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Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEE) are the effects produced by an earthquake on the natural environment, either directly linked to the earthquake source or triggered by the ground shaking. These include surface faulting, regional uplift and subsidence, tsunamis, liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides, and ground failure phenomena. The EEE c...
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... 3), where the EEE Catalogue allows to locate the earthquake/tsunami effects over the present urban texture with a spatial resolution of a few meters, pointing out the areas characterized by the highest risk. Furthermore, the EEE Catalogue allows to reveal possible trends in the spatial distribution of primary and secondary effects. For example, Fig. 4 shows the spatial distribution of EEEs induced by the October 8 2005, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, earthquake (Ali et al., 2009: it is quite evident that the location and amount of surface faulting is consistent with the spatial distribution of coseismic slope movements, in terms of both areal density and ...
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An area has liquefaction potential when it has a shallow groundwater level, loose sandy soil, and is prone to earthquakes. There are several areas with such criteria that have not been analysed for liquefaction potential. This study aims to analyse and plot the liquefaction potential in the coastal area of Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, East Nusa Tenggar...
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... A similar result is shown by the spatial distribution of EEEs induced by the 1811-1812 New Madrid, Missouri, earthquakes, mapped in Fig. 7. Indeed, the most relevant primary and secondary effects are located along the Mississippi Valley near New Madrid, consistently with the surface projection of the causative faults, and unquestionably provide diagnostic elements for assessing an epicentral intensity equal to XI (Guerrieri et al. 2011). ...
The recent destructive earthquakes that occurred in Japan (2011; e.g., Lay et al. 2013) and New Zealand
(2010–2011 earthquake sequence; e.g., Quigley et al. 2012) have clearly pointed out that traditional
seismic hazard assessment based only on vibratory ground motion data needs to be integrated with
information about the local vulnerability of the territory to earthquake occurrence. Nowadays, a huge
amount of information about the characteristics of Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs; i.e., any
phenomena generated by a seismic event in the natural environment; Michetti et al. 2004, 2007; Guerrieri
et al. 2007) is available for a very large number of earthquakes that occurred not only in the instrumental
period and in historical time but also in the prehistorical period (paleoearthquakes, e.g., Mc Calpin 2009;
Reicherter et al. 2009). However, available information located in different sources (scientific papers,
historical documents, professional reports) can often be difficult to access.
Earthquake environmental effects may significantly contribute to the damage caused by seismic events; similar to ground motion, the environmental effects are globally stronger in the vicinity and decrease moving away from the epicenter or seismogenic source. To date, a single intensity prediction equation (IPE) has been proposed in the Italian Apennines for intensity scale dealings with environmental effects: the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07). Here, we evaluate the sensitivity of the IPE with respect to input data and methodological choices and we propose IPEs with global validity for crustal normal faults. We show the strong influence of input data on the obtained attenuation investigating the 1980 Irpinia–Basilicata (Southern Italy) earthquake. We exploit a dataset of 26 earthquakes to build an IPE considering the epicentral distance. We also propose an IPE considering the distance from the fault rupture, which is derived from a dataset of 10 earthquakes. The proposed equations are valid for normal faults up to 40 km from the epicenter/fault and may flank other models predicting ground motion or damage to the built environment. Our work thus contributes to the use of the ESI-07 scale for hazard purposes.
