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Surgical or SM masks (A ¼ larger size with straps; B ¼ smaller size with straps; C ¼ larger size with elastic; D ¼ smaller size with elastic) and N95-style (E ¼ larger size with straps; F ¼ smaller size with elastic) models of face masks composed of varying Halyard textiles.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... proposed by University of Florida researchers, the 2-ply spunpolypropylene sterilization wrap, Halyard H600 (Owens & Minor), was suggested to serve as a viable material for mask creation. 5 We created 26 sewn masks that resembled typical SM designs (Figure 1, A, B, C, and D models) and 2 designs that resemble N95s ( Figure 1, E and F models) from Halyard textiles (H200, H300, H600, or H650). Variations of these designs were sewn from at least two 7 Â 8 in. ...
Context 2
... proposed by University of Florida researchers, the 2-ply spunpolypropylene sterilization wrap, Halyard H600 (Owens & Minor), was suggested to serve as a viable material for mask creation. 5 We created 26 sewn masks that resembled typical SM designs (Figure 1, A, B, C, and D models) and 2 designs that resemble N95s ( Figure 1, E and F models) from Halyard textiles (H200, H300, H600, or H650). Variations of these designs were sewn from at least two 7 Â 8 in. ...
Context 3
... SM design made from 2-or more layers of Halyard textiles and secured with elastic straps (Figure 1, model SM-C) excluded Bitrex when fit tested on adults of typical ("larger") face size. The elastic straps appeared to hold masks tighter to the face, thus excluding Bitrex even with up-down and side-toside head movements (and other exercises) during each 20-to 30-minute test. ...
Context 4
... elastic straps appeared to hold masks tighter to the face, thus excluding Bitrex even with up-down and side-toside head movements (and other exercises) during each 20-to 30-minute test. In addition, each N95 design made from 2 layers of Halyard textiles secured with elastic, or textile, straps excluded Bitrex (with head movement) on "larger" and "smaller" faces ( Figure 1, models 95-E and F, respectively). ...
Context 5
... no SM design of 2-or more layer combination of Halyard products secured with textile straps (Figure 1, models A and B), consistently excluded Bitrex as determined by tester grimace. In addition to straps feeling less comfortable and less secure, these masks often initially excluded Bitrex and then failed to exclude it with head movement, as gaps between skin and mask occurred. ...
Context 6
... addition to straps feeling less comfortable and less secure, these masks often initially excluded Bitrex and then failed to exclude it with head movement, as gaps between skin and mask occurred. Also, no single combination of Halyard products made with elastic or textile straps fitted in the larger or smaller SM designs excluded Bitrex on "smaller" faces (Fig- ure 1, models A-D) due to failure to achieve a good seal. Finally, masks created with Halyard materials using either an SM or N95 design were generally more difficult to seal at the nose bridge, were more uncomfortable, and had increased resistance to breathing with thickness (eg, H200 to H600) or density (eg, 2 layers to 4 layers). ...
Context 7
... proposed by University of Florida researchers, the 2-ply spunpolypropylene sterilization wrap, Halyard H600 (Owens & Minor), was suggested to serve as a viable material for mask creation. 5 We created 26 sewn masks that resembled typical SM designs (Figure 1, A, B, C, and D models) and 2 designs that resemble N95s ( Figure 1, E and F models) from Halyard textiles (H200, H300, H600, or H650). Variations of these designs were sewn from at least two 7 Â 8 in. ...
Context 8
... proposed by University of Florida researchers, the 2-ply spunpolypropylene sterilization wrap, Halyard H600 (Owens & Minor), was suggested to serve as a viable material for mask creation. 5 We created 26 sewn masks that resembled typical SM designs (Figure 1, A, B, C, and D models) and 2 designs that resemble N95s ( Figure 1, E and F models) from Halyard textiles (H200, H300, H600, or H650). Variations of these designs were sewn from at least two 7 Â 8 in. ...
Context 9
... SM design made from 2-or more layers of Halyard textiles and secured with elastic straps (Figure 1, model SM-C) excluded Bitrex when fit tested on adults of typical ("larger") face size. The elastic straps appeared to hold masks tighter to the face, thus excluding Bitrex even with up-down and side-toside head movements (and other exercises) during each 20-to 30-minute test. ...
Context 10
... elastic straps appeared to hold masks tighter to the face, thus excluding Bitrex even with up-down and side-toside head movements (and other exercises) during each 20-to 30-minute test. In addition, each N95 design made from 2 layers of Halyard textiles secured with elastic, or textile, straps excluded Bitrex (with head movement) on "larger" and "smaller" faces ( Figure 1, models 95-E and F, respectively). ...
Context 11
... no SM design of 2-or more layer combination of Halyard products secured with textile straps (Figure 1, models A and B), consistently excluded Bitrex as determined by tester grimace. In addition to straps feeling less comfortable and less secure, these masks often initially excluded Bitrex and then failed to exclude it with head movement, as gaps between skin and mask occurred. ...
Context 12
... addition to straps feeling less comfortable and less secure, these masks often initially excluded Bitrex and then failed to exclude it with head movement, as gaps between skin and mask occurred. Also, no single combination of Halyard products made with elastic or textile straps fitted in the larger or smaller SM designs excluded Bitrex on "smaller" faces (Fig- ure 1, models A-D) due to failure to achieve a good seal. Finally, masks created with Halyard materials using either an SM or N95 design were generally more difficult to seal at the nose bridge, were more uncomfortable, and had increased resistance to breathing with thickness (eg, H200 to H600) or density (eg, 2 layers to 4 layers). ...
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Citations
... The greatest reduction in particles of all sizes was achieved using two layers of H600 material, a sterilization wrap found in hospital settings and used to demonstrate an N95-equivalent facemask. 11 The added material reduced airflow through the helmet, however, and allowed CO 2 inside the PAPR to stabilize at 2.3 ± 0.3% when worn by a volunteer. The increased differential pressure resulting from adding filter layers over the air intake of the PAPR helmet is expected to reduce the operational lifetimes of the helmet blower motor and battery, which further emphasizes the temporary emergency nature of the solution described. ...
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... One study went beyond cloth material and used medical grade textiles such as Halyard TM (Halyard Health, Alpharetta, GA, USA) for mask development in response to rapid mask manufacturing and mass circulation to health care workers and first or emergency responders for use in low-risk situation [38]. Lai. ...
The use of facemasks is proven to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus and other biological agents that cause disease. Various forms of facemasks, made using different materials, are being used extensively, and it is important to determine their performance characteristics. The size-dependent filtration efficiency and breathing resistance of household sterilization wrap fabrics, and isolation media (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)- and non-ASTM-rated), were measured in filter-holder- and mannequin-in-chamber-based systems, focusing on particles sizes between 20 nm and 2 μm. Double-layer MERV-14 (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values with rating 14) showed the highest filtration efficiency (94.9–73.3%) amongst household filter media, whereas ASTM-rated isolation masks showed the highest filtration efficiencies (95.6–88.7) amongst all the masks considered. Filtration efficiency of 3D-printed masks with replaceable filter media was found to depend on the degree of sealing around the media holder, which depended on the material’s compressibility. Filtration efficiencies of triple-layer combinations (95.8–85.3%) follow a profile similar to single layers but with improved filtration efficiencies.
... Test methods which do not control face velocity/flowrate or particle diameter (ex. qualitative fit testing with sucrose or Bitrex, quantitative fit testing with the TSI Portacount) provide faster, lower cost, and more accessible comparison for rapid evaluation during prototyping, especially when optimizing designs for fit (van der Sande et al., 2008;TSI Incorporated, 2013;Byrne et al., 2020;Mueller et al., 2020;Woolverton et al., 2020). However, if the intended use case is substitution of a regulated respiratory device in a crisis shortage, more rigorous filtration testing at relevant test conditions is necessary to understand how filtration performance compares with that of the substituted commercial FFR. ...
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... Finally, another study also tested the Halyard H600 for wearability, comfort, and breathability using a survey, and concluded that the fabric could be used as a suitable alternative in the absence of NIOSHcertified respirators. 34 However, Lammers et al 35 used the H600 to create a single-and double-layered mask and tested the masks using the TSI 8130A automated filter tester that complies with NIOSH standards for testing respirators. The tests showed that the efficiencies were 64.5% and 78.3% for a single-and double-layered mask, respectively, and concluded that the H600 should not be used as an N95 alternative. ...
Background: Due to COVID-19 and high demand for respirators, some healthcare professionals have been using the Halyard H600 fabric as an alternative to N95 respirators without testing the filtration efficiency of the fabric with established scientific methods. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of the Halyard H600 as a respirator filtering material as compared to the NIOSH-certified N95 and P100 filters, and determine if H600 is a good alternative for respiratory protection for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Three filter types (Halyard H600, N95 and P100) were challenged with salt particles inside an exposure chamber at a flow rate of 43 LPM and relative humidity of 40±2%. N95 and P100 respirator filters were tested initially to establish the validity of the chamber, followed by the Halyard H600 fabric. Particle penetration was measured using an aerosol spectrometer. The filtration efficiency was calculated for different particle sizes by measuring the particle number concentration upstream and downstream of the filter. The pressure drop across the filter materials was measured using a manometer.
Results: The efficiency of the P100 for particles ≥250 nm was 100%. The N95 efficiency was 97±1% at 275 nm, 99±0% at 324 nm, and 100% for larger particles. The Halyard H600 fabric had a variable efficiency with an average of 62±28% at 275 nm, 89±8% at 324 nm, and 100% efficiency for particles >450 nm. The pressure drop values for P100 and N95 were 32 and 8 mmH20, respectively. The Halyard H600 fabric resistance increased dramatically from 30 mmH20 at the start of the exposure to 65 mmH20 after 16-min of exposure.
Conclusion: The high variability in filter efficiency for particles ≤324 nm and the increased fabric breathing resistance demonstrate that the Halyard H600 has an inferior performance and is not a good substitute for N95 and P100. Thus, the use of the Halyard H600 fabric for respiratory protection is not recommended.
... Recently, "Sterilization Wraps" (SW) have been evaluated as one such option owing to their wide spread availability and aerosol filtration characteristics [10][11][12]. Sterilization Wraps are used to wrap surgical instruments which after sterilization procedures form a formidable barrier to entry of micro-organisms. These wraps are usually made of non-woven polypropylene synthetic fabric consisting of spunbond-meltblown-spunbond (SMS) fibres. ...
Wearing face masks is highly recommended to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in health care workers and for the general public. The demand for high quality face masks has seen an upsurge in the recent times, leading to exploration of alternative economic and easily available options, without compromising on the quality. Particle removal from air in terms of capture efficiency of the filter media or the face mask is a crucial parameter for testing and quality assurance. Short-term reusability of the face masks is also an important aspect as the demand for masks will potentially outstrip the supply in future. Sterilization Wraps, which are used to wrap sterile surgical instruments, have shown a promising performance in terms of removal of particles from air. In this study, we evaluate the particle filtration characteristics of face masks made of 2 different metric weights [45 and 60 gram per square metre (GSM)] respectively, using locally available Sterilization Wraps. The aerosol filtration characteristics were also studied after sterilisation by different techniques such as heat with 50% humidity (thermal treatment), ethylene oxide (ETO), steam and radiation dose of 30kGy. We found that 60 GSM face mask had particle capture efficiency of 94% for total particles greater than 0.3 microns and this capture efficiency was maintained even after sterilisation with ETO and thermal treatment. The cost of producing these masks was 30 US cents/mask at our institute. Our study suggests that sterilization wrap material made of non-woven polypropylene spunbond-meltblown-spunbond (SMS) fibres could be an appropriate readily available inexpensive material for making face masks or N95 respirators.
Purpose
The textile sector is one of the sectors where competition is intense and requires the production of high-value-added products. This study aims to conduct patent analysis to find the technology status, recent trends, applications and technological evaluations of protective textile technologies in practice.
Design/methodology/approach
More than 36,840 patent documents related to protective textile technologies are available for researchers, patent examiners and patent researchers. Patent analysis is conducted to report the technology status, recent trends and applications of protective textile technologies. This analysis provides insights into the possible future directions of protective textile technologies in practice. Additionally, association rule mining (ARM) is performed to find the hidden patterns among protective textile technologies.
Findings
The development of protective textile technologies is revealed by the technology evaluation in this study. In addition, the sub-technology classes affecting protective textile technologies are examined using the cooperative patent classification (CPC) codes of the patent documents. Technology status and recent trends of protective textile technologies are provided in detail. The results of this study show that (1) protective textile technologies are constantly being developed, (2) the working areas of medical protective textiles are increasing, (3) there are frequent studies on fabric structures for saving lives within the framework of human needs and (4) there are four technology classes, namely A41D, Y10T, B32B and A62B impacting the other technology classes related to textile technologies such as D10B, Y10T, F41H, A62D, D04H, Y10S and D10B.
Originality/value
To have a competitive advantage in the marketplace, evaluation of textile technologies is critical in developing “functionalized” and “technologized” textile products. In particular, evaluating technologies in developing protective textile products is extremely important to meet customer demands and present competitive products in the market. Examining these patents for technology developers, decision-makers and policymakers is an urgent and necessary job. However, studies examining the development of protective textile technologies with patent analysis are very limited in the literature. To fill this gap, technology status, recent trends and applications of protective textile technologies are reported based on patent analysis and ARM in this study.