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The review provides an essential insight into the nanotechnology principles for nano-selenium based materials mainly selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), selenium nanocomposite (SeNC) and how they can be synthesized, utilized in biomedicine. Various methods of synthesis of nano selenium have revealed extensively in this study. Applications in biomedicin...
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... They have bactericidal effects on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disrupting cellular components. SeNPs have shown exceptional efficacy against bacterial strains like S. aureus and E. coli [117]. SeNPs have gained popularity for their antibacterial qualities, which include rupturing bacterial cell membranes, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to oxidative stress, blocking vital bacterial enzymes, decreasing the formation of biofilms, modifying immunological responses, and working in concert with antibiotics ( Fig. 10). ...
... By regulating excitotoxic signaling, the nanoemulsion offers further neuronal protection. Curcumin-selenium nanoparticles regulate oxidative processes by reducing free radical oxidation, suggesting potential applications in adaptogenic and antioxidant drug development (Sowmya et al. 2024). Glyco-redox studies highlight the role of these mechanisms in diseases like cancer and AD (Jembrek et al. 2018). ...
... To provide a stronger mechanistic hypothesis regarding the neuroprotective effects of curcumin-selenium nanoemulsion in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we can explore several molecular pathways through which this combination may exert its beneficial effects. Curcumin effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhances endogenous antioxidant activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (Sowmya et al. 2024;Taniguchi et al. 2024). Selenium, as a selenoprotein component, further bolsters antioxidant defences, mitigating neuronal oxidative damage (Taniguchi et al. 2024). ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurological disorder primarily affecting older adults. A hallmark of this condition is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to increased oxidative stress and cellular damage. Treatment with a curcumin-selenium nanoemulsion has been shown to enhance behavioural performance and mitigate degenerative changes induced by aluminium chloride (AlCl3). This nanoemulsion also reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lowered levels of key proteins, including Aβ, p53, tau, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Additionally, it significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) levels in the brain while enhancing the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The study highlights the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the curcumin-selenium nanoemulsion, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option for alleviating AD induced by AlCl3. These results are further supported by improvements in the histological structure of the cortex and hippocampus, as well as enhanced immunohistochmical assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Cur- Se-nanoemulsion, the current drug delivery technology, may lower the amount of amyloid-β in AD rat brain and considerably ameliorate the memory deficit that improve therapy efficacy in AD lesions.
... The advantages of chemical methods are (i) a large production in a relatively short time and (ii) the control of shape, size, and distribution. The main disadvantages are the use of harmful reducing agents and the generation of chemical pollution caused by these reactions, which has limited their large-scale production and use for the synthesis of metallic NPs [118][119][120][121] (Figure 14). Depending on the reducing agent used, SeNPs have different morphology and, therefore, different antibacterial and antioxidant properties [122]. ...
... The advantages of chemical methods are (i) a large production in a relative time and (ii) the control of shape, size, and distribution. The main disadvantages use of harmful reducing agents and the generation of chemical pollution caused b reactions, which has limited their large-scale production and use for the synthesis tallic NPs [118][119][120][121] (Figure 14). Depending on the reducing agent used, SeNPs h ferent morphology and, therefore, different antibacterial and antioxidant propertie The most general chemical method of preparing SeNPs is the reduction of a s of selenious acid with ascorbic acid (Figure 15). ...
Selenium (Se) has important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, plays an important role in the immune system through redox balance, and is part of selenopro-teins. In patients who are critically ill, Se supplementation causes alterations in inflam-matory markers such as procalcitonin, leukocyte count, albumin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory cytokines, and cholesterol. The decrease in Se levels leads to a reduction in the levels of various selenoenzymes, in particular glutathione peroxidase and selenoprotein P. These antioxidant selenoproteins play a protective role against the lipoperoxidation of cell membranes and also participate in the process of regulating the inflammatory response. Currently, there are no conclusive data that allow us to affirm the existence of a significant reduction in mortality with the use of Se in intensive care. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can be used as dietary supplements or therapeutic agents due to their low toxicity and better bioavailability compared to traditional Se supple-mentation. In this review, we focus on the current state of research on SeNPs and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as a therapy for patients who are seriously ill, without the toxic effects of other Se species.
... In 1817, Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius discovered the semi-metallic element selenium [51,62], which exists in three different states: amorphous red, crystalline trigonal grey, and monoclinic crystalline red [63]. Derived from the Greek word "selene," which means "moon," [64] selenium has a role in DNA synthesis, metabolism, cellular differentiation, division, and protection against infections and oxidative damage, calcium homeostasis [65]. ...
Hyperglycemia is a persistent metabolic disease triggered by insufficient insulin synthesis by the pancreas. Phytoconstituents loaded nanoparticles offer better therapeutic profiles compared to chemical-based nanoparticles, but their effectiveness is challenging due to their solubility patterns, absorption kinetics, and lipid barriers. Selenium is a micro mineral necessary for human health that is becoming indispensable for the immune system and thyroid-related hormone metabolism. Selenium plays a crucial role in hyperglycemia due to its role in insulin production, secretion, and inflammation. Its antioxidant bioactivities may increase glutathione peroxidase-1 expression and reduce oxidative stress in islet β-cells. However, selenium management is crucial due to its excessive exposure may increase the risk of hyperglycemia by boosting the synthesis of Sepp1 in the liver, which is known to cause insulin resistance. By minimizing its toxicological profile, increasing its biological compatibility as well as its efficacy, and decreasing its particle size, nanotechnology has increased the potency of selenium. The green process for synthesizing selenium nanoparticles offers an environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional techniques, enhancing the benefits of nanoparticle fabrication. This article delved into the breakthroughs in the synthesis of phyto-selenium nanoparticles (PSeNPs), concerning a spotlight on addressing the complex therapeutic mechanism of action for the treatment of hyperglycemia and stewardship of its accompanying consequences.
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... Therefore, green synthesis techniques for SeNPs, on the other hand, provide a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option by utilizing biological resources like plants, algae, and microbes. These biogenically produced SeNPs are appealing for a variety of applications since they not only improved biocompatibility but also reasonably priced [40]. ...
Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising area of research due to their unique properties and potential multifaceted applications. The biosynthesis of SeNPs through biological methods, such as using microorganism, plant extracts, etc., offers a safe, eco-friendly, and biocompatible approach, compared to traditional chemical synthesis. Recent several studies demonstrated that multifaceted application of SeNPs includes a broad area such as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and excellent wound healing activity. On the other hand, SeNPs have also shown promising application in sensing of inorganic toxic metals, electrochemistry, agro-industries, aqua-cultures, and in fabrication of solar panels. Additionally, SeNPs capability to enhance the efficacy of traditional antibiotics and act as effective agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens has shown their potential in addressing critical health challenges. Although, the SeNPs exhibit wide applicability, the potential toxicity of Se, particularly in its various oxidative states, necessitates careful assessment of the environmental and health impacts associated with their use. Therefore, understanding the balance between their beneficial properties and potential risks is crucial for its safe applications. This review focuses exclusively on SeNPs synthesized via eco-friendly process, excluding research utilizing other synthesis processes. Moreover, this review aims to offer an overview of the diverse applications, potential risks, stability requirement, and cytocompatibility requirement, and multifaceted opportunities associated with SeNPs. Ultimately, the review bridges a gap in knowledge by providing an updated details of multifaceted applications of SeNPs.
... Broadspectrum biological activity characterizes selenium oxide nanoparticles, which are used as dietary supplements [23]. Selenium nanoparticles have drawn a lot of attention due to their great therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites [24]. The biocidal capabilities of SeNPs rely on their shape and size; nanoparticles of size 50-100 nm are more efficacious than macronanoparticles because they may enter easily into the bactericidal cell wall or membrane and disrupt the bacterial biological activity [25]. ...
Among the diverse nanomaterials, polymeric nanocomposites incorporating metallic nanoparticles have recently garnered significant attention due to their high efficacy, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing a nano-selenium polymeric bionanocomposite, created from biocompatible polymers using in situ green chemistry principles for its antibacterial activity against enterobacterial waterborne pathogenic strains. The polymeric nanocomposite was produced from environmentally friendly biopolymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and nano-selenium, while a chitosan-starch-nano-selenium composite using a simple dispersion technique. Characterization techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrated that the material is highly stable and exhibits unique structural and functional properties. Antibacterial activity was assessed against waterborne pathogenic enterobacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Citrobacter spp., using well diffusion assays, turbidometric growth curve assays, cell morphology assays, and biofilm or biofouling inhibition assays. The highly stable bionanocomposite showed significant antibacterial efficacy against all tested bacterial strains, minimizing environmental impact while providing an effective solution for controlling bacterial contamination. Phytotoxicity of the synthesized nanocomposite was tested on green gram seedlings through emergence index measurement and in silico analysis, revealing no signs of phytotoxic effects. This study underscores the novelty of utilizing green synthesis for SeNC with strong antibacterial properties, offering a sustainable and environmentally responsible method for inhibiting harmful pathogen in waterborne systems.
Graphical Abstract
... By using the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as selenium nanoparticles, it is possible to successfully combat drug resistance, innovate farming techniques, and enhance food safety. Further research is required to fully examine the potential and biocompatibility of these nanoparticles and ensure their safe adoption in a range of sectors to improve sustainability and health [5][6][7]. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized by Namasivayam et al. [6] using the co-precipitation method. The results show that IONPs have the potential to be powerful bioactive agents that may combat cancer cells and drug-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains. ...
Microbial afflictions represent a significant global public health concern. The overuse of antibiotics and the ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapies present substantial challenges in the biomedical field. Consequently, research scientific efforts are focused on developing nanoparticle-based microbial agents to address the escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance. In the present study, we synthesized fucoidan combined with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets using the liquid exfoliation technique, followed by thorough characterization. The UV-visible spectrum analysis revealed prominent absorption peaks at 610 and 672 nm, indicative of the successful formation of F-MoS2 nanosheets. Subsequent antimicrobial assays demonstrated the exceptional antibacterial efficacy of the developed F-MoS2 nanosheets against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Moreover, in vivo toxicity assessment using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model disclosed that concentrations exceeding 125 µg/mL led to a reduction in the number of fertilized eggs laid by the worms. Furthermore, concentrations of 250 µg/mL resulted in delays in the reproductive cycle and impaired developmental fitness. Thus, the developed F-MoS2 nanosheets exhibit promising prospects for application within the realm of biomedicine.
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... Bio-based approaches for synthesis of NPs offer several advantages, including scalability for large-scale production, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ecological safety. Biosynthesis approach typically involves using various bio-reductant and a stabilizer entities such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, and plants for NPs reduction and stability [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Instead of using toxic chemical solvents, the green synthesis utilizes naturallyderived materials such as plant extracts, microbial and fungi cultures. ...
By understanding the nutritional requirements for pathogenic bacteria, researchers can effectively cultivate and study them as well as explore potential antimicrobial agents that may combat them. A new bacterial culture medium was prepared using a cost-effective and available type of fungus, Terfezia spp. At the same time and using the green method, titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were mycosynthesized using the same fungus. In a novel manner, the TiO2 NPs were loaded into polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs) aerogel beads, which were prepared using the sol-gel method and freeze-drying cycle. These nanocomposite aerogel beads were characterized using several techniques such as UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. Bacterial growth analysis showed successful growth of all pathogenic bacterial samples on the Terfezia spp. culture medium. The UV-vis analysis for PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs exhibiting a characteristic peak within 260–290 nm. FTIR characterization demonstrated the successful mycosynthesis of TiO2 NPs using Terfezia spp. and interaction between the TiO2 NPs and polymer. SEM revealed the TiO2 NPs had spherical morphology with an average size around 38 nm while the aerogel bead surface showed a uniform nanoporous structure. XRD analysis indicated the TiO2 NPs was incorporated into the PVA/SA matrix. The mycosynthesized TiO2 NPs exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains, with zones of inhibition ranging between 24–34 mm, while the antimicrobial activity of the PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs aerogel beads ranged between 12–20 mm, as indicated by the well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the TiO2 NPs was found to range between 16–64 μg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined to be between 8–32 μg/mL for the tested pathogenic bacterial strains. Growth kinetics testing showed that the PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs aerogel beads exhibited complete inhibition against all pathogenic bacterial strains, in contrast to the pure PVA/SA aerogel beads. The antibacterial performance was directly related to the loading of the TiO2 NPs in the polymer matrix. Finally, the enhanced antibacterial activity of these nanocomposite aerogel beads suggests they could be utilized for antibacterial materials and biomedical applications.
Graphical Abstract
... Chitosan nanoparticles are natural materials with remarkable physicochemical and biological properties, making them environmentally beneficial due to their distinguishing features. Chitosan nanoparticles have a wide range of applications [56]. ...
Nanoscale materials derived from natural polymers have attracted considerable attention in various scientific and technological fields due to their impressive qualities such as high efficacy, biodegradability, and particularly, biocompatibility. Chitosan, among these biopolymer-based nanomaterials, plays a crucial role owing to its unique structural and functional properties. While numerous studies have explored the biological activities of chitosan-based nanomaterials, there is a lack of research on the extraction of chitosan from the most cost-effective biological sources and its subsequent conversion into nanoscale materials. This review aims to address this gap by discussing the extraction of chitosan from fungal organisms—a distinct group of ubiquitous eukaryotic microorganisms—using simple, environmentally friendly in situ green science principles. It also explores the potential transformation of fungal-derived chitosan into nanoscale materials. The methods for extracting chitosan from fungal biomass are extensively reviewed, alongside the environmentally friendly routes for converting extracted chitosan into nanoscale materials such as chitosan nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Furthermore, the review thoroughly examines the applications of fabricated chitosan nanomaterials, highlighting their roles as antimicrobial, anticancer, and agro-active agents. Special attention is given to assessing the toxicity of chitosan nanomaterials using reliable in vitro and in vivo model systems. In summary, the findings suggest that chitosan derived from fungi shows promise as an effective bioactive nanomaterial for a wide range of applications, characterised by its high biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. This research underscores the potential of harnessing natural resources for the development of advanced nanomaterials with significant practical implications.
Graphical Abstract
... Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of GO-Au and rGO-Au on Vero cells which are very popular for vaccine and antiviral development. The cytotoxicity assay could represent the biocompatibility of the synthesized nanocomposites [25,26]. We also demonstrate a simple and fast microwave method, utilizing ascorbic acid as a reducing agent, to synthesize both GO-Au and rGO-Au by making slight adjustments to the synthesis variables. ...
The utilization of carbon-based materials in biomedicine, especially graphene derivatives, has garnered significant interest. However, the concern about the necessity of removing oxygen containing functional groups in graphene oxide (GO) modification for biomedical applications has not been extensively studied. Here, we synthesized graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified with small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) below 10 nm, referred to as GO-Au and rGO-Au, respectively, and subsequently their antioxidant capability, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity were directly compared. The rapid microwave-assisted synthesis method was employed to produce GO-Au and rGO-Au nanocomposites. Structural and compositional analyses using various characterization techniques revealed distinctive properties between GO-Au and rGO-Au. Interestingly, antioxidant assays employing DPPH and ABTS methods demonstrated that GO-Au exhibited higher antioxidant activity than rGO-Au with IC50 values of 98.5 and 202.8 μg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial assays showed that GO-Au was more effective at inhibiting E. coli growth (52% growth inhibition), while rGO-Au was significantly better against S. aureus (99% growth inhibition) due to the distinct mechanisms of action. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assays performed on Vero cells revealed that GO-Au exhibited greater biocompatibility compared to rGO-Au with IC50 values of 31.3 μg/mL and 23.4 μg/mL, respectively. These findings emphasize the crucial role of oxygen-containing functional groups in GO-based materials, particularly in GO-Au nanocomposites, for enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity. Removing oxygen groups, as seen in rGO-Au, is unnecessary, unless in cases targeting specific bacteria like S. aureus. This suggests that preserving the oxygen-containing functional groups in other GO modifications is preferable in the biomedical field to maintain the low toxicity of graphene-based materials and their bioavailability.
