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Symptoms of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA on a different host. A and B Corn banded leaf (aggregated leaf sheath blight) and C and D rice sheath blight
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Rhizoctonia is a widespread soilborne fungus in different agroecosystems worldwide. It has been reported as a destructive fungal pathogen that caused various types of diseases on a wide variety of crops. The aim of this study was to characterize Rhizoctonia spp. isolated from various crops. We obtained 37 Rhizoctonia isolates from rice, corn, spina...
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... symptomatic crops have been collected from different regions in Malaysia, including corn, rice, spinach, chrysanthemum, and chili ( Figs. 1 and 2). The collection sites of samples have been located mainly in various places in Selangor State (Serdang UPM, Tanjung Karang, Kuala Selangor, Puchong, and Sepang) as well as in five other states, including Pahang, Perak, Melaka, Kedah, and Kelantan (Table 1). ...
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... groups. The molecular markers successfully separated various AGs into distinguished groups which supported the concept of anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia spp. The PCA output has supported the separation of various anastomosis groups by UPMGA dendrogram where AG-1 IA isolates scattered to two groups which emphasized the variation within AG-1 IA (Fig. ...
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... Belmar 1989;. However, the AG-1 IA group was reported to cause a foliar blight on snap bean and oil palm while on common bean caused web blight and root rot ( Torres et al. 2016;Quadros et al. 2019;Boari et al. 2017). In this study, Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA and ID AG-2 2IV, and BNR AGFa were isolated from spinach as a casual pathogen of foot Fig. 10 Bidimensional scatter plot based on PCA of 37 isolates of Rhizoctonia species of combined data of different molecular marker (OPA13 and OPE-6, 2080 iPBS, and 2249 iPBS and ISSR 3 primers) root (basal petiole rot and leaf blight). Misawa et al. (2016) identified R. solani AG-1 IB and AG-4 HG-I on spinach and demonstrated that AG-1 IC, ...
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... symptomatic crops have been collected from different regions in Malaysia, including corn, rice, spinach, chrysanthemum, and chili ( Figs. 1 and 2). The collection sites of samples have been located mainly in various places in Selangor State (Serdang UPM, Tanjung Karang, Kuala Selangor, Puchong, and Sepang) as well as in five other states, including Pahang, Perak, Melaka, Kedah, and Kelantan (Table 1). ...
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... groups. The molecular markers successfully separated various AGs into distinguished groups which supported the concept of anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia spp. The PCA output has supported the separation of various anastomosis groups by UPMGA dendrogram where AG-1 IA isolates scattered to two groups which emphasized the variation within AG-1 IA (Fig. ...
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... Belmar 1989;. However, the AG-1 IA group was reported to cause a foliar blight on snap bean and oil palm while on common bean caused web blight and root rot ( Torres et al. 2016;Quadros et al. 2019;Boari et al. 2017). In this study, Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA and ID AG-2 2IV, and BNR AGFa were isolated from spinach as a casual pathogen of foot Fig. 10 Bidimensional scatter plot based on PCA of 37 isolates of Rhizoctonia species of combined data of different molecular marker (OPA13 and OPE-6, 2080 iPBS, and 2249 iPBS and ISSR 3 primers) root (basal petiole rot and leaf blight). Misawa et al. (2016) identified R. solani AG-1 IB and AG-4 HG-I on spinach and demonstrated that AG-1 IC, ...
Citations
... Classification of subgroups is usually performed by molecular techniques such as the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region between the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), DNA base sequence homology [8,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. DNA profiling method based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) provided the informative polymorphisms for the evaluation of genetic variations in R. solani isolates from different hosts at the intraspecific level [20,29,30]. iPBS analysis is performed by DNA amplification of regions in long-terminal repeat (LTR) which has a highly conserved tRNA priming binding site [31,32]. ...
... Different researchers widely used this method for evaluating the virulence of Rhizoctonia spp. isolates [3,30,47,61]. Also, disease symptoms showed differences among the isolates belonging to distinct AG subgroups. ...
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important grain legume. Crop production of common bean is affected by a number of diseases, such as Rhizoctonia root rot, being detected worldwide. Herein, we aimed to genetically and pathologically characterize Rhizoctonia solani isolates obtained from different provinces in Turkey. Anastomosis groups (AG) and subgroups of isolates were identified based on the sequence analysis of the rDNA-ITS region. The most prevalent subgroup was AG-4 HGIII, according to BLAST analysis and the phylogeny of resultant sequences, followed by AG-4 HGI and AG-4 HGII, respectively. iPBS retrotransposons highly supported the phylogenetic tree and provided a high level of genetic variability among isolates to discriminate AG subgroups. The results indicated that the iPBS DNA marker system based on retrotransposons could be used to discriminate Rhizoctonia isolates relying on AG grouping. The virulence of the pathogen isolates changed from 3.67 to 5 based on the agar-plate assay on the susceptible cv. Gina. The reactions of thirty common bean cultivars were also evaluated against the most aggressive isolate in each subgroup. The reaction assay showed significant differences among both isolates and cultivars; the highest disease severity among cultivars was observed to AG-4 HGI, followed by AG-4 HGIII and AG-4 HGII, respectively. None of the cultivars showed resistance to all AG subgroups. Screening of AGs among the isolates and selecting cultivars are critical to managing Rhizoctonia disease due to the range of host suitability according to AG subgroups.
... Rhizoctonia is an organism that can affect a wide range of host (Rashed et al., 2021). Additionally, it was observed that isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia from native pastures also exhibited pathogenicity towards soybean crops (Kodati et al., 2021). ...
... botrytis L.), spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) in Malaysia(Rashed et al., 2021). ...
Rhizoctonia root rot is a disease that can affect soybean leading to plant death usually in bare patches. Frequently, Rhizoctonia solani has been reported as the main causal agent of the disease. However, due to the great genetic diversity of the genus Rhizoctonia , there are other species that could also attack soybean plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the pathogenicity and characterize an isolate of binucleate Rhizoctonia obtained from a soybean plant with symptoms of root rot cultivated in soil from southern Brazil. The isolate was identified based on the morphology and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rDNA. Pathogenicity tests were then performed on seeds and roots of soybean and the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was determined. The isolate was identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb and it was pathogenic to soybean seeds and roots. In the pathogenicity assay in soybean seed, the isolate reduced seed germination by 20% and caused seed rot index of 69.3. In the pathogenicity assay in soybean root, the inoculation of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb caused 67.3 root rot severity index, and reduced the emergence speed index by 19%, seedling height by 31%, root dry mass by 25% and root volume by 43% in soybean seedlings. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of the isolate was 26°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐Fb associated with soybean root rot in Brazil.
... They stated that the criteria of the geographical area could be examined and mentioned the role of the anastomosis group in creating more critical diversity. Although other researchers have reported a genetic relationship and geographical location (25,26), its incompatibility can be found in other factors that cause genetic diversity. In this study, at the -GAAACGGGTG-3' 117 11 0 100% 5'-AATCGGGCTG-3' 291 22 0 100% 5'-AGCCAGCGAA-3' 140 11 2 78% 5'-TGAGTGGGTG-3' 129 14 1 93% 5'-GTTGCCAGCC-3' 162 14 1 93% 5'-ATGGATCCGC-3' 213 15 1 93% 5'-GATAACGCAC-3' 256 19 1 95% Total 1308 107 6 94% level of 80% similarity, the number of groups increased to 23 groups, which indicates the very high diversity observed among the isolates. ...
Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA (Thandfephorus cucumeris teleomorph) is the causative agent of rice sheath blight in Chinese paddy fields. Due to the importance of the disease and the lack of comprehensive information on the genetic structure of the fungus populations, 25 isolates collected from Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces, and southern China's Yangtze River basin were examined for morphological characteristics, growth rate, and genetic diversity of this pathogen. The anastomosis group determination test results showed that all isolates belong to the AG1-IA anastomosis group. To quickly diagnose and confirm the anastomosis group of isolates, ten isolates along with AG1-IA and AGA standard isolates were examined by specific primers AG1-IA. A 256bp band was amplified in all of them. The results of the growth velocity study divided the isolates into two groups' fast growth (68% of isolates) and slow growth (32% of isolates). The genetic diversity of 25 isolates was assessed using the RAPD marker. Among the 20 primers, bands from seven primers ranging from 250 to 5,000bp were performed using the Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA method by data cluster analysis of NTSYS-pc software. The cluster analysis results divided the isolates into two groups with a similarity level of 36%, which corresponded to the grouping of isolates into two groups of fast growth and slow growth. At the level of 80% similarity, the isolates were divided into 23 groups, which indicate the high genetic diversity of these isolates. The results of the molecular analysis showed that isolates belonging to a geographical area do not necessarily have a genetic affinity. This study performed rapid detection of R. solani AG1-IA using specific primers AG1-IA, and evaluation of genetic diversity of rice sheath blight isolates was performed by RAPD marker in this study.
... The isolates of R. solani display high morphological and genetic variabilities as well as varying virulence potential with host preference and selection fitness mechanisms (Wei et al. 2014;Xia et al. 2017). Based on high heterogeneity, varying levels of aggressiveness and other useful traits that exist among members of the R. solani population, several tools such as culture morphology, pathogenicity analysis, biochemical and genetic markers, have been employed to classify them into a widely accepted AG system of classification (Kuninaga et al. 2000;Hooda et al. 2017;Yamamoto et al. 2019;Rashed et al. 2021). To date, 14 genetically distinct AGs (AGs 1-13 and AG-BI) have been recognized in R. solani (Carling et al. 2002;Ajayi-Oyetunde and Bradley 2018). ...
... Some groups within the AGs have been further segregated into subsets. Notably, the application of advanced molecular methods such as analyses of rDNA and internal transcribed spacer sequences offered a useful and convenient system for discriminating the diverse population of R. solani into AGs and subsets within each group (Budge et al. 2009;Hooda et al. 2017;Rashed et al. 2021;Shi et al. 2021). Fast expansion in genomic sequencing technology offers valuable resources to better understand the evolutionary relationship and genetic variability among R. solani species. ...
Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) disease, incited by Rhizoctonia solani, is destructive, difficult to manage and gravely threatens maize (Zea mays L.) production across continents. Plant transcription factors (TFs) act as functional nodes that integrate defense signals to activate relevant immune outlets via large-scale transcriptional reprogramming of the expression of massive sets of defense-related genes (DRGs). Recent studies revealed complex changes in the maize transcriptome during BLSB infection. More than 30 TFs belonging to the WRKY, NAC, TCP, bHLH, and bZIP families, among others, have been putatively identified as core genes inducible in maize by the virulence factors of R. solani. Sadly, no progress has been made in characterizing these TFs in maize resistance to BLSB. Having reviewed the progress made so far, we propose future studies to prioritize functional characterization of the potential TFs and their manipulation through genome editing technology as well as the use of synthetic TFs to improve maize resistance to BLSB.
... Conidial length and width were measured, while the number of septa and color of 50 spores per each isolate were studied. The conidial length and width were measured using eyepiece micrometer and compound light microscope (Bashir et al. 2017a;Hossain et al. 2021;Kutawa et al. 2021;Rashed et al. 2021). ...
Corn is considered an important cereal crop world over. This work aimed to characterize the causative agent of southern corn leaf blight disease. Diseased samples with fusiform, elliptical and elongated lesions on the leaves were obtained from affected farms of four different areas within Malaysia. The morphological characters of the 10 isolates were observed. The conidia were curved and elongated. The results of morphological characteristics showed that potato sucrose agar was suitable for the rapid growth of pathogen with a mean of 10.19 mm day-1 , followed by corn meal agar (8.56 mm day-1) and potato dextrose agar (5.46 mm day-1). The temperature of 30°C was found the most suitable for pathogen growth with a mean of 7.30 mm day-1. These isolates were classified into 4 groups in terms of colony color: dark gray, light gray, gray to green and gray. The conidial length ranged from 44.12 µm to 81.61 µm for isolate CH006 and CH004, respectively. Likewise, the number of septa ranged from 4-6 to 8-10 for isolates CH006 and CH004, respectively. The pathogenicity test on corn variety Thai Super Sweet (TSS) showed that the isolates CH001 and CH009 were the most aggressive while the isolate CH010 was the least aggressive. Results from molecular and morphology studies confirmed that all the 10 isolates were identified as C. heterostrophus. We suggest that as a result of the race diversity of C. heterostrophus, further investigations should be carried out on virulence determination and race detection of this pathogen.
... The similar climate enabled the isolates to co-exist. Other factors such as spontaneous natural mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, crop rotation, sampling year, and alternate host might have played significant role in terms of variation among the isolates of C. falcatum [70,[75][76][77][78]. Furthermore, molecular markers are more informative than rDNA-ITS sequencing in terms of detecting the diversity within the individual population but less successful in detecting the variation between different populations [79]. ...
Simple Summary
Sugarcane is an important agro-industrial crop because it is one of the major sources of white sugar. Red rot which is caused by Colletotrichum falcatum is the most devastating disease of sugarcane because its infestation results in significant sugarcane yield loss. The intra- and inter-specific genetic diversity, population structure and phylogenetic relationship amongst C. falcatum isolates from Bangladesh remain unclear. This information is essential for the effective management of red rot and to also develop resistant sugarcane varieties through plant breeding programmes. This paper demonstrates the phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of C. falcatum isolates from Bangladesh. Also, it provides baseline information that can be used to establish red rot disease management strategies for future application.
Abstract
Colletotrichum falcatum Went causes red rot disease in sugarcane farming in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. This disease causes significant economic loss to the sugarcane production industry. Successful disease management strategies depend on understanding the evolutionary relationship between pathogens, genetic diversity, and population structure, particularly at the intra-specific level. Forty-one isolates of C. falcatum were collected from different sugarcane farms across Bangladesh for molecular identification, phylogeny and genetic diversity study. The four genes namely, ITS-rDNA, β-tubulin, Actin and GAPDH sequences were conducted. All the 41 C. falcatum isolates showed a 99–100% similarity index to the conserved gene sequences in the GenBank database. The phylogram of the four genes revealed that C. falcatum isolates of Bangladesh clustered in the same clade and no distinct geographical structuring were evident within the clade. The four gene sequences revealed that C. falcatum isolates from Bangladesh differed from other countries´ isolates because of nucleotides substitution at different loci. The genetic structure of C. falcatum isolates were determined using ISSR marker generated 404 polymorphic loci from 10 selected markers. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 99.01. The genetic variability at species level was slightly higher than at population level. Total mean gene diversity at the species level was 0.1732 whereas at population level it was 0.1521. The cluster analysis divided 41 isolates into four main genetic groups and the principal component analysis was consistent with cluster analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first finding on characterizing C. falcatum isolates infesting sugarcane in Bangladesh. The results of this present study provide important baseline information vis a vis C. falcatum phylogeny analysis and genetic diversity study.
... The similar climate enabled the isolates to co-exist. Other factors such as spontaneous natural mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, crop rotation, sampling year, and alternate host might have played significant role in terms of variation among the isolates of C. falcatum [70,[75][76][77][78]. Furthermore, molecular markers are more informative than rDNA-ITS sequencing in terms of detecting the diversity within the individual population but less successful in detecting the variation between different populations [79]. ...
Citation: Hossain, M.I.; Ahmad, K.; Vadamalai, G.; Siddiqui, Y.; Saad, N.; Ahmed, O.H.; Hata, E.M.; Adzmi, F.; Rashed, O.; Rahman, M.Z.; et al. Phylogenetic Analysis and Genetic Diversity of Colletotrichum falcatum Isolates Causing Sugarcane Red Rot Disease in Bangladesh. Biology 2021,
Globally, maize (Zea mays L.) is known as ‘Queen of the Cereals’
because of its genetic makeup conserved highest yield potential among the
other cereals and gaining popularity as evidenced by its large-scale
consumption as food, feed, fodder for animals and as source of industrial raw
materials. Despite its high yield potential, maize is constantly threatened by
wide array of biotic stress in their natural environment. Banded leaf and
sheath blight disease caused by fungus, Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii
Exner, belonging to anastomosis group (AG-1-IA) is considered as one of
major constrain of maize. In India, the magnitude of grain yield losses may
vary between 11-40%, may reach up to 100% at the ear rot phase of crop if
favourable conditions prevails especially; continue rains in the months of
July and August. The management of banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB)
has remained a challenge due to existence of genetic variability in the
pathogen. The study on genetically complex forms of disease resistance
using molecular approaches such as a microsatellite marker or SSRs can be
applied for genetic characterization and diversity studies. The quantitative
trait loci (QTL) mapping is an effective approach where effects of specific
resistance loci is determined and interactions between plant development,
resistance genes and the environments can be studied. DNA based
microsatellite markers bind to the target genes and express the characters of
targeted alleles in to desire recipient germplasms through marker-assisted
breeding program. QTL mapping also helps in developing a structure for
marker-assisted selection (MAS), which accelerate breeding program for
resistance against BLSB. Use of QTL mapping can be used as the advanced
tool to analyze the resistance source and mechanism more precisely.
In a survey conducted during the period of March–May 2019 in nurseries, warehouses, and shops at three governorates (Alexandria, El-Behera, and Giza governorates, Egypt), symptoms of root rot, basal stem rot, and wilt disease complex were observed in the lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana hort. ex. Mast.). The highest disease infection percentage was found in lucky bamboo collected from Alexandria City (47.67%), while the highest disease severity was in lucky bamboo collected from El-Behera Governorate (35.19%). Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria alternate were isolated and identified in the infected lucky bamboo samples. R. solani isolates were the most dominant among the recovered fungal species with a percentage of 80.89% of the total isolates (246). Pathogenicity tests showed that R. solani was the most pathogen with 100% disease infection and 76.67% disease severity. Molecular identification characterized R. solani isolate as R. solani AUMC 15120, MZ723906. Meanwhile, four biological control agents (bioagents) were isolated from the healthy lucky bamboo samples and identified based on cultural, morphological, microscopic characteristics, and the molecular phylogenetic analysis as Clonostachys rosea AUMC 15121, OL461708; Bacillus circulans TAG1, MW441316; B. siamensis TAP1, MW441318 and Ochrobactrum anthropi TAM1, MW441317. The four bioagents showed potential inhibition of R. solani in vitro as well as in vivo on lucky bamboo plants in vase treatments compared to the untreated inoculated control as well as certain fungicides and biocides used (Moncut, Rizolex-T, Topsin-M, Bio-Zeid, and Bio-Arc). The bioagent O. anthropi showed the highest inhibition growth (85.11%) of the in vitro R. solani colony, which was not significantly different from the biocide Bio-Arc (83.78%). However, C. rosea, B. siamensis and B. circulans showed inhibition values of 65.33, 64.44, and 60.44%, respectively. On the other hand, the biocide Bio-Zeid showed less inhibitory effect (43.11%), while the lowest growth inhibition was recorded by Rizolex-T (34.22%) and Topsin-M (28.67%). Furthermore, the in vivo experiment supported the in vitro results for the most effective treatments, where all the treatments significantly decreased the percentage of infection and disease severity compared to the inoculated untreated control. Additionally, the bioagent O. anthropi showed the highest effect, i.e., the lowest disease incidence and disease severity being 13.33% and 10%, compared to 100% and 75%, respectively, in the untreated inoculated control. This was not significantly different from the fungicide Moncut (13.33% and 21%) and from the bioagent C. rosea (20% and 15%) treatments for both parameters, respectively. In conclusion, the bioagents O. anthropi MW441317 at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/ml as well as C. rosea AUMC15121 at 1 × 10⁷/ml proved to be efficient to control R. solani causing root rot, and basal stem rot on lucky bamboo, compared to fungicide Moncut and can be used for disease management without the negative impact of the chemical control. Furthermore, this is the first report of the isolation and identification of Rhizoctonia solani, a pathogenic fungus, and four biocontrol agents (Bacillus circulans, B. siamensis, Ochrobactrum anthropi and Clonostachys rosea) associated with the healthy lucky bamboo plants.
