in this work, different designs of inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS sensors were studied, to determine if their performance could be improved by modifying their layout. The effects of the number of printed layers and printing orientation were also evaluated. The same study was repeated for encapsulated and non-encapsulated sensors. The thermal response of the sensors was studied throughout heating-cooling cycles from 25 – 60 °C, and by changing the design, it was possible to improve the sensitivity by 40 %, decrease cycle offset by about 60 % and increase linearity for R2 values close to 1. Design and width of printed layers were uncovered as the more impacting factors for these results. The flexibility of the sensors was demonstrated as well, ensuring their functionality under bending.
... PEDOT:PSS is a material with remarkable properties, including the ability to form strong films, high optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and environmental stability [2]. This material has been used in various fields [3][4][5], such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, supercapacitors, and antistatic coatings. Moreover, it has great potential for applications in wearable smart devices, biomedical sensors, tissue engineering, neural interfaces, and other areas [6][7][8]. ...
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a conductive polymer commonly used in various technological applications. However, its impact on aquatic ecosystems remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the toxicity effects of PEDOT:PSS on zebrafish. We first determined the lethal concentration (LC50) of PEDOT:PSS in zebrafish and then exposed AB-type zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of PEDOT:PSS for 120 h. Our investigation elucidated the toxicity effects of zebrafish development, including morphological assessments, heart rate measurements, behavioral analysis, transcriptome profiling, and histopathological analysis. We discovered that PEDOT:PSS exhibited detrimental effects on the early developmental stages of zebrafish, exacerbating the oxidative stress level, suppressing zebrafish activity, impairing cardiac development, and causing intestinal cell damage. This study adds a new dimension to the developmental toxicity of PEDOT:PSS in zebrafish. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the ecological repercussions of PEDOT:PSS and highlight the importance of responsible development and application of novel materials in our rapidly evolving technological landscape.