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Symptoms of powdery mildew on hazelnut leaves (a and b) and fruit cluster (c); conidia (d), bar = 20 μm; chasmothecium (e), bar = 20 μm; appendages (f), bar = 10 μm; asci and ascospores of Erysiphe corylacearum (g), bar = 20 μm
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Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is Turkey’s most valuable agricultural export, and an essential source of income for many families in the Black Sea Region. In spring 2013, hazelnut leaves, fruit clusters and shoots showing powdery mildew infection symptoms different from those observed previously were discovered in Giresun, Ordu and Trabzon provinces o...
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Citations
... However, another species of powdery mildew fungi, Erysiphe corylacearum, is also known to infect hazels [11,12]. Its symptoms develop in early spring on young shoots, leaves and young fruits [12]. ...
... However, another species of powdery mildew fungi, Erysiphe corylacearum, is also known to infect hazels [11,12]. Its symptoms develop in early spring on young shoots, leaves and young fruits [12]. The symptoms of infection mostly appear on the upper surface of the hazel leaf, but the fungus can also colonize the back of the leaf [8,11]. ...
... The symptoms of infection mostly appear on the upper surface of the hazel leaf, but the fungus can also colonize the back of the leaf [8,11]. The leaves turn brown during infection, and symptoms also include necrosis of the leaves or leaf drop [12]. More importantly, hazelnut fruits can also be colonized by the powdery mildew fungus [12,13], rendering them shriveled and underdeveloped. ...
The demand for common hazel (Corylus avellana) fruit increases constantly. Powdery mildew (PM) on hazels in Hungary and throughout Europe was previously caused mainly by Phyllactinia guttata. However, less than a decade ago, another fungus of Asian origin, Erysiphe corylacearum, appeared on hazels in Europe, including Hungary. Our investigation aimed to develop a species-specific PCR (ssPCR) to aid the identification of P. guttata and E. corylacearum, and to assess the presence of the latter, non-native fungus in Hungary. For this study, 59 samples were collected from Hungary between 2021 and 2023. The chasmothecial morphology of the PM fungi was observed, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA was sequenced in representative samples. Morphological analysis distinguished two types of chasmothecia. Parts of the chasmothecia, typical of P. guttata, were flattened and spherical with bristle-like appendages, while other chasmothecia, characteristic of E. corylacearum, were distinctly smaller, bearing appendages with branched apices. Sequence data also verified the presence of P. guttata and E. corylacearum in our samples. The developed ssPCR revealed that E. corylacearum was present in more than three-quarters of the samples, more than a quarter of the samples contained both fungi and about one-fifth carried solely P. guttata. The alien fungus E. corylacearum was found in all but one of the sampled regions and was found on C. avellana and also on C. colurna. Erysiphe corylacearum spreads rapidly and can be considered an invasive pathogen. Its practical importance lies in its ability to infect hazelnuts, potentially causing economic losses. Our ssPCR ensures accurate and quick identification of the fungus, which is essential for effective plant protection.
... While hazelnuts serve as a valuable agricultural commodity, their susceptibility to various diseases poses significant challenges to production and quality. Notably, fungi such as Anisogramma anomala (Chen et al., 2007), Erysiphe corylacearum (EPPO, 2021;Sezer et al., 2017), Cytospora corylicola (Lamichhane et al., 2014), Dothiorella sp. (Linaldeddu et al., 2016;Wiman et al., 2019), Diplodia spp. ...
In September 2022, hazelnut trees in six orchards in the Çarşamba district of Samsun province, a major hazelnut production area in the Black Sea region of Türkiye, showed symptoms of leaf yellowing, shoot dieback, decline, basal stem rot and the presence of brown bracket‐like sessile basidiocarps. Approximately 5%–10% of hazelnut trees were affected, highlighting the significant impact of the disease. A comprehensive morphological analysis was conducted to characterize fungal isolates obtained from symptomatic tissues as G . adspersum . This analysis incorporated features observed in basidiomata from declining trees and those reproduced after isolates were cultivated on wheat grain for spawn production and grown on an oak sawdust‐based substrate. Confirmation of identification was achieved through the utilization of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) loci, along with sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The G . adspersum isolates generally exhibited no significant growth differences at similar temperatures but demonstrated enhanced growth at 30°C, while growth was completely inhibited at 40°C. Incompatible reactions between isolates confirmed that distinct genotypes were present, highlighting genetic diversity within the species. In the pathogenicity trials, employing a single infested wheat grain per inoculation at the wounded site, hazelnut suckers exhibited distinct brown discolouration surrounding the inoculation site following a 2.5‐month incubation period. Significantly, lesions exceeding 3 cm in length were observed, providing clear evidence of vigorous pathogenic activity by G . adspersum . This study is the first report of G . adspersum causing butt rot in hazelnuts, underscoring the significance of this finding for hazelnut cultivation and providing a foundation for future research and disease management strategies.
... This pathogen has a negative impact on fruit production and safety (U. Braun & S. Takam.), and is the causal agent of the new emerging hazelnut powdery mildew disease [4]. E. corylacearum has been reported for the first time on hazelnut in Turkey [4]. ...
... Braun & S. Takam.), and is the causal agent of the new emerging hazelnut powdery mildew disease [4]. E. corylacearum has been reported for the first time on hazelnut in Turkey [4]. Before that, it was documented only on other Corylus species in Asia, such as Asian hazel (Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ...
... Symptoms of P. guttata are visible mainly on the lower surface of the leaf during late summer and have minimal impact on hazelnuts, requiring little or no treatment. On the contrary, E. corylacearum is particularly harmful to hazelnut cultivation, causing significant damage, that results in a strong reduction in both yield and quality of hazelnuts, especially when associated with water stress [4]. The plants affected by the new powdery mildew show symptoms of a white patina on the upper surface of the leaves; in the case of an intensive attack, the symptoms also occur on young shoots, bracts, and fruits. ...
Erysiphe corylacearum has recently been reported in northern Italy (Piedmont) and other European countries as the causal agent of a new emerging powdery mildew on hazelnut. This disease is much more dangerous than the common hazelnut powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata as it significantly reduces yield and quality of hazelnuts. This study aimed to perform morphological and molecular characterization of the fungal isolates from powdery mildew-infected plants in the Piedmont Italian region. Additionally, genetic diversity studies and pathogenicity tests were conducted. Thirty-six fungal isolates originating from symptomatic hazelnut plants exhibiting specific powdery mildew symptoms on the superior leaf side were identified morphologically as E. corylacearum. Single- and multilocus sequence typing of five loci (ITS, rpb2, CaM, GAPDH and GS) assigned all isolates as E. corylacearum. Multilocus and GAPDH phylogenetic studies resulted in the most efficient characterization of E. corylacearum. Studied fungal isolates were able to cause new emerging powdery mildew disease by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The emergence of powdery mildew disease in Italy revealed the E. corylacearum subgrouping, population expansion, and high nucleotide similarity with other recently identified E. corylacearum hazelnut isolates. To contain this harmful disease and inhibit the fungus spread into new geographical zones, it will be necessary to implement more rigorous monitoring in neighboring hazelnut plantations near infected hazelnuts, use sustainable fungicides and search for new biocontrol agents.
... An epiphytic species, E. corylacearum appeared alongside a widespread hemiendophytic species (P. guttata) commonly visible on the lower side of leaves on the same host plant (Heluta et al. 2019;Sezer et al. 2017). This species, E. corylacearum was also recently introduced to Hungary ( Kalmár et al. 2023). ...
Fraxinus ornus and F . excelsior are naturally occurring woodland trees and widely cultivated ornamental plants in Hungary. Leaves with powdery mildew symptoms observed unusually on adaxial side of leaves of F . ornus and F . excelsior were collected from two locations in Hungary. We identified the causing fungi based on their morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Numerous chasmothecia were found on a part of the samples, which were spherical, 83–120 µm in diameter, and the apices of the appendages uncinated or spirally curved. Anamorphs were characterized by conidiophores developing conidia singly, and by hyphae with lobed appressoria, characteristic of Erysiphe spp. The internal transcribed spacer region of the nrDNA was amplified, and the BLAST searches showed 100% similarity with Erysiphe salmonii sequences in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis the sequences of the Hungarian samples grouped in one clade with the sequences of other E. salmonii specimens collected in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia. This is the first report of the non-native E . salmonii causing powdery mildew on Fraxinus sp. in Hungary.
... , Diaporthe spp. (Arciuolo et al., 2022), Gnomoniopsis castaneae (Lione et al., 2019), the emerging powdery mildew by Erisiphe corylacearum Sezer et al., 2017), and the anthracnose by Piggotia coryli/Cryptosporiopsis tarraconensis (Altin and Gulcu, 2023;Drais et al., 2023) and pests, such as the marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Bosco et al., 2018) and the bud mites, primarily Phytoptus avellanae (Contarini et al., 2022); -shortcomings and undesirable traits in the new releases include long nut shape, thick shells, low nut yield per tree, poor pellicle removal after roasting, and a high frequency of nut and kernel defects. ...
... Phytopathogens play an important role in hazelnut tree yield and quality (Ertunc et al. 2014;Scortichini et al. 2002a;Sezer et al. 2017;Battilani et al. 2018;Jamwal et al. 2022). Hazelnut trees are threatened by various attacks of plant pathogenic bacteria under favorable climatic conditions, such as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. ...
... European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is the most important species for nut production, which is under threat of several pathogenic disease agents (Frutos 2010;Sezer et al. 2017). Bacterial blight caused by X. arboricola pv. ...
During surveys in 2018 and 2019, diseased plant materials (leaves and fruits) were collected from commercial hazelnut orchards in Samsun, Ordu, and Giresun provinces in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Bacterial isolation was performed from 188 symptomatic materials and 166 bacterial colonies with yellow color were purified on GYCA plates. Twenty-eight strains were found capable of causing lesions on bean pods, hypersensitive reaction to tobacco leaves, and disease symptoms on hazelnut seedlings. They were initially identified as X. arboricola by physiological, biochemical, and MALDI-TOF MS analyses. In PCR analysis, the strains with primers XarbQ-F/XarbQ-R and XapY17-F/XapY17-R produced a single band of 402 and 943 bp, respectively. All strains showed homogeneous band profiles for ERIC-PCR. The partial DNA sequences showed that 16 strains had more than 99% gyrB sequence similarity to strains of Xanthomonas arboricola, including the pathotype strain CFBP1159PT. The rpoD sequences were found to be highly capable of distinguishing the strains from the closely related pathovars junglandis and pruni, which showed 99.2% identity with the complete genomes of X. arboricola pv corylina strains available in Genbank. Phylogenetic tree analysis using rpoD sequences allowed separation of the hazelnut strains from other pathovars of X. arboricola. Twenty-five of the 28 strains grew on nutrient medium supplemented with 2.56 mM copper sulfate, and all were able to grow on 5 ppm streptomycin sulfate. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study to characterize Turkish X. arboricola pv. corylina strains using molecular identification techniques and to determine responses to copper and streptomycin.
... Historically, hazelnut is acknowledged for its resilience to adverse environmental conditions, but in recent years it faces aggression by a plethora of biotic entities [3][4][5]. The causal agents of infestations and diseases are manifold: insects, mites, fungi, and bacteria pests lead to heavy production losses or, in the worst cases, even to the death of plants [4,[6][7][8][9]. ...
Mite pests are a serious threat for hazelnut cultivations, causing economic losses every year. At least two species of big bud mites, Phytoptus avellanae (Acari: Phytoptidae) and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis (Acari: Eriophyidae), are involved in severe hazelnut bud infestations, even though few studies report P. avellanae as the most present and harmful. Great steps forward have been made in monitoring and management strategies of these mite pests, but a plethora of questions remains unanswered about their ecology and behaviour and how agronomical practices impact populations. Given this precondition, we conducted a four-year monitoring in an experimental hazelnut orchard located in the Viterbo hazelnut district, Central Italy, to: (i) explore the potential effect that irrigation has on mite infestations, (ii) assess if mites locate in a particular band height of hazelnut plants; and (iii) assess the overall field infestation over the years. This study showed that not-irrigated plants and plants irrigated by underground pipe systems were similarly infested. Mites tend to locate in the middle band of the plant, namely from 1.5 to 3 m from the ground. The four-year survey showed an overall increasing infestation trend, with a peak in 2021 for irrigated plants and 2022 for not-irrigated. These results are a milestone for further exploration of the biology and ecology of this pest and to formulate ad hoc monitoring and control strategies as well.
... Powdery mildew disease is one of the biggest problems encountered in the cultivation of agricultural products and has been seen in hazelnut with losses in both quality and quantity of product since 2013. The causative agent of this disease has been determined to be the fungal pathogen Erysiphe corylacearum (Sezer et al, 2017). In studies conducted to prevent the disease, resistance to powdery mildew has been observed to occur in plants that express large amounts of the enzymes that play a role in lignin biosynthesis. ...
Rosmarinic acid is the ester, of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It was
isolated and purified from rosemary for the first time. Rosmarinic acid is one of the active
ingredients of the plants belonging to the Laminaceae and Boraginaceae families, such as
rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum), thyme (Origanum vulgare),
sage (Salvia officinalis), lemongrass (Melissa officinalis). It has tremendous biological
activities including mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory
properties. Rosmarinic acid, has the ability of reducing the risk of cancer by protecting cells
from damage caused by the free radicals. Several studies reported the antispasmodic,
neuroprotective, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and
Alzheimer’s disease inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid. Nowadays, rosmaniric acid is
widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In this review, the
biosynthesis of rosmaniric acid, its presence in foods, and biological activities are
emphasized.
... Powdery mildew disease is one of the biggest problems encountered in the cultivation of agricultural products and has been seen in hazelnut with losses in both quality and quantity of product since 2013. The causative agent of this disease has been determined to be the fungal pathogen Erysiphe corylacearum (Sezer et al, 2017). In studies conducted to prevent the disease, resistance to powdery mildew has been observed to occur in plants that express large amounts of the enzymes that play a role in lignin biosynthesis. ...
Koenzim Q10 ubikinonlar olarak bilinen bileşik ailesine ait, vücuttaki kimyasal reaksiyonlara enerji
sağlanmasında önemli rol oynayan elektron taşıma zincirinin esansiyel bir kofaktörüdür. Aynı zamanda
hücreleri çevreleyen lipid membranların bileşeni olarak insan organizmasında endojen olarak üretilen
lipofilik bir antioksidandır. Hücresel enerji üretiminde çok önemli bir rol oynar ve bağışıklık sistemini
güçlendirir. Diğer antioksidanlarda olduğu gibi vücut tarafından üretilmelerine rağmen, kandaki
seviyeleri yaşlanma, yaşam tarzı ve çevresel faktörlerle azalmaktadır. İnsan vücudunda hücre içi sentez,
koenzim Q10’un ana kaynağıdır. Geri kalanı besinlerden alınarak karaciğerde sentezlenebilir. İnsan
vücudunda koenzim Q10 değişik miktarlarda da olsa çoğu dokuda bulunur. Aynı zamanda insan
beslenmesinde hayvansal ve bitkisel kaynaklı çok çeşitli gıdalarda farklı miktarlarda bulunur. Besin
grupları içerisinde; et, balık, karnabahar, bezelye ve frenk üzümünün en zengin kaynakları olduğu
söylenebilir.
Özellikle günümüzde, insanların beslenme ve sağlık sektörüne daha fazla önem vermesi nedeniyle
fonksiyonel gıdaların popüleritesi oldukça artmış olup koenzim Q10 da bu alanda araştırıcıların ilgi
odağı haline gelmiştir. Son dönemlerde sağlık açısından yararları araştırıcılar tarafından ortaya konulan
koenzim Q10, gıda, kozmetik veya ilaç endüstrileri gibi farklı ticari dallarda yaygın bir kullanım alanına
sahip olmuştur. İnsan vücudunda çeşitli etkenlere bağlı olarak azalmasından dolayı gıda takviyesi olarak
veya çeşitli gıdaların içerisine ilave edilmesiyle fonksiyonel gıda pazarında da kullanımı giderek
yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır.
... Control plants were treated with distilled water, and no symptoms were found on them. E. corylacearum was first observed on C. avellana in Turkey in 2013(Sezer et al. 2017 and was considered as a highly destructive pathogen. It is also known in neighboring countries, Ukraine (Heluta et al, 2019), Austria (Voglmayr et al. 2020) and Romania (Rosati et al. 2021). ...
The interest in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivation has recently increased in Hungary, it is currently grown on 490 hectares. In August 2021 early powdery mildew symptoms were observed in a hazelnut plantation, and in a variety collection of the Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences in Érd. White patches of mycelium and conidia were observed on both side of the leaves. In early October abundant chasmothecia were formed. The disease incidence was 100% on varieties 'Segorbe', and 'Corabel', 70% on 'Ennis', and 30% on the leaves of 'Istrska dolgoplodna leska' (15 plants per cultivar). Powdery mildew is usually caused by Phyllactinia guttata, which was present abundantly on the abaxial and sparsely on the adaxial surface of the observed leaves. However, another fungus co-occurred on the adaxial surface of the leaves, and rarely occurred on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Its morphology differed substantially from P. guttata on having smaller chasmothecia, and branched appendages. The new powdery mildew agent was morphologically described. Mycelium was hyaline, branched, septate, thin-walled and smooth, 2.5-3.1 μm wide. Conidiophores measured 22 to 61 × 5.1 to 8.5 (average: 44.1 × 6.5) μm (n = 30), the foot cells were erect, cylindrical, and flexuous. Conidia occurred rarely and were produced single on conidiophores, 19 to 34 × 15 to 24 μm. Chasmothecia were spherical, 74 to 103 (average: 85) μm in diameter (n = 100), single or in groups on both sides of each leaf. Appendages 7 to 15 per chasmothecium, aseptate, straight, sometimes flexuous with a length of 74 to 118 (average: 103) μm (n = 50), and had 3 to 5 times dichotomous branched apices with curved tips. Each chasmothecium contained 3 to 5 asci. Ovoid to subglobose asci measured 43 to 65 × 32 to 54 μm (average: 56 × 43) μm (n = 30). Asci contained 4 to 8 ascospores which were hyaline, ellipsoid, measured 17 to 23 × 11 to 20 (mean: 21 × 15) μm (n = 40) in diameter. Morphological identification was confirmed by molecular analysis of two samples, one from the plantation, and one from the variety collection. After DNA extraction partial rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the isolates was amplified using primers ITS1_F and ITS4_R, as previously indicated (Meparishvili et al. 2019). Obtained sequences were deposited to the GenBank (accession no. OL744964 and OL744961). BLAST analysis indicated that the two samples were showing 100% and 97,81% identity to ITS rDNA sequences of Erysiphe corylacearum from Switzerland (MN822722), and showed low similarity of 83% and 85% each to P. guttata (AB080558). Pathogenicity tests were accomplished on ten healthy two-year-old plants of C. avellana cv. 'Merveille de Bollwiller' with the two isolates under controlled environment on 25°C, 80% humidity and 16/8 photoperiod. Plants were artificially inoculated by conidial suspension droplets (104/ml). Symptoms appeared after 7-8 days after inoculation and the developing fungus was morphologically identical to the original isolates. Control plants were treated with distilled water, no symptoms were found on them. E. corylacearum was first observed on C. avellana in Turkey in 2013 (Sezer et al. 2017) and was considered as a highly destructive pathogen. It is also known in neighbouring countries, Ukraine (Heluta et al, 2019), Austria (Voglmayr et al. 2020) and Romania (Rosati et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Erysiphe corylacearum in Hungary.
