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Canola seeds are one of the most important sources of edible vegetable oils globally. Crude canola oil is industrially extracted from canola seeds by expeller-pressing of heat-preconditioned flaked seeds. The residual oil in the pressed “canola cake” is recovered by solvent extraction using hexane. However, hexane extraction may pose adverse safety...
Citations
... The microwave heating rate is dependent on the power absorbed by the material. The power absorbed is dependent on several factors such as electromagnetic frequency, dielectric properties of the heated product, and the applied power [15]. Microwave volumetric heating causes the formation of internal vapour pressure flow, which leads to the rupture of cell wall materials, thereby facilitating the release of cell wall components [14]. ...
The olive oil industry has been operating for centuries, but in the last decades, significant attention has gone to the development of physical technologies that enhance the traditional extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extraction process efficiency. Studies have validated such technologies at industrial scale in medium-sized olive oil factories. These physical technological interventions are aimed to achieve at least one of the following outcomes: (a) higher EVOO throughput by implementing a continuous uniform-heating process alternative to semi-batch malaxation, (b) increase the recovery of EVOO, and (c) enhance the phenolic content in olive oil. The present work identifies the status of what is presently achievable with these physical interventions. A systematic comparison across recent studies was conducted in factories processing beyond 1 T h⁻¹ olive paste. Technologies used in these studies include heat exchangers, microwaves (MW), ultrasound (US), megasonics (MS), and pulsed electric fields (PEF) individually or in combination.
Graphical Abstract
... Proper storage conditions (temperature, humidity, and aeration) are essential to prevent lipid oxidation, fungal growth, and mycotoxin production [122]. Additionally, the processing of canola seeds into oil and meal requires careful consideration of factors such as temperature, pressure, and solvent selection to retain the desired quality attributes [123,124]. Storage conditions (i.e., temperature, moisture, oxygen, insects, fungi, and rodents) can affect the quality of canola grains by influencing the oil stability, oxidative rancidity, FFA content, GSL content, chlorophyll content, and germination capacity [111,125,126]. Canola grains are susceptible to insect infestations and fungal growth during storage. ...
... However, the extraction efficiency of canola oil from canola seeds is not always optimal and can vary depending on several factors. These factors include seed pretreatment, moisture content, and extraction method [124]. Seed pretreatment corresponds to the process of preparing the seeds for oil extraction by removing impurities and hulls and reducing seed size. ...
... The choice of the canola oil extraction method depends on several factors, such as oil yield, oil quality, energy consumption, capital cost, regulatory constraints, and environmental impact [132]. There are three main methods of extracting oil from canola seeds: mechanical pressing, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction [124]. Mechanical pressing is a physical method that uses pressure to squeeze out the oil from the seeds. ...
Canola, Brassica napus L., is a major oilseed crop that has various uses in the food, feed, and industrial sectors. It is one of the most widely produced and consumed oilseeds in the world because of its high oil content and favorable fatty acid composition. Canola grains and their derived products, such as canola oil, meal, flour, and bakery products, have a high potential for food applications as they offer various nutritional and functional benefits. However, they are affected by various factors during the production cycle, post-harvest processing, and storage. These factors may compromise their quality and quantity by affecting their chemical composition, physical properties, functional characteristics, and sensory attributes. Therefore, it is important to optimize the production and processing methods of canola grains and their derived products to ensure their safety, stability , and suitability for different food applications. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of how these factors affect the quality of canola grains and their derived products. The review also suggests future research needs and challenges for enhancing canola quality and its utilization in food.
... In general, MAE is regarded as a flexible and effective method for the RBO extraction process, offering quick extraction times, high yields, high-quality products, and excellent selectivity. The short time needed to gain heat during MAE has been hypothesized to denature the hydrolytic enzyme rather than improve enzyme activation, maintaining the quality of the extracted enzyme (Geow et al., 2021;Mohamed, 2018). The method does, however, have significant drawbacks. ...
Background: Rice is the third-most-produced crop in the world after corn and sugarcane, and due to its widespread production, its byproduct, rice bran, is widely available. One option to add value to this agricultural waste is by utilizing the potential phytochemicals in rice bran oil (RBO). Rice bran oil contains vital chemicals with medicinal and nutritional benefits. This paper examines the numerous ways that rice bran oil is extracted, the various phytochemicals that are present, as well as their potential for use in nutrition and medicine. Method: A review of literatures released from 1996 to 2023 was done, with just one more item of literature from 1973. The search was performed in various online platforms such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Research4Life, Web of Science, SciFinder, Science Open etc. The more recent literatures were given more consideration, and the older literatures were only taken into account when they were absolutely essential in light of the subject at hand. Results: Literature survey has revealed that the essential phytochemical components of RBO includes phenolic acids, flavonoids, γ-oryzanol and ferulic acids and vitamin E which constitutes tocopherols and tocotrienols as well as other unique fatty acids. Numerous therapeutical potentials, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities have been evidenced, thanks to these significant phytochemical ingredients. Additionally, numerous nutritional potentials of RBO have been researched and reported. Conclusions: This review consolidates information on the developments in RBO extraction techniques, phytochemical components, and their nutritional and medicinal benefits. Also included are the approach towards processing of rice bran. Considering the abundance and potential of this agrowaste, the use of RBO based phytochemicals for nutritional and therapeutic purpose is worthy pursuing further.
... The hydrogen conversion from the methane commonly through the conversion system such as SRM [37,[110][111][112], DRM [113,114], CDM [115,116], and POM [117,118]. The SRM was widely used in industrial applications with a high theoretical H 2 /CO ratio and its efficiency with low operational and production costs. ...
... The process is normally continued with solvent extraction (use solvent polar or non-polar) process due to the significant amount of oil remaining in the press cake, which is around 20-30%100. However new techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction [111], supercritical fluid extraction [112], ultrasound-assisted extraction can be applied in order to extract separate desired oil liquid from a solid-liquid sample [113]. ...
... In this regard, it is shown that, despite FAMD allowing for the determination of the ideal conditions for maximum cosmeceutical potential, this also hints at the possibility of modulating the activity by changing the conditions according to the main objective. An intact specimen was delivered to the Department of Biology of the University of Azores for the specialized identification and creation of vouchers deposited at the Ruy Telles Palhinha Herbarium (SMG- [20][21][22][23] After collection, the fresh mass of macroalgae was cleaned to eliminate sand, small rocks, and epiphytes, and was then thoroughly washed with deionized water to remove the excess salts. Then, the material was dried in the dark at room temperature with the aid of a dehumidifier. ...
... Mar. Drugs 2023,21,35 ...
Cystoseira abies-marina (reclassified as Gongolaria abies-marina) is a brown seaweed species rich in meroterpenoids, presenting interesting antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, there is still a lot to uncover regarding the bioactive potential of this species, as evidenced by the lack of records of antiaging activities from Cystoseira abies-marina, making this macroalga an excellent candidate for studies of its cosmeceutical potential. Ultrasound-(UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are advanced sustainable technologies that are very efficient in enhancing bioactive compound extraction. Applying these extraction techniques to a new biological matrix often calls for optimizing the parameters toward the best extraction yield. Since Cystoseira abies-marina is a new matrix for both UAE and MAE techniques, the present work proposes the optimization of the extraction process, using a novel approach: instead of only focusing on increasing the yield, the goal of this work is to determine the parameters for UAE and MAE that lead to extracts with better antiaging activities. For this bio-guided approach, several Cystoseira abies-marina extracts were prepared by UAE and MAE under varying conditions of solvent, time, and algae/solvent ratios. Their antiaging activities were then determined, and all the results combined to unveil the conditions yielding extracts with higher cosmeceutical potential. Using statistical tools, it was found that, for UAE, the best conditions were ethyl acetate, 15 min, and a ratio of 1:4, which led to an extract with high yield, and causing the strong inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase. In turn, ethanol, 10 min, and a ratio of 1:4 were the best conditions for MAE, leading to the extract with the best antioxidant activity. The results show that the proposed bio-guided approach was effective in obtaining extracts with high cosmeceutical potential, unveiling the possibility of modulating an extract’s activity by changing the extraction method.
... Therefore, mechanical pressing that occurs after the heating stage eliminates 70% of the oil from the seeds. It enables the continuation of rupturing of the cell wall along the seed surface for a high rate of oil yield (Gaber et al., 2018;Paré & Bélanger, 1997). Various extraction procedures have been used to extract oils from different oil seeds. ...
The application of ultrasonic assisted extraction to extract seed oils for multifaceted food applications is discussed in this study. Seed oils, which are notable sources of health‐promoting characteristics and reservoirs of fatty acids and phytochemicals, are being targeted for effective extraction. Conventional techniques of oil extraction, including mechanical pressing and rendering, have limitations such as low extraction rate, high energy consumption, and low yield. In this context, ultrasonic assisted extraction is green and fast oil extraction technology with a greater extraction rate and low energy consumption. Ultrasound assisted oil extraction is mostly used technique since it is environmentally friendly and can be easily integrated with other extraction processes. Ultrasound‐aided extraction uses less solvent than traditional extraction methods. In this process, cavitation bubbles form in the solvent and burst, causing changes in pressure and temperature that expedite the mass transfer of solutes into solvent. The miscella, including the solvent and oil mixture, is then desolventized using evaporators, followed by steam‐stripping to remove the extracted oil. The current review paper discusses the characteristics of ultrasonic extractions for efficient oil extraction (extraction duration, ultrasound frequency, temperature, solvent employed, and ultrasound type). The conventional and non‐conventional oil extraction methods from sources have been examined in this article, in addition to the ultrasound assisted extraction. Along with traditional and advanced oil extraction techniques, the use of ultrasonication in conjunction with other cutting‐edge techniques is covered in this article.
Practical applications
Ultrasound assisted oil extraction extracts oil from vegetables, oilseeds, and nuts by using a suitable carrier. The key parameters influencing ultrasound aided extraction of oilseed include particle shape and size, moisture content of seed, amount of solvent, and extraction time/temperature. The ultimate extraction yield is influenced by the extraction time, operating frequency, operational temperature, solvent type, and proportion, and ultrasonicator design. This technique consumes less energy and requires less maintenance. It is quite efficient and reliable. On this basis, ultrasound aided extraction may be utilized commercially to increase oil extraction rate from oil seeds.
... It can be said that the extraction technique had an impact on the oil yield, SE was more efficient than the other investigated methods, and these results are similar to those of other studies, which reported that solvent extraction is more effective for lipid yield from walnut seeds [35,36]. Although hexane extraction is the most efficient in terms of yield, this solvent is highly flammable and can create environmental and health problems [37,38], compared to safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives such as aqueous, enzymatic [39], and supercritical fluid extractions [40], which preserve the quality and are bioactive oil compounds. ...
The present study investigated and compared the quality and chemical composition of Moroccan walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil. This study used three extraction techniques: cold pressing (CP), soxhlet extraction (SE), and ultrasonic extraction (UE). The findings showed that soxhlet extraction gave a significantly higher oil yield compared to the other techniques used in this work (65.10% with p < 0.05), while cold pressing and ultrasonic extraction gave similar yields: 54.51% and 56.66%, respectively (p > 0.05). Chemical composition analysis was carried out by GC–MS and allowed 11 compounds to be identified, of which the major compound was linoleic acid (C18:2), with a similar percentage (between 57.08% and 57.84%) for the three extractions (p > 0.05). Regarding the carotenoid pigment, the extraction technique significantly affected its content (p < 0.05) with values between 10.11 mg/kg and 14.83 mg/kg. The chlorophyll pigment presented a similar content in both oils extracted by SE and UE (p > 0.05), 0.20 mg/kg and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively, while the lowest content was recorded in the cold-pressed oil with 0.13 mg/kg. Moreover, the analysis of phytosterols in walnut oil revealed significantly different contents (p < 0.05) for the three extraction techniques (between 1168.55 mg/kg and 1306.03 mg/kg). In addition, the analyses of tocopherol composition revealed that γ-tocopherol represented the main tocopherol isomer in all studied oils and the CP technique provided the highest content of total tocopherol with 857.65 mg/kg, followed by SE and UE with contents of 454.97 mg/kg and 146.31 mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly different (p < 0.05). This study presents essential information for producers of nutritional oils and, in particular, walnut oil; this information helps to select the appropriate method to produce walnut oil with the targeted quality properties and chemical compositions for the desired purpose. It also helps to form a scientific basis for further research on this plant in order to provide a vision for the possibility of exploiting these oils in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food fields.
... These mechanisms agitate the molecules and subsequently increase their temperature. Therefore, the heat-sensitive bioactive compounds, such as tannins and anthocyanins, may be oxidized and degraded by this method(Gaber et al., 2018;Geow et al., 2021;Hu et al., 2017). The generated vibration in ultrasound-assisted extraction method can create bubble formation in the solvent. ...
... The direct immersion of ultrasound probe in the sample will increase temperature in a short time during extraction process due to the low-energy loss to the surrounding. Therefore, the heat-sensitive substances can be damaged during extraction process by this method(Gaber et al., 2018;Geow et al., 2021;Perrier et al., 2017). Furthermore, the bioactive phytochemicals of the sample can be damaged by the ultrasound mechanical waves. ...
Herbal extracts containing natural bioactive substances with numerous beneficial effects have been recently noticed as appropriate alternatives for synthetic food preservatives. In this study, we aimed to optimize the effects of different sumac (Rhus coriaria) fruit extracts (SFE) on oxidative stability of soybean oil under accelerated conditions compared to a synthetic antioxidant. Hydro-ethanolic extracts (70%) of sumac fruits were prepared by three methods of immersion (I-SFE), ultrasound (U-SFE), and microwave (M-SFE). According to the response surface methodology (RSM), 13 runs were considered in the concentrations of 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of each extract that were added to the soybean oil and stored at 60°C for a 20-day period. All of the treatments were significantly (p <.05) efficient in preventing the chemical and sensory changes of soybean oil compared to the control in the dose-dependent manner during storage period. I-SFE treatment showed the lowest peroxide value (PV) (0.000063 meq (milliequivalents) O2/kg oil), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (115.06 MDA (malondialdehyde)/kg oil), and acid value (0.0169 mg KOH (potassium hydroxide)/kg oil) among the other extracts at the end of the storage period. Furthermore, I-SFE treatment earned the highest sensory scores (flavor, color, odor, and overall acceptability) of soybean oil in the range of 4–5 in comparison to the other treatments and synthetic antioxidant during storage time. According to the analysis of RSM, I-SFE in the concentration of 999.998 ppm could optimally enhance the shelf life of soybean oil for 11.3614 days under accelerated conditions. It was concluded that I-SFE with the same efficiency as synthetic antioxidants can be considered as a suitable alternative in soybean oil with various health benefits. © 2022 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
... Increasing oleic content of soybean oils will improve oxidative stability and its benefits to human health (Yang et al., 2018). (May & Dixon, 2004) Canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds are important sources of vegetable oils worldwide (Gaber et al., 2018). During last few decades, researches focused on canola seed oil content and composition (Elahi et al., 2016). ...
... Canola oil get industrially extracted from seeds by expeller-pressing of heat-preconditioned flaked seeds. Solvent extraction by hexane is a common method to recover residual oil remained in press cake but hexane extraction has adverse impacts on safety and environment compared to alternatives (Gaber et al., 2018). Microwave pre-treatment for canola seeds is a good alternative to the conventional thermal steam pre-treatment (Gaber et al., 2021). ...
... Therefore, the need to investigate alternative solvents and process configurations arises, which can potentially offset the high energy consumption, costs and risks associated with the use of organic solvents (Nde and Foncha, 2020). The application of sono-energy in the UAE method has been extensively studied for plant-based oil extraction, and has been demonstrated to increase oil yield with minimal compromise in oil quality while reducing extraction time, extraction temperature and energy consumption (Gaber et al., 2018;Perrier et al., 2017;Zhang et al., 2019). A study reported by Brás et al. (2020) evaluated several conventional extraction techniques for the extraction of cynaropicrin from Cynara cardunculus leaves. ...
The extraction of oil from flaxseeds were carried out using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and organic solvents with ultrasound assisted extraction. Enhancement of solvent extraction was investigated by adding novel co-solvents in the form of DESs to tetrahydrofuran (THF) and n-hexane. COSMO-RS, UFF and DFT computational method was used to study the solubility of organic solvents and DESs for oil extraction from flaxseed. It was noted that the solvent share the same non-polar region on the σ-profiles with the flaxseed oil model. Different organic solvents were screened and it was found that n-hexane and THF can achieve the highest oil yield. The addition of DES to THF negatively impacted oil yield. On the other hand, the addition of DES to n-hexane can slightly improve the extraction yield and significantly reduce the extraction temperature in comparison to n-hexane alone. Application of DES as novel co-solvent with other organic solvents can be translated to economic benefits through reducing the energy consumption and operational risks associated with the use of flammable solvent such as n-hexane.
