Table 2 - uploaded by Baptiste Martinet
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Summary of sampling table with genetic and eco-chemical criteria for Bombus species and subspecies used in this study.
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Cold-adapted species are expected to reach their largest distribution range during a part of the Ice Ages while the post-glacial warming leads to their range contracting toward high latitude and high altitude areas. This results in extant allopatric distribution of populations and possibly to trait differentiations (selected or not) or even speciat...
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... used the phylogenetically closely related species B. (Pyrobombus) lapponicus (n = 10) for comparison (see Cameron et al., 2007) and B. bimaculatus (Cresson, 1863) (n = 10) to root trees in our genetic analyses. All specimens were killed by freezing at −20 ∘ C. We considered all taxa without a priori taxonomic status and referred to them as scandinavicus, monticola, rondoui, alpestris, konradini, lapponicus, and bimaculatus (Table 2). We further split kon- radini into konradini-N to indicate the Northern Apennines population and konradini-C to indicate the Central Apennines population. ...
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Citations
... The low interpopulation genetic distance amongst these groups (one missing haplotype) can suggest possible similar post-glacial evolutionary history and selective process acting on these two groups, which can explain the geographical patterns recorded. This partly contrasts with the evolutionary dynamics recorded in these areas for other cold-adapted insect species (Martín-Bravo et al 2010; Lecocq et al. 2013), which experienced more intense intraspecific differentiation processes leading sometimes to speciation events, as happened for Bombus monticola mathildis and B. konradini (Martinet et al 2018). ...
The phylogeography and demographical history of Italian Formica pratensis populations were examined and compared with the Eurasian-wide dataset available for this species and the other red wood ant species Formica lugubris . Forty-eight workers belonging to eight populations from both Alps and Apennines were analysed sequencing a 1.5-kilobase mitochondrial DNA fragment, including the cytochrome b gene and part of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 gene. A total of 127 sequences were screened, scoring 53 different haplotypes amongst all specimens, with five new haplotypes discovered in the Italian populations. All the Italian haplotypes clustered in a monophyletic clade, underlining a clear phylogeographical separation of this group from the other Eurasian groups and suggesting a glacial separate forest refugia and different post-glacial colonisation patterns. The haplotypes from the Alps and the Apennines showed a high genetic proximity, pointing out an ancient (Pleistocene) wide distribution of this species across all these areas and common ancestral lineages. No shared haplotypes were scored between Northern and Central Apennine populations, but the low inter-population genetic distance indicated similar post-glacial selective processes acting on these groups. The diversity we recorded may be influenced by the actual fragmentation of F. pratensis populations across its entire Eurasian range, and by the limited geographical origin and sample dimension of the dataset analysed. Future studies with a more extensive sampling in the Alps and Eastern Europe are needed to confirm our result.
... Therefore, a key aspect to understand biological evolution within the Iberian Peninsula is the East-West orientation of its mountain ranges. Such distribution of the orography favoured shifts of cold-dwelling species in altitude instead of latitude during warmer interglacial stages (Martinet et al., 2018). As a result, many montane Iberian taxa currently display phylogeographic patterns that correlate with the distribution of mountain ranges, reflecting the influence of past glacial stages (Pérez et al., 2002;Valtueña et al., 2012;Vila et al., 2005). ...
Montane biodiversity is particularly vulnerable to rapid oscillations in environmental conditions. Recent modelling showed that only three of the 19 butterfly species of Erebia (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) currently present in Iberia would persist in a worst‐case scenario for 2070. One of them is Erebia palarica , endemic to Northwest Spain. We combined genetics, morphometrics and ecological niche modelling to reconstruct its evolutionary history.
First, sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene obtained from 305 specimens revealed a double star‐like network that suggests a demographic expansion from two ancestral populations. This finding is congruent with the larger and disjunct putative distribution revealed by climatic modelling during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Second, genotyping of 262 samples with seven microsatellite markers produced a large cluster at the centre‐East of the Cantabrian range, mostly affected by isolation by distance, and revealed different levels of structure in the western localities.
Lastly, we reviewed the intraspecific taxonomy of the species. The westernmost site (Queixa) stands as a clearly separated unit according to genetic and morphometric analyses, which further supports its vague former description as subspecies E. p. castroviejoi .
Altogether, the case of E. palarica exemplifies the complexity that narrow endemics can show and highlights that understanding the evolutionary history of species is crucial for designing adequate conservation strategies.
... (3) The taxon konradini Reinig, 1965 is considered as a valid species, separate from B. monticola based on genetic and semio-chemical evidence of Martinet et al. (2018). ...
Annual report on activities of the regional groups of the IUCN Bumblebee Sub Group of the Wild Bee Specialist Group for 2023
... (3) The taxon konradini Reinig, 1965 is considered as a valid species, separate from B. monticola based on genetic and semio-chemical evidence of Martinet et al. (2018). ...
The BBSG is commissioned by the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), with responsibilities centred around the Red List assessment of all bumblebee species world-wide (currently interpreted at ca 290 species). It has been running for more than two IUCN quadrennia and has completed first assessments for most of the species of the New World and Europe. These assessments have greatly advanced conservation action by identifying species at risk, allowing the most imperiled species to be listed at the national, state, and local scales, facilitating targeted projects for restoring and managing their habitats. Asia, with many more species and fewer specialists, remains a challenge. Surveys to map species distributions are now under way in many countries, which are compiling growing data bases of information on their bumblebees. During 2020 a growing need was recognised by the IUCN-SSC for providing information on threats and conservation for all wild bees (ca 20,000 species), not just bumblebees. The SSC proposed for its Species Strategic Plan Framework for the next quadrennium that it would commission a more inclusive Wild Bee Specialist Group (WBSG), to cover all bees. The breadth of the WBSG provides an opportunity to achieve more for the conservation of all bees world-wide. BBSG members are continuing actively the work on bumblebees, which is also helping through its conservation action all other wild bees as well.
... KBAs are identified through the application of standard criteria (IUCN, 2016 Nania et al. (2023). Although KBA criteria are supposed to be applied at least to the species rank if genetic data are unavailable, we also selected subspecies with high geographic isolation and distinct morphological features (Biella et al., 2017;Cappellari et al., 2018;Dellicour et al., 2012;Intoppa et al., 2009;Martinet et al., 2018;Rasmont et al., 2021), which represent putative separate evolving biological units of conservation interest. We assessed the presence of potential KBAs in Italy based on estimates of the global population size of each taxon inferred through the use of area of habitat (AOH) maps. ...
Global change is affecting insect populations worldwide as species declines have been reported from different areas of the planet.
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We applied four KBA criteria in Italy to 28 species/subspecies of bumblebees and identified potential KBAs for one species and three subspecies. Potential KBAs are only partially nested within current Italian KBAs and the protected areas network. When compared with potential KBAs of vertebrate species identified with the same methodology, the degree of nesting is only 12%.
Our results provide evidence of a tendency of the KBA network to expand as more species are assessed, raising questions about the ability of the criteria to detect areas that truly are key for biodiversity and not just for specific taxa. We also highlight issues regarding the use of KBA criteria on insects, such as data availability and the use of subspecies. Further large‐scale assessments of KBAs will reveal the true potential of application of the KBA approach for insect conservation, and whether it actually may slow down the loss of important units of their extraordinary diversity.
... During glacial periods, many temperate species lived at lower altitudes in periglacial areas, and moved at higher altitudes during dry interglacial periods (Pauls et al. 2006;Zeisset and Beebee 2008;Maura et al. 2014;Morales-Barbero et al. 2018). Therefore, during interglacial periods mountain systems have provided a sort of island archipelago refugium for these species rather than a barrier to dispersal (Mardulyn et al. 2009;Schmitt 2009;Martinet et al. 2018). Such range fragmentation determined gene flow disruption among populations isolated on distinct mountains, causing allopatric divergence and possibly speciation (Schmitt et al. 2016;Schmitt 2017). ...
European mountain systems played a crucial role in shaping the distribution of species and of their genetic diversity during the Quaternary's climatic changes with the establishment of allopatric patterns across main mountain ranges. Here we investigated the evolutionary history of flea beetles of the Longitarsus candidulus species-group showing an uncommon disjunct biogeographic pattern across the Apennine and the Pyrenees. We applied a multilocus molecular approach and multispecies coalescent models to establish a phylogenetic and systematic framework for this morphologically homogeneous species-group and to estimate the time of main cladogenetic events underlying the origin of the Apennine-Pyrenees pattern. We found strong support for the monophyly of the candidulus group with a sister relationship between L. laureolae and L. leonardii endemic to the Apennine and the Pyrenees mountains respectively. The timing of speciation events in the candidulus species-group coincide with two major climatic transitions during Early and Middle Pleistocene that resulted in significant environmental changes in Europe and suggest a scenario of allopatric isolation and divergence on distinct mountain ranges. The split between the thermophilic species L. candidulus and the ancestor of the temperate species L. laureolae and L. leonardii, estimated at ~ 3 Ma during the transition from Pliocene to Pleistocene, was probably triggered by their segregation in xerophilous and temperate habitats. The speciation between L. laureolae and L. leonardii, ~ 1 Ma during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, can be explained by the establishment of unfavorable conditions in West Alps and Central Massif underlying the onset of the Apennine-Pyrenees disjunct pattern. Finally, the strict association between members of the candidulus group and distinct Thymelaeaceae plants suggests further studies to address the hypothesis that speciation in these flea beetles might have been also associated with Pleistocene range changes of their host plants.
... Many of them recolonised the land from lower elevations after the last ice age or survived in ice-free 'nunatak' refugia (Brighenti et al., 2021) and show an arcto-alpine distribution (e.g. Martinet et al., 2018;Muster and Berendonk, 2006). ...
Although the number of studies on soil and ground-dwelling fauna is constantly increasing, only few focus on high alpine areas. We conducted a comprehensive survey of ground-dwelling invertebrates in (high) alpine dry pastures along three elevational gradients (1500 to 3000 m a.s.l.) in the LT(S)ER area ‘Val Mazia/Matschertal’, South Tyrol, Italy. The objectives were (i) to assess the composition of mobile, surface-active invertebrate communities and their diversity patterns along the elevation, and (ii) to analyse the influence of selected environmental factors (soil parameters and vegetation composition) on their composition.
On 12 plots (three at each elevation step), we installed three pitfall traps per sampling period covering most of the growing season from May to September: three times for two weeks on the lower (1500 and 2000 m) and twice for three weeks on the higher plots (2500 and 3000 m). Taxa were mostly identified to family level and changes in activity densities, diversity indices and beta diversity were evaluated.
Overall, activity density decreased gradually but not significantly from about 21 individuals per day and trap at 1500 m to just over 9 individuals at 3000 m. This indicates a highly active ground-dwelling community along the entire mountain ridge throughout the growing season. Alpha diversity differed significantly but inconsistently between elevations, while beta diversity remained constant along the gradient (Sörensen index around 0.60). Community composition differed for each elevation and turnover rates (i.e. the exchange of taxa) increased with elevation from 70 to 87 %. Elevation as a proxy for climate warming, rather than soil and vegetation related factors, was found to be the main driver of differences in community composition. At the current rate of global warming and with different communities at each elevation, ecosystem services and processes could be strongly affected by the expected changes in invertebrate community compositions.
... (Williams et al. 2012b;Williams 2021). Some of the other subgenera have had only a few of the more problematic species-groups reviewed or new species described, including, e.g., Thoracobombus Dalla Torre, 1880 (Brasero et al. 2021), Pyrobombus Dalla Torre, 1880 (Williams et al. 2009b(Williams et al. , 2022cMartinet et al. 2018b;Sheffield et al. 2020;Potapov et al. 2021;Williams 2022a), and Cullumanobombus Vogt, 1911(Williams et al. 2012c. In contrast, some recent studies continue to give more emphasis to an interbreeding concept of species, for example in regarding male pheromones as decisive for recognising species (Martinet et al. 2018a;Lecocq et al. 2019), rather than regarding male pheromones as just one more source of information for integrative analyses . ...
Bumblebees (Bombus Latreille, 1802), because of their large body size, bright colours and activity at times and places that coincide with biologists, are an example of a group of insects that is particularly well represented in museum collections. This is important if taxonomic revisions are to achieve greater comparability among species. Bumblebees have also attracted particular attention because they are especially ecologically and economically valuable for pollination in north temperate regions, where they are now becoming increasingly threatened. I argue that the what, the where, and the how of effective conservation management may be informed by understanding the divergent characteristics that have affected their biogeographical past: by helping us to see ‘the woods’, not just ‘the trees’, of their habitat needs. Identifying suitable habitat should be part of reconstructing historical biogeography within taxonomic revisions. For bumblebees, for example, biogeographical analysis associates major taxonomic groups either with flower-rich lowland grasslands or with flower-rich montane grasslands, highlighting their contrasting requirements for: nest sites, flowers of different depths, pollen-plant families, and especially the differing importance of early spring and late summer flowers for breeding success. This broad view of species groups helps filter the less important idiosyncrasies from local case studies in order to focus conservation actions.
... genomic methods [31][32][33][34]. Even within Bombus, bumblebees display considerable interspecific diversity in morphology, color patterning, food preference, pathogen incidence, and life history [19,35,36]. ...
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that are widely distributed in eukaryotic genomes, where they are known to serve as a major force in genome evolution. The phenotypic impacts of TEs, while less well studied, have also been discovered. Bumblebees are globally important pollinators in natural ecosystems and agriculture. Although TEs comprise a small fraction of bumblebee genomes, emerging evidence suggest that TEs are the major contributor of genome size variation across species and are involved in the formation of new coding and regulatory sequences. We review recent discoveries related to TEs in bumblebees, as well as outlining three key questions for the future of the field. In the future, we argue long-read sequencing technologies and genome editing techniques will help us identify TEs in bumblebees, unveil mechanisms that could account for their silencing and limited abundance, and uncover their contributions to phenotypic diversification, ecological adaptation and speciation.
... Many bumble bee species have experienced declines (Cameron & Sadd, 2020). Studies have investigated how genetic diversity varies across species with different histories of decline and in different landscapes Ellis et al., 2006;Goulson et al., 2011;Koch et al., 2018;Lozier, 2014;Lozier et al., 2011;Martinet et al., 2018), as well as how climate influences decline risk (Iserbyt & Rasmont, 2012;Kerr et al., 2015;Martinet et al., 2020;Rasmont et al., 2015). In North America, bumble bees have high species richness in mountainous regions (e.g., Koch et al., 2015), facilitated by numerous thermal adaptations (Heinrich, 2004). ...
... Focusing on bumble bees, a recent analysis of Bombus huntii in western North America found nearly identical relationships for genetic diversity and Pleistocene niche stability, with northern populations exhibiting both relatively high contemporary heterozygosity and relatively low predicted LGM niche suitability compared with southern parts of the species range. Interglacial and postglacial increases in N e for species like B. vancouverensis and B. huntii contrasts with some expectations for cold-adapted bumble bees in other regions, which can expand their ranges during glacial periods and contract to interglacial refugia in warm periods (Hewitt, 2011;Martinet et al., 2018;Williams et al., 2018). However, models of reduced population size during glacial periods have also been supported for montane insects of western North America (Schoville & Roderick, 2009). ...
Understanding historical range shifts and population size variation provides an important context for interpreting contemporary genetic diversity. Methods to predict changes in species distributions and model changes in effective population size (Ne) using whole genomes make it feasible to examine how temporal dynamics influence diversity across populations. We investigate Ne variation and climate‐associated range shifts to examine the origins of a previously observed latitudinal heterozygosity gradient in the bumble bee Bombus vancouverensis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus Latreille) in western North America. We analyze whole genomes from a latitude‐elevation cline using sequentially Markovian coalescent models of Ne through time to test whether relatively low diversity in southern high‐elevation populations is a result of long‐term differences in Ne. We use Maxent models of the species range over the last 130,000 years to evaluate range shifts and stability. Ne fluctuates with climate across populations, but more genetically diverse northern populations have maintained greater Ne over the late Pleistocene and experienced larger expansions with climatically favorable time periods. Northern populations also experienced larger bottlenecks during the last glacial period, which matched the loss of range area near these sites; however, bottlenecks were not sufficient to erode diversity maintained during periods of large Ne. A genome sampled from an island population indicated a severe postglacial bottleneck, indicating that large recent postglacial declines are detectable if they have occurred. Genetic diversity was not related to niche stability or glacial‐period bottleneck size. Instead, spatial expansions and increased connectivity during favorable climates likely maintain diversity in the north while restriction to high elevations maintains relatively low diversity despite greater stability in southern regions. Results suggest genetic diversity gradients reflect long‐term differences in Ne dynamics and also emphasize the unique effects of isolation on insular habitats for bumble bees. Patterns are discussed in the context of conservation under climate change. We use whole genome demographic modeling to demonstrate that existing patterns of genetic diversity across latitudes in a montane bumble bee are shaped by historical differences in population size dynamics. High‐diversity populations have a history of larger effective population sizes through time, even with larger losses in habitat suitability during glacial periods resulting in larger Pleistocene bottlenecks. Results suggest that southern high‐elevation restricted populations have a reduced maximum population size through time than northern low‐elevation populations despite greater niche stability, which has implications for conserving genetic diversity in these more isolated regions under climate change.
