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Summary of Vital Parameters and Blood Work in the Three Described Cases
Source publication
Pyrethroids are popular for use in companion animals due to their relatively low mammalian toxicity and efficacy against arthropods. Nonetheless, pyrethroid intoxication has been reported in cats and dogs, and cats appear to be more susceptible due to difficulty in biotransformation and excretion of pyrethroids. Pyrethroid intoxications are general...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... to the severity of the muscle tremors, a full neurologic examination and evaluation for ap- propriate mentation were not possible. The remaining vital parameters were within normal limits ( Table 1). Given the clinical presentation and inability to obtain additional historic information, seizures and possible head trauma were initially suspected. ...
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... packed cell volume, total plasma protein, and blood gas analysis d was performed, and no major abnormalities were identified (Table 1). The owners were eventually contacted, and they stated that the cat was healthy and normal before they left for work that morning. ...
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... 8 hr, the methocarbamol CRI was de- creased to 4.7 mg/kg/hr for an additional 4 hr, and minimal tremors were noted. The cat was discharged on the same day with minimal tremors and was prescribed methocarbamol ( (Table 1). Blood was submitted for packed cell volume and total solids, and a hand-held glucometer revealed hypoglycemia (Table 1). ...
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... cat was discharged on the same day with minimal tremors and was prescribed methocarbamol ( (Table 1). Blood was submitted for packed cell volume and total solids, and a hand-held glucometer revealed hypoglycemia (Table 1). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was ad- ministered rectally at the time of presentation. ...
Context 5
... physical examination showed severe whole-body tremors and generalized ataxia. Vital parameters were unremarkable (Table 1). A venous blood sample was submitted for blood gas analysis j , which revealed no abnormalities (Table 1) ...
Citations
... Its peak levels in humans occur approximately 2 hours after dosing, and its serum half-life is about 1-2 hours (Plumb, 2008). In the US, methocarbamol IV is available as well, and successful management of tremors has been reported with methocarbamol CRI in cats (Draper et al., 2013). Methocarbamol's major drawbacks include: (a) limited routes of administration in combination with availability limited to the oral form in Europe; (b) delayed onset of action compared to benzodiazepines IV; and (c) central nervous system depressant effects as a carbamate (sedation, salivation, lethargy, weakness, ataxia) (Plumb, 2008). ...
Currently, five retrospective case series exist in the literature which discuss metaldehyde intoxication cases
treated mainly with benzodiazepines, a few of which had methocarbamol. There is not really any study to
compare directly benzodiazepines with methocarbamol. In addition to that, factors such as commercial (e.g.
the low availability of methocarbamol in the UK market compared to the US market), administrational (e.g.
multiple administration routes of benzodiazepines) and pharmacological (e.g. lack of anticonvulsant function
of methocarbamol), have played an important role in the treatment choice. Several case reports exist as well. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether benzodiazepines are m
... To the authors' knowledge, only three other individual reports of pyrethrin/pyrethroid toxicity in dogs exist in the veterinary literature. [1][2][3][4] The first reported case involved a young Cavalier King Charles spaniel. 1 2 The dog was exposed (dermal route) to two different classes of pyrethrins/pyrethroids, namely 7.9 per cent bifenthrin (Admiral) and 0.2 per cent pyrethrum (Biospotix), along with imidacloprid. 1 2 This dog was treated with fluid therapy, diazepam, methocarbamol and propofol. A second case was documented in a five-year-old miniature schnauzer, following observed licking of a flea and tick preventative (cyphenothrin (40 per cent) and pyriproxyfen (2 per cent)) off of another animal residing in the household. ...
... A second case was documented in a five-year-old miniature schnauzer, following observed licking of a flea and tick preventative (cyphenothrin (40 per cent) and pyriproxyfen (2 per cent)) off of another animal residing in the household. 4 This case was successfully managed with a combination of benzodiazepines and methocarbamol. 4 The third report in which pyrethrin/pyrethroid toxicity (bifenthrin) was described, involved a five-year-old pit bull terrier. ...
... 4 This case was successfully managed with a combination of benzodiazepines and methocarbamol. 4 The third report in which pyrethrin/pyrethroid toxicity (bifenthrin) was described, involved a five-year-old pit bull terrier. 3 Initial treatment included fluid therapy, diazepam, propofol and gastric lavage, with later more aggressive pharmacological intervention involving multiple doses of methocarbamol, midazolam, phenobarbital, diazepam and intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE). ...
A seven-month-old Cavalier King Charles spaniel presented with generalised, coarse muscle tremors that progressed to seizure activity, after observed ingestion (licking) of a cleaning product containing permethrin. At the time of presentation, the dog was receiving prednisone as management for masticatory muscle myositis. The dog was treated with symptomatic and supportive therapy in the form of midazolam, dexmedetomidine and intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE). This case details the first reported use of ILE as adjunctive therapy in the successful management of canine permethrin toxicosis. No further tremors or seizure activity, nor any adverse effects were observed following administration of ILE therapy.
... She was treated with a dose of midazolam and started on a methocarbamol CRI to control tremoring and also administered atropine to control parasympathetic nervous system signs. 25 Approximately 4 hours after presentation, she was still tremoring despite methocarbamol, and due to an absent gag reflex, she remained intubated without sedation. At that time, ILE was administered. ...
Michael D Becker, Brian C YoungEmergency and Critical Care, Animal Specialty Group, Los Angeles, CA, USAAbstract: The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the responses to treatment with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) and the outcomes for a variety of severe intoxications. This case series includes 10 client-owned animals, 9 dogs and 1 cat, that underwent treatment with ILE for a variety of severe intoxications over a 4-year period. History, physical examination findings, clinical signs, clinicopathological test results, treatment, response to treatment, and outcome were recorded. Eight of the 10 patients survived to discharge. The toxicities included in this case series were baclofen, ivermectin and spinosad plus milbemycin oxime, baclofen and tadalafil, carbamate, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amlodipine, bromethalin, and organophosphate. The two patients who died were intoxicated with bromethalin and an organophosphate. Six of the 10 patients developed lipemia secondary to ILE administration, and there were no other known adverse effects. Overall, ILE was a safe therapeutic option. This case series provides clinical evidence of successful treatment with ILE as an antidote for previously unpublished toxicities (amlodipine, carbamate, methamphetamine, and dextroamphetamine sulfate), additional evidence of success in treating baclofen and ivermectin toxicosis, as well as unsuccessful treatment of bromethalin and organophosphate toxicities.Keywords: intravenous lipid emulsion, toxicity, amlodipine
... Deficiency of hepatic glucuronosyl transferase has been suggested as a potential explanation for their increased sensitivity [11,12]. Numerous reports have been published in the veterinary literature regarding permethrin toxicity in cats, however to the best of our knowledge, pyrethrin or pyrethroid toxicities are rarely reported in dogs [20,21]. This Case report describes acute pyrethroid toxicity in a king Charles cavalier dog. ...
... Effectiveness, low cost, the conception of "natural" compounds and low levels of systemic toxicity following dermal exposure had made those compounds the most commonly used home and garden insecticides in the U.S [1,3]. In the last decade, many reports describing permethrin toxicity in cats emerged, whereas canine intoxications were seldom reported in the literature [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The dog presented in this case was exposed to 2 different pyrethrins/pyrethroids compound calsses, namely Admiral®, consisting of 7.9% bifenthrin and Biospotix®, an insecticide containing 0.2% pyrethrum. ...
... Consequently, the dog was treated with an anti-convulsant (diazepam), tremor control and supportive care, eventually leading to a full recovery. Diagnosis of pyrethrin toxicosis is generally based on history of exposure and typical clinical signs, which commonly include hyperexcitability, generalized tremors and seizures [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The dog in this case exhibited clinical signs consistent with the TS-syndrome, most likely explained by concomitant exposure to pyrethrum and bifenthrin. ...
A 17-month-old male King Charles cavalier was presented with acute onset of generalized body tremors, facial twitching and salivation after being exposed to 2 different classes of compounds of the pyrethrins/pyrethroids group as well as to imidacloprid. Bifenthrin toxicity was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Pyrethroid toxicosis in dogs is to the best of our knowledge rarely reported in the literature. The dog displayed neurological signs highly characteristic of Tremor-Salivation-syndrome associated with pyrethroid toxicosis. The plasma half-life of bifenthrin in dogs was 7.6 hr). Initial therapy consisted of diazepam, methocarbamol and IV fluids, followed by general anesthesia with isofluran and diazepam CRI. Supportive nursing care was provided as needed. Twenty-four hours post admission, the dogs was no longer under general anesthesia. Seventy two hours post admission the dog was discharged had no menace response, was alert and responsive when stimulated, ataxic while walking and showed normal eating behavior.
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium bitkisinin çiçeklerinin böceklere karşı etkinliğinin belirlenmesinden sonra sentetik türevleri sentezlenmiştir. Sentetik türevlere piretroidler adı verilmiştir. Günümüzde sentetik piretroidler insektisit ve ektoparaziter (kene, bit, pire, uyuz) amaçla yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de permetrin, deltametrin, flumetrin, sipermetrin, fenvalerat ve sifulitrin içeren ticari ürünler köpek, at, sığır, koyun ve keçilerde kullanılmak üzere ruhsatlandırılmıştır. Permetrin içeren ürünler köpeklerde oldukça fazla kullanılmaktadır. Memeli türleri genellikle piretroidlere duyarlı değildir. Ancak kediler oldukça duyarlıdır. Kedilere yanlışlıkla piretroid uygulanması ve/veya piretroid uygulanan köpeklerle kedilerin temasa geçmesi sonucunda kedilerde ciddi zehirlenmeler gelişebilmektedir. Bu derlemede kedilerde gözlenen piretroid zehirlenmeleri, klinik görünümü ve tedavileri hakkında bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır.
