Table 2 - uploaded by Sanjeev Kumar
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Sandstone is a popular type of natural stone and is made up of collective grains of quartz. India is one of the countries blessed with various types of sandstones with appealing colors. Demand for Indian sandstones has increased in the international market and they are being exported to many countries like United States, United Kingdom, and New Zea...
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Context 1
... aggregates of 10-mm size (fine- ness modulus 6.08) and 20-mm size (fineness modulus 7.22) crushed stone were used as coarse aggregates with an average specific gravity 2.64. Quartz sandstone coarse aggregate with 10-mm size (fineness modulus 6.04) and 25-mm size (fineness modulus 7.24) were used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates with an average specific gravity of 2.45 and other properties as given in Table 2. The particle- size distribution of aggregates is shown in Fig. 2. ...
Citations
... The quarrying, cutting, and completing of stone are a profoundly contaminating industry, produce immense measures of scrap stone, squander slurry, and residue discharges [2].The discarded material in the form of slurry and scrap accounts for 50-90% of the mined stone during the process [3][4]. ...
The expanded demands of marble oriented products represent a likely threat to nature and natural resources. Practically half of the marble material is disposed of at the very initial stage in the form of irregular stone scrap followed by discharge of slurry during the processing. The produced slurry adversely influences water assets and causing an exceptional economic and environmental loss. The explored territory of Mohamand marble zone, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, has in excess of 150 Marble Processing Units dissipated alongside the main water asset, Subhan Kharh, an occasional stream. The stream water straightforwardly joins the River Kabul having its own economic, recreational, social, aesthetic, and natural commitment in Pakistan's geography. During industrial discharge and rainy seasons, the car-bonated waste makes its way into the nearby stream making the water unsuitable for domestic use. This paper provides the physio-chemical status of the water samples collected from various marble processing units, selected randomly, in the area. In addition , the waste generated in the form of slurry by each marble processing unit on a daily (1.65 m 3), monthly (50.25 m 3), and annual (603 m 3) basis is part of the paper. The marble powder ratio in the slurry was estimated at 15.25 Kg, 457.50 Kg, and 5490.55 Kg on a daily, monthly, and yearly basis respectively. The article likewise proposes reusing alternatives of wastewater and auxiliary utilization of the marble powder collected from the slurry. Hence, the substitute utilization of waste powder as building, construction, and landfilling material would be gainful and the unfavorable effects on the environment would be diminished.
... The quarrying, cutting, and completing of stone are a profoundly contaminating industry, produce immense measures of scrap stone, squander slurry, and residue discharges [2].The discarded material in the form of slurry and scrap accounts for 50-90% of the mined stone during the process [3][4]. ...
... These experiments aimed to investigate the influence of atmospheric conditions and different environments on the structure and mechanical properties of prepared materials, which is essential from the application point of view. Such tests are commonly applied during the investigation of aggregates and concretes [34]. Figure 8 presents the appearance of LWAs initially and after treatment with different solutions. ...
Sewage sludge is a high-volume and low-cost waste commonly generated worldwide, so its utilization is a vital issue. The application of this waste in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates was investigated. The process was performed using intensive mixers with volumes of 5 and 30 L, as well as the industrial 500 L mixer. Then, granulates were sintered in a tube furnace. The influence of composition and mixer size on the particle size, microstructure, mechanical performance, and stability of lightweight aggregates in different environments was analyzed. The best results were obtained for a 500 L mixer, enhancing the industrial potential of the presented process. Increasing the share of sewage sludge in the composition of aggregates enhanced their porosity and reduced the specific weight, which caused a drop in compressive strength. Nevertheless, for all analyzed materials, the mechanical performance was superior compared to many commercial products. Therefore, sewage sludge can be efficiently applied as a raw material for the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates. The presented results confirm that a proper adjustment of composition allows easy the tailoring of aggregates' performance and cost.
... Stone quarrying is a highly polluting industry which produces huge amounts of dust emissions and waste by-products such as scrap stone, waste stone slurry and dry-stone dust from quarrying, cutting and finishing processes (Kumar et al., 2017a). About 50-90% of the excavated stone is wasted in the form of scrap stone and slurry (Kumar et al., 2017b;Papantonopoulos and Taxiarchou, 2005;Singhal and Goel, 2020). The waste stone slurry is a mixture of water and fine particles (Almeida et al., 2007). ...
... Ahmad (2015) and Singhal and Goel (2020) studied the impact of sandstone quarrying practices on workers' health. Aciu (2014), Kumar et al. (2018Kumar et al. ( , 2017b and Singh et al. (2015) examined the reuse potential of sandstone as construction material. However, detailed characterization of sandstone waste was not available in the literature which is essential for understanding its environmental impacts, and for developing strategies for reusing waste material as construction material. ...
... The sandstone samples also show the presence of some cubic quartz crystals. Closed packing and different alignments of the internal hexagonal structures are among the main reasons for the high compressive strength of the sandstone which prevents propagation of any crack that develops in a single direction (Kumar et al., 2017b) (see Fig. 4). ...
... The resistance of quartz sandstone against acid attack is due to highly siliceous nature of quartz sandstones. The sandstones with more amount of silica tends to degrade at a slower rate when dipped in sulphuric acid solution [64]. ...
Concrete production has a lot of environmental impacts causing damage to the most fertile layer of the earth. Cement industry often uses unethical methods in obtaining resources by breaking river stones from the most alluring areas of the world for the production of cement concrete. Due to various environmental hazards associated with cement concrete production industries, most of the government re-forces and subsides the use of cement and also encourages to find a sustainable replacement material for the manufacture of cement concrete. Sandstones are a type of sedimentary rock which is composed of silt-sized minerals, rock grains and clay components. Some of the minerals like quartz and feldspar are the most occurred in earth surface and are found in sandstones. Since sandstones are highly porous when compared to magmatic rocks, they allow water to percolate and form aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. Even though sandstones were widely used in historical constructions around the globe, at present the use of such sedimentary rocks are not traditional in the field of building technology. There are many types of sandstones occurring in earth's surface and can be classified based on their elemental composition, clay content and sometimes based on their colour. Also, mining and quarrying generate a lot of these sandstone wastes which leads to excessive dumping without any utilisation. Although sandstones are a weaker type of aggregates that can be used in concrete, some of the studies have utilised them efficiently depending on the output needed for the use of such sedimentary materials. This paper presents the overview on the possible use of sandstones in cement concrete and some of the properties of such concrete in fresh and hardened states. Studies indicate that there is a promising future for the use of some selected sandstones in the production of cement concrete. The summary and information provided in this paper would provide new information and knowledge on the sustainable use of sandstone and its wastes for a greener concrete production.
The construction industry is facing a shortage issue of river sand, therefore broadening new sources of fine aggregate is imminent. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of a recycled sand from sandstone waste in mortar manufacturing by comprehensive assessment of workability, mechanical properties, water absorption, alkali silica reaction (ASR). The recycled sandstone sand (S-sand) has a smoother microscopic morphology and better particle size distribution than river sand (R-sand). Fine particles smaller than 150 µm in R-sand usually contain a large amount of impurities (such as clay) and are considered harmful. However, the S-sand containing ∼15.7% µm quartz grains <150 µm significantly improves the mortar performance in terms of compressive strength and ASR property. At the same water to binder ratio, the mortar using the S-sand shows worse workability than that using R-sand but a slight increase of water to binder ratio or adding water reducer improves not only the workability but also mechanical properties. For the ASR test, the S-sand shows potential uncertain risk as per ASTM C 1260. Using calcined clay or fly ash to replace 25% cement can effectively inhibit expansion risk. The compressive strength is reduced due to ASR, however, as the ASR progresses, it is somehow restored. This study also finds the good linear relationship between length change of mortar bar and mass change, which can be used to predict the sand ASR property. The results showed that S-sand produced by waste sandstone by-products can be used as high-quality fine aggregate.
This investigation aims to identify the possible utilization of sandstone slurry (SS) as an eco-friendly alternative material in self-compacting concrete (SCC). The SCC mixes made with six percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30) of SS as partial substitution of Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC). Characterization of SS has been performing through the microscopic image, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, methylene blue, and particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. The modified concrete's strength parameters report via microstructure, compressive strength, pull-off strength, and flexural tensile strength. Sorptivity, carbonation, chloride ion penetration, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and freeze and thaw tests measure durability, along with the economic indexes. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and pull-off strength results of the modified concrete were lower than that of the control concrete. However, it improved gradually with increased curing ages. Mercury intrusion porosimetry test revealed an enhancement in the porosity with an increment in the percentage of SS, leading to an augmentation in the capillary water absorption capacity, depth of carbonation, and chloride penetration. However, at lower water to powder ratio (0.33) and up to 15% of SS content, the durability test results commensurate with that of the control concrete, also supported by microstructural analysis. The specimens were highly resistant against freeze and thaw cycles from weight loss as well compressive strength point of view. Economic index analysis shows a decrement in the index values with an increment in the SS content. It deduces that the partial substitution of SS up to 15% may recommend for structural concrete applications.
Sandstone waste generated during the cutting and polishing process destroys the atmospheric condition when it is dumped along roadside, water bodies and landfill. The present investigation aims to utilize sandstone slurry (SS) as a partial replacement to portland pozzolana cement (PPC) in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Sandstone slurry was characterized by chemical composition, mineral phases, specific gravity, density, particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy test as primary investigation. Afterwards, five replacement percentages (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) of sandstone slurry by weight of portland pozzolana cement were assessed for their fresh and hardened properties. Scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were also conducted. Microstructural study confirms that the sandstone slurry did not influence the cement hydration, and the workability was decreased by the particular shape and surface texture of the sandstone slurry. To achieve the target workability, water to cement ratio was kept high and the dosage of superplasticizer was increased. This phenomenon validates increment in permeable voids and water absorption, reduced density and strength decrement of the self-compacting sand stone slurry concrete in comparison to the control concrete mix. The results point out the possibility of utilizing sandstone slurry (up to 15%) in self-compacting concrete, applicable for narrow and congested reinforcements, as well as in general structural works as a green and sustainable building material. This work discovers sandstone slurry as a sustainable substitution to portland pozzolana cement in the production of self-compacting concrete by minimizing the use of raw material and avoiding the environmental hazards created by the uncontrolled dumping of the sandstone by-products.
