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In recent years, fossil fuels have been preferably used both for domestic and industrial purposes. Fossil fuels are highly flammable and effective but are very hazardous to the human environment. It is also one of the causes of the ozone layer depletion which humanity is battling presently. Biomass fuels are majorly agricultural waste materials whi...
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... The difference in the results of the analysis between this study and others is that biomass has characteristics that cannot be exactly the same as each other but are diverse depending on the origin, climate, and geography where it grows [51]. Despite coconut husk having a lower calorific value compared to coal (29.5 MJ. kg −1 ) [52], all of the results confirm that coconut husk biomass is still suitable for chemical producers in the form of BCO through a more sustainable process. ...
Coconut husk is a residue from coconut processing plants that has not been widely utilized. Pyrolysis has the opportunity to convert it into chemicals in the form of bio-crude oil (BCO). Therefore, this study aims to examine the thermal decomposition behavior as well as determine the kinetic and activation thermodynamic parameters of coconut husk pyrolysis in the devolatilization zone using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Volatile state Kissinger-Akahira Sunose (KAS), volatile state Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), volatile state Friedman, and volatile state Coats-Redfern (CR) methods were employed with heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C.min⁻¹. The TGA result supports the evidence of the non-isothermal pattern in the mass loss profile. Besides, the average ranges of activation energy, pre-exponential factor, activation enthalpy, activation entropy, and activation Gibbs free energy of coconut husk pyrolysis are 197.56–198.41 kJ.mol⁻¹, 6.08 × 10²⁰–1.41 × 10²² s⁻¹, 192.87–193.73 kJ.mol⁻¹, − 0.24–0.28 kJ.mol⁻¹.K⁻¹, and 152.39–166.12 kJ.mol⁻¹, in a respective term. The pattern of activation energy shows that it initially enhances along with reaction progress and temperature due to low molecular mobility and then the value alleviates as the completion decomposition process to form BCO. On the other side, the results of the activation thermodynamics parameters prove that this process is endothermic, forms a transition state (ordered) before forming the product (disordered), and requires an external supply of heat. As a recommendation, the volatile approach is proven can describe the relationship between activation energy and activation thermodynamic parameters in the transition state.
Graphical Abstract
... It has a higher calorific value compared to fossil fuels and therefore can be used as an alternative source of cheaper energy. According to Bett et al. [5], tyre pyrolysis oil has a calorific value of 48.99 MJ/kg while that of diesel is 44.8 MJ/kg according to Osueke et al. [6]. ...
Used tyres are not biodegradable, and the current methods of disposal pose a threat to the environment. Such tyres can be valorised through decomposition to produce liquid fuel, an alternative diesel fuel, using thermal pyrolysis technique. Microwave pyrolysis is an alternate method which uses microwave irradiation, saves energy, and is better environmentally. The main objective of this study was to perform microwave pyrolysis of used tyres to produce liquid fuel and compare with thermal pyrolysis. The specific objectives were to study the effects of pyrolysis operating variables and optimization of liquid fuel yield for thermal pyrolysis, compare with microwave pyrolysis, and characterize the liquid fuel. Thermal pyrolysis variables were reaction temperature, reaction time, and particle size. Thermal pyrolysis reaction temperatures were 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°C; reaction time 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, and 120 minutes. Particle sizes were 25, 50, 60, 100, 125, and 200mm2. Thermal pyrolysis was carried out in furnace fabricated using furnace clay rated 600 W. A 500 ml round bottomed flask was used as a reactor. Design Expert 13 was used for data analysis and optimization, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for chemical composition analysis, while physiochemical properties were tested using standard methods. The yield of the liquid product was correlated as a quadratic function of the reaction variables. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of operating variables and identify points of optimal yields. The yield decreased as particle size increased. Yield increased with increase in temperature optima being 500°C. Yield increased with increase in reaction time, and the pyrolysis time was 80 minutes. The highest liquid yield of 40.4 wt. % corresponded to temperature of 500°C, time of 80 min for 60 mm2 size. The calorific value for liquid fuel was 47.31 MJ/kg and GC-MS analysis showed that the oil comprised of complex mixtures of organic compounds with limonene, toluene, and xylene as major components. When compared to the published literature on microwave pyrolysis, both processes gave similar maximum yield but microwave process was superior due to a 77.5% reduction in reaction time, resulting in a 73.02% saving in energy requirement.
... In general, the calorific value of rice straw ranges from 14 to 15 MJ/kg which is almost comparable to the Higher Heating Value (HHV) obtained from rice husk [99][100][101]. Whereas, the calorific value of diesel and petrol is, around 45.5 MJ/kg and 45.8 MJ/kg, respectively, three times the calorific value of rice straw [102,103]. ...
Rice is a conventional crop that is produced majorly in the South and the South-East regions of Asia, leading to the generation of a considerable amount of biomass (Rice Straw) in the fields during the harvesting process. Whereas, husked rice, rice bran and broken rice are handled carefully during the processing of rice, however, rice straw is left in the agricultural fields and subjected to open-field burning for the easiest way to get rid of this waste. During the burning process, particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) and Greenhouse gases (CO, SOx, NOx) are emitted to the atmosphere and tend to cause an adverse effect on soil characteristics, human health and the environment. Considering these problems, many studies have been carried out for the valorization of rice straw in the various technologies as a raw material for composting, paper production, power generation, mushroom production, gasification and pyrolysis, construction material, pellet production, silica extraction, feed for ruminants, biofuel production, as an adsorbent and biochar production. The present paper aims to review the aforementioned technologies on the basis of different parameters for the generation of value-added products. The data presented in the paper is expected to aid local authorities, researchers and stakeholders to improvise the current practices or to invent new possibilities for the sustainable management of rice straw.
... Here, the HHV of the CHW sample was calculated using a bomb calorimeter [24] as 17.00 MJ/kg respectively, which was found very close to other CHW biomass in the range of 17 to 20 MJ/kg as reported by Nuriana et al. [25]. The CHW biomass possesses quite lower HHV as compared to coal i.e., 29.5 MJ/kg [24]. ...
... Here, the HHV of the CHW sample was calculated using a bomb calorimeter [24] as 17.00 MJ/kg respectively, which was found very close to other CHW biomass in the range of 17 to 20 MJ/kg as reported by Nuriana et al. [25]. The CHW biomass possesses quite lower HHV as compared to coal i.e., 29.5 MJ/kg [24]. The lignocellulosic composition of biomass is mainly determined by the nature of pyrolysis end products. ...
Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of coconut husk waste (CHW) biomass was conducted at 10, 20, and 30 °C/min in inert atmospheric conditions. The physicochemical characterization in terms of proximate, ultimate analysis, and lignocellulosic composition of CHW was done by using different analytical techniques. The characterization revealed that CHW contains higher volatile matter (67.8 wt.%), lower ash and moisture content while significantly higher HHV (17 MJ/kg). The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using iso-conversional model-free methods, including Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Starink, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), respectively. The calculated average activation energy values for CHW were found to be 232.17, 230.38, and 229.87 kJ/mol for FWO, KAS, and Starink models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy for CHW were calculated using iso-conversional methods. The kinetic analysis and thermal degradation study disclosed that the CHW biomass can effectively be used in sustainable biofuel production.
... Currently, the artisanal brick industry has a fuel switch process due to (1) lower combustion costs, (2) organic waste near the production site and (3) lower pollutant emissions. It should be noted that the organic waste with the greatest energy potential is agricultural waste [88,89]. Zavaleta [90] researched the change from firewood to chestnut shells for Bolivia's artisan brick industry, since 70% of the world's chestnut production is in Bolivia. ...
A large part of the global brick manufacturing industry has evolved based on knowledge transmitted from generation to generation without developing a consistent scientific approach. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this approach by discussing the state-of-the-art and future trends of the design and construction of artisan brick kilns (ABK). The methodology proposed for this study is based on a systematic literature review whereby main question is: What research exists on brick kilns? Based on the results of this review, it is recommended that appropriate emerging technologies that should be incorporated to ABKs for either medium or small enterprises should be: mechanical fans, envelope thermal insulation, organic waste of uniform size as fuel, automatic control of process variables and computer simulations of phenomenological processes. This should be accompanied by technical training for the brick-makers and greater access to financing funds. The technologies reviewed throughout the paper will allow for a more thermally efficient design of kilns, which will emit less hazardous greenhouse gases and atmospheric pollutants.
... Also, most urban residents use kerosene and other by-products of crude oil for domestic cooking in spite of its consequent environmental threats. Notwithstanding, the danger of depletion posed by the usage of fossil fuels has triggered further exploration and development of alternative and renewable energy sources like solar energy [8], [9]. The incessant use of fuelwood has not only resultsed in deforestation but has been observed to also increase the mortality rate in rural areas. ...
Just like other solar cookers, the solar box cooker needs energy gotten from the sun to operate without producing emissions. In this research, a solar box is fabricated to reduce over-dependence on fossil fuel for energy generation. This reduces the environmental degradation caused by the use of other sources of energy. The ASHRAE empirical model was used to obtain the solar irradiance present in Omu-Aran metropolis. Thereafter, the no-load and load test was conducted to determine the cooker's thermal performance. The tests were conducted between January 2018 and January 2019 in Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria with geographical coordinates 8° 8' 0" North, 5° 6' 0" East. The average energy and exergy efficiency of the cooker were 32°C and 28°C respectively. A decrease in the efficiency of the cooker was observed. This was because the reflector, which is made from aluminium foil, was degrading. As a result of this degradation caused the sun rays (radiation) to be reflected poorly into the absorber and also caused a myth of overcast sky. Meanwhile, the variation in solar radiation during the sensible heating test resulted in the fluctuation inefficiency. The ratio of water to absorber temperature which was above 0.80 during the pre-boiling heating process indicates that the cooker can be recommended for sterilization.
Environmental challenges related to sewage sludge call for urgent sustainable management of this resource. Sludge pyrolysis might be considered as a sustainable technology and is anticipated to support measures for mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. The end products of the process have various applications, including the agricultural utilization of biochar, as well as the energy exploitation of bio-oil and syngas. In this research, sewage sludge was pyrolyzed at 500 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C, and 850 °C. At each temperature, pyrolysis was explored at 1hr, 2hrs, and 3hrs residence times. The ratio (H/Corg)at was tapped to imply organic carbon stability and carbon sequestration potential. Optimum operating conditions were achieved at 750 °C and 2hrs residence time. Produced biochar had (H/Corg)at ratio of 0.54, while nutrients’ contents based on dry weight were 3.99%, 3.2%, and 0.6% for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK), respectively. Electrical conductivity of biochar was lesser than the feed sludge. Heavy metals in biochar aligned with the recommended values of the International Biochar Initiative. Heat content of condensable and non-condensable volatiles was sufficient to maintain the temperature of the furnace provided that PYREG process is considered. However, additional energy source is demanded for sludge drying.
As one of the world's most significant staple crops, rice has played a crucial part in meeting the primary demand for food for inhabitants across the globe. China and India are the two major producers and consumers of rice as compared to the rest of the world. Despite that, several environmental and health hazards are associated with rice residue, i.e., rice straw. In recent years, the emission of greenhouse gases, deterioration of the soil characteristics and production of hazardous smog have become significant issues that are usually faced during the open-field burning of rice straw in the northern region of India. Several studies have validated the alarming threats of these issues, but on the ground level, suitable measures are yet to be taken. The present review article aims to provide comprehensive details about the utilization of rice straw in various in-situ and ex-situ technologies while highlighting the physical, chemical, thermal and biological characteristics for its application in upcoming technologies with a special emphasis on Northern India. Apart from that, particular emphasis has been given to the initiatives commenced by the government of India for the management of rice straw. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis has been carried out to mitigate the problems related to rice straw, followed by a brief discussion of future perspectives along with sustainable development goals. The data outlined in the article is anticipated to aid the researchers, stakeholders and concerned authorities in improvising the existing practices or to attain new findings for the sustainable management of rice straw.
Graphical Abstract
Redefining rice straw management: opting for sustainable solutions over conventional methods
Biogas production is a very retro technology that requires some technological advancement to compete with the recent fuel demand. Only biogas is not sufficient; it has to be enriched before applying to recent applications, i.e., mobile and stationary. In stationary applications, mainly household or domestic fuel requirement is focused on. Low-pressure high-volume storage of enriched biogas is such an advancement in the biogas sector. Enriched biogas can be compressed under high pressure (200 bar) to increase the storage capacity or increase energy density. To make it fit for domestic usage, the enriched biogas must be bottled at low pressure (20 bar). Our work shows a possibility in the same direction, i.e., storing the enriched biogas at low pressures. The appropriate experiments were performed on the storage cylinder in two ways, one is simple compression, and, in another method, the cylinder was filled with adsorbing material (activated carbons produced from biomass). Three different materials, i.e., activated biochar derived from coconut shell procured from NORIT Americas Inc., pigeon pea stalk biochar, and bamboo biochar developed within the lab at 500 °C temperature in an inert environment, were used as filler for the bottling cylinder. The desired characterization of raw material and biochar was also performed. Permissible results are found during this study showing that activated biochar is best suited as filler for bottling cylinders to store the enriched biogas.
