Table 4 - uploaded by Dieter Wolke
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Summary of hierarchical regression models predicting emotional resilience to bullying victimization (N = 3,136).
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Little research attention has been paid to bullied students who function better than expected and are therefore defined as "resilient". The present longitudinal study aimed to identify individual, family and peer factors that predict fewer than expected levels of depression and delinquency following experiences of bullying victimization. The sample...
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This exploratory study was inspired by the author’s voluntary work with street-connected children and youth in Kenya. It develops an understanding of the experiences of young people leaving the street in two provincial Kenyan towns. Although there has been extensive research concerned with street-connectedness, there has been a limited focus on you...
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... These gender differences are likely due to socialization differences, with boys being socialized to independently handle problems (Troop-Gordon & Quenette, 2010;Waasdorp & Bradshaw, 2011) and girls socialized to value social support when met with conflict (Rose & Rudolph, 2006). resiliency (prosocial behavior, self-esteem, familial warmth) that buffer the negative effects of peer victimization (Bowes et al., 2010;Griese et al., 2016;Sapouna & Wolke, 2013), and various coping strategies (e.g., active coping, low selfblame, and humor) have been linked to resiliency in the face of victimization (Freitas et al., 2022). Future research examining potential mitigating factors is warranted. ...
Although siblings are known to contribute to one’s socialization experiences, research examining sibling victimization remains limited. One area in need of examination is the links between coping strategies and sibling victimization, as extant research suggests that how one responds to negative social interactions is associated with subsequent adjustment and may increase risk for further victimization. The current study advances the field by examining the bidirectional associations between coping strategies and sibling and peer victimization over a 6-month period and evaluating potential gender differences in these associations. Third- through fifth-grade children (M age = 9.28 years; 54.4% male) reported on their victimization experiences and coping strategies at each time point. Findings suggest that while revenge seeking was associated with increases in sibling victimization for both boys and girls, revenge seeking was only associated with increases in peer victimization for boys. Further, peer victimization was associated with increases in passive coping regardless of gender. Thus, associations between victimization and coping strategies appear to vary somewhat depending on who the aggressor is, but the majority of effects appear to be similar for boys and girls. Findings support the need to evaluate experiences of sibling victimization further.
... Regarding SAV and peer BV, consistent with prior literature (Peng et al., 2022;Sapouna and Wolke, 2013), results suggested that as adolescents were victimized by their siblings, they were more likely to experience peer BV. Parallel mediation results suggested that although substance use was not statistically significant, depressive symptoms explained the relationship between SAV and peer BV. ...
Purpose:
Sibling aggression has received attention as a common form of family violence. However, further research is needed to elucidate several antecedents of sibling aggression perpetration and bullying victimization, such as substance use and depressive symptoms. Additionally, more studies are needed to identify the mediating paths of depressive symptoms and substance use, which could explain the association between bullying victimization and sibling aggression perpetration on the one hand and the association between sibling aggression victimization and bullying victimization on the other hand, while controlling for exposure to family violence and demographic variables. The current study tested two separate mediational models guided by the displaced aggression theory and self-medication hypothesis.
Method:
The present study used the Bullying, Sexual, and Dating Violence Trajectories From Early to Late Adolescence in the Midwestern United States, 2007-2013 dataset. The original sample consisted of 1162 middle school students who were initially surveyed and followed into three high schools. For the current study, the first wave was used, which included a sample of 1101 adolescents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to first examine whether bullying victimization was associated with sibling aggression perpetration. Then another model was conducted to test whether sibling aggression victimization was associated with bullying victimization.
Results:
In the first model, results suggest bullying victimization is positively associated with sibling aggression. Mediation results indicated depressive symptoms and substance use serially mediated the relation between bullying victimization and sibling aggression. In the second model, results suggest that sibling aggression victimization is positively associated with bullying victimization. Parallel mediation results indicated that depressive symptoms alone and not substance use individually explained the association between sibling aggression victimization and bullying victimization. Finally, serial mediation results indicated that depressive symptoms and substance use serially mediate the association between sibling aggression victimization and bullying victimization.
Limitations:
Limitations include self-report measures and cross-sectional design; therefore, we could not estimate casual relationships.
Conclusion:
The implications of these findings suggest the need for continued attention to school-based bully prevention efforts and family relations interventions. Such efforts might be associated with reductions in bullying victimization and sibling aggression.
... Sample size from these studies ranged from 60-8000. Six out of the 15 studies were longitudinal [48][49][50][51][52]. ...
Background:
Peer victimisation is common and predicts increased internalizing symptoms. Low self-esteem, which is associated with both greater peer victimisation and higher internalizing problems, may help explain why victimised adolescents experience greater internalizing symptoms. Objectives of the present research were to establish the relationships between peer victimisation, internalizing problems, and self-esteem, and to test whether self-esteem mediates the effect of victimisation on internalizing symptoms.
Methods:
We conducted a systematic literature search in Psychinfo, ERIC, Web of science, and Pubmed, following PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were: age 10-18 years; empirical studies that measured a) internalizing symptoms, b) self-esteem, and c) peer victimisation or bullying; design was either longitudinal or cross-sectional with a comparison group. Quality assessment were conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We conducted random effects models and a meta-mediation analysis, with self-esteem acting as a mediator between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms.
Results:
Sixteen papers with a total of N = 35,032 (53% female) participants met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated an association between peer victimisation and both high internalizing problems (r = .31, CI 95 = .26 to.36) and low self-esteem (r = -.25, CI 95 = -.29; to -.22), and between low self-esteem and high internalizing problems ((r = -.38, CI 95 = -.42 to -.33), as well as an indirect effect of peer victimization on internalizing symptoms via self-esteem (ß = .10, CI lower = .07, CI upper = .13).
Conclusions:
Peer victimization, high internalizing symptoms and low self-esteem are all mutually related. Peer victimization partially mediates internalizing symptoms via self-esteem. Anti-bullying programmes may consider incorporating self-esteem building exercises in bully-victims. Limitations include high heterogeneity of results.
... The predictive effects of traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization on healthy lifestyles, sleep quality, and academic achievements are significantly negative, which are shown to significantly correlate with the development of depressive symptoms. This supports prior research implying that negative outcomes of being bullied include behavioral problems and academic failure (Sapouna & Wolke, 2013). Further, this study highlights the mediating role of these aspects in the bullying victimization-depressive symptoms linkage. ...
Background:
The impacts of bullying victimization on psychological health are long-lasting. However, the longitudinal mediating processes of the association between being bullied (traditionally and in a cyber context) and depressive symptoms of Chinese youth remain underexplored, including across the sexes.
Objective:
This study investigated the longitudinal association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms, including the mediating effects of physical health, healthy lifestyles, sleep quality, and academic achievements. Different pathways from traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization regarding depressive symptoms were also explored, with a comparison across the sexes.
Participants and setting:
Data were obtained from the China Education Panel Survey, and ninth graders aged approximately 15 years constituted the baseline cohort.
Methods:
The baseline data and longitudinal data at two- and five-year follow-ups, respectively, were evaluated to estimate structural equation models.
Results:
Baseline traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization significantly predicted subsequent depressive symptoms at both follow-ups (P < 0.001). Being bullied also predicted worse healthy lifestyles, poorer sleep quality, and lower academic achievements (P < 0.05), all significantly correlated with the development of depressive symptoms (P < 0.001) regarding both bullying victimizations. Physical health was the mediator of the traditional bullying victimization-depressive symptoms linkage (P < 0.05). Female victims have a relatively higher risk of depression versus male victims, with different mediating pathways from victimization to depressive symptoms.
Conclusions:
Our findings strengthen the evidence of a longitudinal association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms, provide new explanations for mechanisms of mediation, and highlight the importance of long-term comprehensive mental health interventions for victims of bullying.
... For instance, studies show that exposure to community violence could increase adolescents' risk of bullying victimization (Bifulco et al., 2014;Lee et al., 2022). Bullying victimization often consists of experiencing name-calling, being pushed, kicked, slapped, relational isolation, or being a victim of negative rumors (Hutzell & Payne, 2012;Idsoe et al., 2021;Sapouna & Wolke, 2013). Students who are victimized by their peers often report feeling unwanted, isolated, unattractive, and unsure of themselves (Arseneault, 2017;Hansen et al., 2012), which increases their likelihood of developing internalizing symptoms (Calvete et al., 2016;Waasdorp et al., 2018). ...
Background:
The developmental trauma theory suggests that traumatic events impede the ability of individuals to form interpersonal relationships, impair cognition, affect, and increase the vulnerability of adolescents to develop psychopathology. However, few studies have examined the applicability of this theory among African American adolescents who were exposed to community violence and adverse outcomes, including bullying victimization and somatic symptoms.
Aims:
Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to first test the association between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms. Then, we explored whether bullying victimization mediated the relationship between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms while controlling for gender differences and substance use (n = 622).
Results:
Results suggest that exposure to community violence is positively associated with somatic symptoms. Moreover, the association between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms was mediated by bullying victimization.
Discussion and conclusion:
These results were consistent with the developmental trauma theory, such that trauma could increase the vulnerability for future victimization, thus, leading to somatic symptoms. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
... However, students victimized by bullying do not always develop psychological harm, which is estimated to be approximately one in four (Montes et al., 2022). Despite this, research has paid little attention to those resilient students who function better than expected (Sapouna and Wolke, 2013;Fonseca et al., 2022), and even less to the impact of past bullying on college students' resilience (Villora et al., 2020;Yubero et al., 2021) and posttraumatic growth (Andreou et al., 2021). ...
Research has consistently shown that experiences of peer victimization may have long lasting negative consequences on health and academic achievement. Less attention has been paid to the association between past bullying and post-traumatic growth in college students. This cross-sectional study aims to examine the role of different motivational orientations (The Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Systems (BIS/BAS) and regulatory focus) as potential mediators between cognitive strategies (rumination and resilient coping) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Using a large sample of 1,134 college students, 85 were selected who were in their first year of college and had reported having previously experienced bullying. After classifying the participants acording to their the 33 rd and 66 th percentile scores on post-traumatic growth, a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences between the low and high groups, with those highest in PTG showing the highest scores on drive approach, focus on promotion, and resilient coping. Conditional process analysis with these significant variables revealed that regulatory focus on promotion mediates between resilient coping and post-traumatic growth, whereas drive moderates the link between both variables. The findings shed light on the motivational mechanisms underlying PTG, which may be useful to guide interventions to prevent the consequences of bullying.
... Bullied children had greater internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems than non-bullied children, which is consistent with earlier studies (Kowalski et al., 2014;Leiner et al., 2014;Wu et al., 2018). In contrast to prior reports that adolescent girls are more likely to develop depression and anxiety following adverse childhood events (Jiang et al., 2022) or bullying (Sapouna and Wolke, 2013), in our bullied group, boys had greater behavioral problems than girls in the domains of withdrawn/depressed, social, thought, and aggression. Several reasons exist for these opposite results. ...
Objective
Peer victimization is a substantial early life stressor linked to psychiatric symptoms and poor academic performance. However, the sex-specific cognitive or behavioral outcomes of bullying have not been well-described in preadolescent children.
Methods
Using the baseline dataset of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study 2.0.1 data repository ( N = 11,875), we evaluated associations between parent-reported bullying victimization, suicidality (suicidal ideation, intent, and/or behavior), and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), as well as internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, cognition, and academic performance.
Results
Of the 11,015 9-10-year-old children included in the analyses (5,263 girls), 15.3% experienced bullying victimization, as reported by the primary caregiver. Of these, boys were more likely to be bullied than girls (odds ratio [OR], 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1–1.3]; p = 0.004). Children who were bullied were more likely to display NSSI or passive suicidality (OR, 2.4 [95% CI, 2.0–2.9]; p < 0.001) and active suicidality (OR, 3.4 [95% CI, 2.7–4.2]; p < 0.001). Bullied children also had lower cognitive scores, greater behavioral problems, and poorer grades ( p < 0.001). Across all participants, boys had poorer grades and greater behavioral problems than girls; however, bullied boys had greater behavioral problems than girls in several areas ( p < 0.001). Compared to their non-bullied peers, bullied children with greater non-suicidal self-injury or suicidality also had greater behavioral problems and poorer grades ( p < 0.001).
Conclusion
These findings highlight the sex-specific effects of bullying, and the negative associations of bullying victimization with cognitive performance, behavioral problems, and academic performance. Future longitudinal studies will identify the natural history and neural correlates of these deficits during adolescence.
... Ωστόσο, τα θύματα, ανεξάρτητα από τη μορφή του εκφοβισμού που εισπράττουν, δεν επηρεάζονται όλα στον ίδιο βαθμό (Ortega et al., 2012). Μερικά θύματα επιδεικνύουν ψυχική ανθεκτικότητα και λειτουργούν καλύτερα από ότι θα περίμενε κανείς/μία μετά τον εκφοβισμό (Bowes et al., 2010. Hinduja & Patchin, 2017. Garnefski & Kraaij, 2014. Sapouna & Wolke, 2013. Επίσης, ένας μικρός αριθμός αναδρομικών μελετών υποστηρίζει την εμφάνιση μετατραυματικής ανάπτυξης στα θύματα, δηλαδή, την εμφάνιση θετικών εκβάσεων στη ζωή τους μετά τον εκφοβισμό (Andreou et al., 2021. Ratcliff et al., 2017. Ratcliff et al., 2020. ...
... Moore και Woodcock (2017) βρήκαν ότι μεταξύ θυμάτων 10-14 χρονών το φύλο δεν αποτελούσε σημαντική μεταβλητή αναφορικά με την ανθεκτικότητα. Οι εσωτερικοί πόροι, όπως η υψηλή αυτοεκτίμηση (Bowes et al., 2010. Sapouna & Wolke, 2013, καθώς και οι ζεστές σχέσεις των θυμάτων με την οικογένεια (Bowes et al., 2010. Sapouna & Wolke, 2013. Zych et al., 2017 και τους/ις φίλους/ες αποτελούν παράγοντες ανθεκτικότητας (Sapouna & Wolke, 2013). ...
... Moore και Woodcock (2017) βρήκαν ότι μεταξύ θυμάτων 10-14 χρονών το φύλο δεν αποτελούσε σημαντική μεταβλητή αναφορικά με την ανθεκτικότητα. Οι εσωτερικοί πόροι, όπως η υψηλή αυτοεκτίμηση (Bowes et al., 2010. Sapouna & Wolke, 2013, καθώς και οι ζεστές σχέσεις των θυμάτων με την οικογένεια (Bowes et al., 2010. Sapouna & Wolke, 2013. Zych et al., 2017 και τους/ις φίλους/ες αποτελούν παράγοντες ανθεκτικότητας (Sapouna & Wolke, 2013). ...
In the literature, few studies have retrospectively investigated the effects of school bullying, the role of mental resilience and post-traumatic growth in former victims. The present convergent mixed methods research design investigated the link between the post-traumatic growth and the mental resilience and the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in former victims. Also, this study examined retrospectively the bullying experience, the role significant others, victims' personal reserves and coping strategies played in the experience and the results of bullying. The sample was composed of 263 women and 73 men, with the average age of 22.81 years old (SD=3.20). Six women and four men participated in the qualitative research, with the average age of 24.70 years old (SD=2.24). Four self-report questionnaires were given for the collection of quantitative data. Qualitative data collection was done by semi-structured interview with phenomenological orientation and data analysis was done by inductive thematic analysis. Post-traumatic growth was positively correlated, to a small extent, with post-traumatic stress and mental resilience. Respectively, in qualitative data positive outcomes (e.g. new life paths and possibilities, appreciation of life) coexisted with negative consequences (e.g. stress, flashbacks - feeling as though the bullying is happening again, interpersonal difficulties, withdrawal). Both databases agreed that, victims personal reserves, significant others’ support and retrospective cognitive coping strategies, reported by the interviewees, were resilience factors associated with post-traumatic growth (e.g. personal strength, improved relationships with others). However, qualitative data and quantitative data have identified different risk factors for appearance of post-traumatic stress disorder. The research findings contributed to the formulation of proposals based on factors such as cognitive processes and systems dynamics to cope with bullying.
... This study did not account for the effects that childhood resilience may have on this relationship due to the lack of objective measures of resilience in the GUI dataset. Future research should strive to include analysis of variables which might remedy the negative psychological impact of bullying on educational achievement (Healy & Sanders, 2018;Sapouna & Wolke, 2013). ...
Background:
Bullying has a profound and enduring impact on academic achievement. However, there is a lack of clarity surrounding the specific mechanisms of this relationship.
Aims:
This study examined the link between bullying at age 9 and Numeracy/Literacy achievement at age 15 to determine if this relationship is partially or fully explained by psychological difficulties at age 13.
Sample:
Secondary data analysis was completed on waves 1, 2 and 3 of child cohort (Cohort'98) of the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study, respectively, at 9 years (N = 8568), 13 years (N = 7527) and 15 years of age (N = 6216).
Results:
Longitudinal path mediation model was conducted with bullying at age 9 as the predictor, total (emotional and behavioural) difficulties at age 13 as the mediator and Numeracy/Literacy scores at age 15 as outcomes revealing significant indirect effects of bullying on achievement, via psychological difficulties.
Conclusions:
We discuss the impact of bullying on the student's psychological well-being, the relationship between bullying and academic attainment and how this may be tackled to avoid consequences throughout education and later in life.
Educational impact and implications:
This study emphasizes the need for schools to address the emotional and behavioural difficulties occurring as a result of bullying in order to improve the overall educational experience of a child. Existing interventions can be built upon by focusing on the continuous remediation of such psychological difficulties.
... However, resilience appears to reduce the risk of depression among adolescents who have experienced bullying (15). The consequences of bullying can be severe and longlasting and include: lower self-esteem, academic failure, behavior problems, psychosis and feelings of hopelessness (47). Resilience often refers to the process of adapting well in the face of significant adversity or stress (16). ...
Introduction
Resilience refers to the ability to adapt to difficult situation or adversity. Resilience is what gives people the psychological strength to cope with stress and hardship. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between resilience and bullying victimization and mental health problems. But whether the moderating effect of resilience against depression varies among victims of different types of bullying victimization remains unknown.
Methods
The study used data from the Taiwan Adolescent to Adult Longitudinal Study (TAALS), which was a school based, nationwide, longitudinal study conducted among adolescents in Taiwan. Between 2015 and 2019, the survey was repeated three times to capture changes in health behaviors. Meanwhile, our study is a cross-sectional study focusing on the 2nd follow-up survey of the TAALS, where we recruited 4,771 Grade 7 (12–13 years) and Grade 10 (15–16 years) students who had experienced bullying at school.
Results
This study confirms the protective effect of resilience on depression among adolescents who have experienced bullying. The mode resilience score was used as a reference group. Compared to the reference group, victims of verbal bullying from the lowest resilience group were at the greatest risk of depression (OR = 5.91, CI = 4.38–7.99). Compared to the reference group, victims of cyber bullying from the highest resilience group had the lowest risk of depression (OR = 0.72, CI = 0.57–0.90).
Conclusion
Regardless of the type of bullying victimization, resilience has been shown to offer protection against depression. Specifically, higher resilience levels offer the greatest protection against depression for victims of cyber bullying compared to other three types of bullying victimization. Early interventions to reduce negative effects of bullying victimization may start with increasing an individual's resilience during adolescence.
