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Summary of strategy types for COVID-19 vaccine development.

Summary of strategy types for COVID-19 vaccine development.

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In the current context of the pandemic triggered by SARS-COV-2, the immunization of the population through vaccination is recognized as a public health priority. In the case of SARS-COV-2, the genetic sequencing was done quickly, in one month. Since then, worldwide research has focused on obtaining a vaccine. This has a major economic impact becaus...

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... production followed by vaccination program targeting muti-million population of different regions. Only such a complex approach will allow combatting of the coronavirus disease pandemic. New technologies do not require the work with live virus, making their production much easier, but still needing further scientific and technological evidence (Fig. ...
Context 2
... production followed by vaccination program targeting muti-million population of different regions. Only such a complex approach will allow combatting of the coronavirus disease pandemic. New technologies do not require the work with live virus, making their production much easier, but still needing further scientific and technological evidence (Fig. ...

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... Selecting the right vaccine type-along with the appropriate adjuvants, excipients, dosage, optimal route of administration, and booster doses-can significantly improve vaccine effectiveness against RV infections [161]. Traditional vaccines include inactivated viruses, live attenuated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and virus-like particles, whereas new-generation vaccines include recombinant viral vector vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and antigen-presenting cell-based vaccines [162]. Each class of vaccines has its own advantages, including genetic manipulation, strong immune response, prolonged stability, and convenience for large-scale manufacturing. ...
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... SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been produced by numerous nations, organizations, and pharmaceutical firms. 1 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and WHO were compelled to grant Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the vaccinations because to the urgent necessity for vaccination. 2 It is beneficial to get immunised against the COVID-19 pandemic to stop the disease's spread and transmission. ...
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Introduction: Countries around the world organised mass vaccinations using various types of vaccines against COVID-19, like inactivated viruses and mRNA. The study aimed to look at adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) of Coronavac® (SIN) and ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 ® (AZ) COVID-19 vaccines in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Subjects who received SIN or AZ vaccines were sent questionnaires twice: after they received the first and the second doses of vaccine, respectively. AEFI data on the first-and second-day post-vaccination were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 1547 people vaccinated with SIN vaccine, 529 (33.3%) responded to the first-dose and 239 (47%) to the second-dose questionnaires, whereas 936 people vaccinated with AZ vaccine, 483 (51.6%) answered the first-dose and 123 (25%) to the second-dose questionnaires. Some important AEFIs on the first-and second-day post receiving SIN vs. AZ vaccination were as follows: fever 4% vs 59%; pain at the injection site 27% vs 87%; redness and swelling at the injection site 4% vs 18%; nausea 5% vs 30%; diarrhea 1.8% vs 5.7%, respectively. Conclusion: SIN seemed to have fewer AEFIs than AZ. Apart from different vaccine materials and excipients, the gap in AEFIs between SIN and AZ could be caused by the distinct population where AZ recipients were more exposed to COVID-19.
... It usually takes five to ten years to develop a vaccine [10], but since lives and health were at risk, the world's population could not afford to wait that long. Unfortunately, many people contracted the disease and died day after day. ...
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... SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been produced by numerous nations, organizations, and pharmaceutical firms. 1 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and WHO were compelled to grant Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the vaccinations because to the urgent necessity for vaccination. 2 It is beneficial to get immunised against the COVID-19 pandemic to stop the disease's spread and transmission. ...
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Background: Vaccination is probably the most effective approach to prevent and control COVID-19. Studies assessing acceptance towards vaccination showed huge regional variations. Objective: To find out the rate of acceptance of Covid 19 vaccine and its associated factors as well as to explore out both the most frequent reasons behind acceptance or refusal of this vaccine and the most received and preferred type Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 1000 visitors to primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Erbil/Iraq, aged 18 years and older, were collected from December 2021 to December 2022. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection through a direct interview. Results: The study showed that 43.9% of the participants accepted the vaccine. The main reason behind refusal (53.8%) was not trusting its development, while the main reasons for receiving were to protect themselves (44.2%), majority of those vaccinated (76.5%) received Pfizer, which was the most preferred type (67.4%), 10.3% of them were not completing the recommended dose and the most common reasons behind this were neglect and shortage of time (31%), and afraid from side effects (31%). A significant association found between vaccination practice with gender, education, occupation, family income and socioeconomic status. Vaccinated persons were less likely to be infected with COVID19 (20.7%) than nonvaccinated ones (62.7%). Conclusion: Less than half of the participants were accepted the vaccine and the acceptance rate significantly associated with male gender, education, occupation, family income, and socioeconomic status.
... The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly evolved into a pandemic that poses a major threat to public health worldwide [1]. Global efforts to mitigate the impact of the pandemic and reduce health and socioeconomic impacts rely heavily on prevention efforts [2,3]. Enormous efforts by the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry, supported by government, have been directed toward the development of effective and safe vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 [4]. ...
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Background: Vaccination is probably the most effective approach to prevent and control COVID-19. Studies assessing acceptance towards vaccination showed huge regional variations. Objective: To find out the rate of acceptance of Covid 19 vaccine and its associated factors as well as to explore out both the most frequent reasons behind acceptance or refusal of this vaccine and the most received and preferred type. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 1000 visitors to primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Erbil/Iraq, aged 18 years and older, were collected from December 2021 to December 2022. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection through a direct interview. Results: The study showed that 43.9% of the participants accepted the vaccine. The main reason behind refusal (53.8%) was not trusting its development, while the main reasons for receiving were to protect themselves (44.2%), majority of those vaccinated (76.5%) received Pfizer, which was the most preferred type (67.4%), 10.3% of them were not completing the recommended dose and the most common reasons behind this were neglect and shortage of time (31%), and afraid from side effects (31%). A significant association found between vaccination practice with gender, education, occupation, family income and socioeconomic status. Vaccinated persons were less likely to be infected with COVID19 (20.7%) than nonvaccinated ones (62.7%). Conclusion: Less than half of the participants were accepted the vaccine and the acceptance rate significantly associated with male gender, education, occupation, family income, and socioeconomic status. Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination acceptance, vaccine, primary health care centers .
... In Tunisia, the population was vaccinated with three types of vaccines: mRNA vaccines including Pfizer and Moderna; viral vector including Sputnik, Janssen & Janssen and AstraZeneca; and inactivated virus vaccines including Sinovac Coronavac and Sinopharm. 25,26 The determination of COVID-19 Variants Of Concern (VOC) typically involves genetic sequencing of the virus. This process can be more complex in certain countries, such as Tunisia, due to several challenges, including limited resources and a scarcity of national laboratories equipped for such procedures. ...
... Other studies support our results when comparing mRNA and inactivated vaccines 35,36,43 or mRNA and adenovirus vector vaccine 13,35,37,42 or adenovirus vector and inactivated vaccine, 19,35,48,49 but no study has compared all three types of vaccine. For most vaccines, these reactions are mild to moderate and temporary, 26,43,44 with no serious adverse event. [50][51][52] Another noteworthy finding is the considerable variation in side effects based on gender, with a higher prevalence of events in females compared to male as reported in the majority of the studies worldwide, 34,[39][40][41][42]43,[53][54][55][56] which is consistent with our results. ...
... 57 The reasons for this variability are numerous, ranging from genetic and immunological factors to the quality of the vaccines themselves and their administration. 26 Despite significant disparities in the prevalence and severity of side effects among these vaccinations, statistical analysis suggested that vaccines may offer similar protection against severe forms of COVID-19. 19 Hence, the importance of studying these factors in the Tunisian population and identifying their specific characteristics. ...
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Background In the absence of a specific treatment for COVID-19, preventive measures have been implemented to control this pandemic and vaccination is one of them. However, it is crucial to verify the safety and efficiency of every vaccine. The aim was to determinate the predictive factors of side effects and reinfection after COVID-19 vaccine. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2022 among Tunisians infected with COVID-19 between March 2020 and February 2022, using an online self-administered questionnaire. We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses using binary stepwise logistic regression. Results A total of 1541 was selected from 1911 individuals. Comorbidities affected a quarter of the population (22.3%). Before the initial infection, 39.3% had received full vaccination, and 8.7% had received partial vaccination. By February 2022, the majority (82.9%) had received at least two vaccine doses. The reinfection rate was 30.6%. All vaccines prior to the first infection was identified as a protective factor against reinfection. Inactivated virus vaccinations were less likely to induce adverse effects. Conclusion ach vaccine has its own set of advantages and disadvantages: mRNA-based vaccines had a higher incidence of side effects but all vaccines provided better protection against reinfection.
... For example, concerns related to vaccine hesitancy broadly regard national vaccination programs, whereas others are specific to the context of COVID-19 and the available vaccines [39,42,43]. Other established factors include risk perception of harm from the virus [44], mistrust of vaccine manufacturers [45], and credibility of the vaccine development process [46]. Implying that COVID-19 mis-and disinformation may have contributed to the prevalent problem of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy [47,48]. ...
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