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Summary of Simple Regression Analyses for Negative Emotionality Variables Predicting Heavy Drinking in the Various IDS-42 Drinking Contexts
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We examined the unique contributions of depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in predicting frequency of drinking in different high-risk situations among 60 women receiving treatment for alcohol problems. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and Short Form Inventory...
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Citations
... In addition, AS was also related to a greater propensity to drink in situations involving sudden temptations to drink and those involving testing personal control over drinking. These findings were largely replicated in a study with adult women in treatment for an alcohol use disorder (Reyno et al., 2006). In this second study, we controlled for the impact of anxiety and depression and still found that AS was uniquely associated with a propensity for drinking in negative reinforcement and temptation situations and unrelated to the propensity for drinking in positive reinforcement situations. ...
Le présent article résume notre programme de recherche sur la sensibilité à l’anxiété (SA) – un facteur dispositionnel cognitif et affectif impliquant des craintes de sensations liées à l’anxiété en raison de croyances selon lesquelles ces sensations entraînent des conséquences catastrophiques. La SA et ses dimensions d’ordre inférieur sont considérées comme des facteurs transdiagnostiques de risque ou de maintien des troubles émotionnels et des troubles addictifs. La compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels la SA exerce ses effets peut révéler des cibles d’intervention clés pour les programmes de prévention et de traitement axés sur la SA. Dans le présent article, je passe en revue les recherches fondamentales que nous avons menées pour comprendre les mécanismes qui relient la SA à ces troubles et à leurs symptômes. Je décris également les interventions transdiagnostiques ciblées sur la SA et j’illustre la manière dont la recherche fondamentale a permis d’orienter le contenu de ces interventions. Enfin, je passe en revue les projets en cours dans mon laboratoire et je souligne les orientations futures importantes dans ce domaine. Bien que des progrès considérables aient été réalisés au cours des trois dernières décennies et que la recherche ait considérablement fait avancer notre compréhension de la SA en tant que facteur transdiagnostique, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens. Les réponses devraient nous aider à affiner les interventions afin d’en faire bénéficier au maximum les personnes qui ont une grande peur d’avoir peur.
... One explanation may be that in situations where many friends are present (including potential romantic partners), young adult women who score high on coping motives use alcohol as a means to overcome nervousness, insecurity, and self-consciousness in social situations. This interpretation is consistent with several studies suggesting that social concerns, anxiety sensitivity, and coping motives are important factors in predicting alcohol use among women (Reyno et al. 2006;Stewart et al. 1995;Stewart et al. 2001). As has been argued previously, adolescent women may use alcohol as a means to ease anxiety (Kuntsche et al. 2006). ...
While drinking motives are well-established proximal predictors of alcohol use, less is known about their role in event-level drinking behavior. The present study examines whether the interaction between individuals’ drinking motives and the number of friends present at a given moment can predict alcohol consumption over the course of the evening. Using the Internet-based cell phone-optimized assessment technique (ICAT), 183 young adults (53.0 % female, mean age = 23.1) in French-speaking Switzerland completed cell phone questionnaires every Thursday, Friday, and Saturday evening over five weekends. A total of 7205 questionnaires completed on 1441 evenings were analyzed. Drinking motives and gender were assessed at baseline, while the hourly alcohol consumption rate and number of friends present were assessed at 8 p.m., 9 p.m., 10 p.m., 11 p.m., and midnight. Multilevel growth curve models with time-invariant and time-varying covariates were estimated for men and women separately. Among women, enhancement motives were associated with an increase in the hourly alcohol consumption rate over the course of the evening (b = .025; p < .05). The impact of the number of friends present on the hourly consumption rate was stronger among those women who scored high on coping motives at baseline (b = .028; p < .05). Among men, drinking motives were found to have no moderating effects. Results highlight the role of drinking motives and their interactions with situational characteristics in determining event-level drinking, especially among women. Strategies to prevent risky weekend drinking should focus on both the social environment in which drinking takes place (e.g., the drinking group) and individual drinking motives.
... According to SLT, the heightened negative emotionality when alone may lead to solitary drinking in an effort to dampen loneliness and isolation (Castellanos-Ryan & Conrod, 2012). Given that depressive symptoms are also associated with interpersonal difficulties (Beach, Jones, & Franklin, 2009), undergraduates with elevated depressive symptoms may also drink in intimate settings to cope with interpersonal distress and low mood (Reyno, Stewart, Brown, Horvath, & Wiens, 2006). In turn, SLT indicates that it is through frequent self-medication drinking in solitary and intimate contexts that depressive symptoms predict heavy use and alcohol-related problems. ...
... Far less is known about risks related to intimate drinking. Knowledge from a handful of studies suggests interpersonal conflict situations are associated with heavy drinking (Mohr et al., 2001;Reyno et al., 2006) and alcohol-related problems (Buckner, Schmidt, & Eggleston, 2006). ...
... In terms of intimate drinking, a daily process study by Mohr and colleagues (2001) showed on days with elevated interpersonal conflict, undergraduates high in neuroticism (i.e., a dispositional tendency toward negative affect) drank more frequently at home. Likewise, Reyno et al. (2006) demonstrated that in women with alcohol problems, elevated depressive symptoms predicted heavy drinking in situations involving conflict with others. One central theoretical limitation of extant work is that no study to date has examined the mediating roles of solitary and intimate drinking contexts in depression-related drinking. ...
According to theory, depressed individuals self-medicate their negative affect with alcohol. Due to isolation and interpersonal difficulties, undergraduates with elevated depressive symptoms may do much of their drinking alone and/or in intimate contexts (e.g., with family or romantic partners) rather than at normative social events (e.g., parties). Evidence suggests drinking in these contexts leads to heavy use and alcohol-related problems. Accordingly, context may be an explanatory mechanism linking depressive symptoms to problematic drinking. This pathway remains understudied in the literature. Our study aimed to examine solitary and intimate drinking as distinct mediators of the depression-problematic drinking association. We hypothesized that depressive symptoms would be positively associated with solitary and intimate drinking which in turn would be associated with elevated alcohol use and related problems.
Undergraduates (N=295; 72% women) completed online self-reports.
Consistent with hypotheses, path analyses supported depressive symptoms as a positive predictor of solitary drinking, which in turn was a positive predictor of alcohol-related problems, but not of alcohol use. Counter to hypotheses, depressive symptoms were unrelated to intimate drinking. Interestingly, depressive symptoms were negatively associated with drinking at parties, which in turn led to reduced risk for elevated alcohol use and related problems.
Our results shed new light on the depression pathway to problematic drinking in undergraduates by considering the role of drinking context. Our findings suggest undergraduates with elevated depressive symptoms are at risk for potentially problematic drinking because they are drinking alone. Solitary drinking represents a malleable target for clinical interventions aimed at reducing risky depression-related alcohol use.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
... Existing research supports the hypothesis that individuals with high AS use alcohol as a means to avoid or escape from negative affective states associated with aversive stimuli (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno, Stewart, Brown, Horvath, & Wiens, 2006;Stewart et al., 2001); that is, AS appears to moderate the relationship between negative affect and alcohol use. For example, AS predicts alcohol use in contexts such as interpersonal conflicts or physical discomfort, whereas in more affectively positive settings such as pleasant times with others, AS is unrelated to alcohol use (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno et al., 2006). ...
... Existing research supports the hypothesis that individuals with high AS use alcohol as a means to avoid or escape from negative affective states associated with aversive stimuli (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno, Stewart, Brown, Horvath, & Wiens, 2006;Stewart et al., 2001); that is, AS appears to moderate the relationship between negative affect and alcohol use. For example, AS predicts alcohol use in contexts such as interpersonal conflicts or physical discomfort, whereas in more affectively positive settings such as pleasant times with others, AS is unrelated to alcohol use (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno et al., 2006). In addition, individuals with high AS report particularly more alcohol use in negative emotion situations than do low-AS individuals, in both clinical (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno et al., 2006) and nonclinical populations (Samoluk & Stewart, 1998). ...
... For example, AS predicts alcohol use in contexts such as interpersonal conflicts or physical discomfort, whereas in more affectively positive settings such as pleasant times with others, AS is unrelated to alcohol use (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno et al., 2006). In addition, individuals with high AS report particularly more alcohol use in negative emotion situations than do low-AS individuals, in both clinical (DeHaas et al., 2001(DeHaas et al., , 2002Reyno et al., 2006) and nonclinical populations (Samoluk & Stewart, 1998). Individuals with high AS also have higher sensitivity to the fear-dampening effects of alcohol than do individuals with low AS (MacDonald, Baker, Stewart, & Skinner, 2000;Stewart & Pihl, 1994;Zack, Poulos, Aramakis, Khamba, & MacLeod, 2007), which likely contributes to the motivation for high-AS individuals to drink alcohol in stressful situations. ...
Existing research has shown that anxiety sensitivity (AS) is positively associated with alcohol use, and that individuals with high AS use alcohol to avoid or escape negative affect associated with aversive stimuli. The current study investigated the associations between AS and drinking behavior among individuals with comorbid alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We assessed baseline PTSD symptoms, AS, and drinking behavior among 151 participants enrolled in a randomized clinical trial for alcohol dependence. We hypothesized that AS would moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and drinking behavior, with PTSD symptoms being more strongly associated with drinking behavior among individuals with high AS. Results showed that AS was strongly associated with PTSD (r = .48) and moderately associated with drinking behavior (r = .18). As predicted, the interaction of AS with severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with frequency of drinking; however, contrary to our hypothesis, PTSD symptoms were more strongly associated with drinking behavior among individuals with relatively low AS. The implication of the present results for treatment of both PTSD and alcohol dependence are discussed.
... Studies have looked at both depression and anxiety in those undergoing alcohol treatment (Driessen, et al., 2001;Reyno Stewart, Brown, Horvath, & Wiens, 2006), those undergoing opiate treatment (Cacciola, et al., 2001;Verthein, et al., 2005) and those entering general substance abuse treatment programs (Cervantes, Kappos, Duenas, & Arellano, 2003;Charney, et al., 2005). In general, these studies have found that those with anxiety and/or depression are more likely to continue substance abuse or to suffer relapse. ...
... Some studies have examined anxiety and/or depression in those in alcohol treatment (Driessen, et al., 2001;Reyno, Stewart, Brown, Horvath, & Wiens, 2006), those undergoing opiate treatment (Cacciola, et al., 2001;Verthein, Degkwitz, Haasen, & Krausz, 2005) or those entering general substance abuse treatment programs (Cervantes, Kappos, Duenas, & Arellano, 2003;Charney, Palacios-Boix, Negrete, Dobkin, & Gill, 2005). In general, these studies have found that persons with anxiety and/or depression are more likely to continue substance abuse or to suffer relapse and, as substance use goes down, so do the symptoms of anxiety and depression. ...
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimated 22.2 million (9.1 %) of Americans ages 12 and older abused or were dependent on an illicit substance or alcohol in 2005. Substance abuse often leads to addiction, and is damaging to the health of persons, families, and society. Using Neuman's System Model as the conceptual framework, it was proposed that addiction weakens person's defenses with resultant loss of health. The person with addiction often also suffers from anxiety, depression, or both, increasing the risk for continued substance abuse and its concomitant negative consequences, such as loss of employment, poor finances, damaged relationships, and diminished spirituality. Spirituality is a factor in addiction that is poorly understood and warrants further exploration. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of spirituality religiosity, depression, and anxiety among persons addicted to opioids. A descriptive and cross-sectional correlational design was used to determine the association of spiritual well-being (SWB), religiosity, depression, anxiety, continued drug use, and drug use consequences during methadone maintenance therapy. Participants (n=108) completed questionnaires regarding SWB, religious background and behavior, anxiety, depression, and drug use consequences. Spiritual histories were obtained from participants' medical records. The majority of participants were white with a mean age of 34.8, had been in methadone therapy for an average of 3.1 years and 50% were male. Correlations were examined among the study variables and a regression model examined associations with negative consequences of drug use. The SWB scale mean (86.7) was not significantly different than the mean found in similar groups (85.7, t(107)=0.624, p=0.534). Spiritual well-being had a significant inverse correlation to both the depression (r=-0.47, p<0.01) and anxiety (r=-0.46, p<0.01) measures. Although spiritual well-being did not correlate with the negative consequences of drug use, existential well-being had a significant inverse correlation (r=-.022, p<0.05). Spirituality, religiosity, anxiety and depression accounted for 20.3% of the variance in negative drug use consequences (R2=0.203, F(4,103)=6.57, p<.001). Results demonstrate that spirituality, religiosity, depression, anxiety, and negative drug use consequences are interrelated in the person with addiction. Further understanding of spirituality in addiction is needed in order to provide spiritual care.
Alcoholism is a serious threat to the health and life of the drinker but also causes problems for people around them especially their families. Slowly but systematically women are catching up with men in heavy drinking. The number of women with alcohol addiction is increasing. One of the reasons is perhaps the unification of gender and matter of equal rights. The problem of women being affected by alcoholism is nowadays more often brought up in the media and scientific literature. Analysis of the literature indicates the two paths of development of alcoholism: internalization and externalization. The path of development associated with the internalization pays particular attention to depressive disorders, while the externalization is associated with the emphasis on anti-social behaviour. The interest is mainly focused on identifying the relationship between depression, psychopathy, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder and alcoholism in women. The research conducted by Ga̧sior (2005) who on the basis of data clustering, identified that type I alcoholism in women emphasized the primitive features of depression in the development of addiction, and also took into account the antisocial behaviour and maladjustment amongst women addicted to alcohol in the types of alcoholism in women (type II a) show the path of alcoholism.
Cognitive models of alcohol abuse posit that the context typically associated with alcohol use, such as negative affect, implicitly activates alcohol use cognitions, which in turn leads to alcohol consumption. We selected 40 undergraduate women based upon their alcohol use and reported anxiety sensitivity, and proposed that drinking for the purpose of negative reinforcement would predict increased semantic priming between anxiety and alcohol concepts. A lexical decision task compared the response latencies of alcohol targets preceded by anxiety words to those same targets preceded by neutral words (anxiety–alcohol priming). Level of anxiety sensitivity did not relate to anxiety–alcohol priming, but drinking following social conflict was associated with increased anxiety–alcohol priming. This study specifically suggests that the contextual antecedents to drinking behavior relate to the organization of semantic information about alcohol, and more generally supports cognitive models of substance abuse.
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a cognitive, individual difference variable that refers to the fear of arousal-related bodily sensations. Persons with high AS fear these sensations because they believe the sensations are signs of impending catastrophic events. AS has been linked to increased alcohol consumption and also risky drinking motives, including coping and conformity motives. This paper summarizes statistical modeling studies and experimental research on the functional relationships between AS and drinking motives and alcohol consumption. AS functions as a risk factor that sets the stage for negative reinforcement by alcohol use. Whether alcohol use becomes a method of coping with AS depends on multiple risk factors and motivations. We propose an integrated model to account for the observed relationships and to guide future research. In addition, we identify key methodological limitations and directions for future research.
