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Summary cladogram of Aristolochia based on the phylogenetic analyses by González (1997, 1999 b), Murata et al. (2001), Sugawara et al. (2001), González & Stevenson (2002), Neinhuis et al. (2005), Ohi et al. (2006), Wanke et al. (2006), and Wagner (2010). The size of each clade indicates the relative number of species. The clades treated in this paper are shown in black.
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Flowers of most Aristolochia species possess six stamens and six carpels; however, the c 40 species of subsection Pentandrae, which grow in S United States, Mexico, N Central America, Cuba, and Jamaica, have flowers with five stamens and five carpels. The sister group of this subsection consists of five hexandrous species from subtropical and tempe...
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Aristolochia comprises about 450 species, occurring mainly in tropical regions. Here, we record for the first time Aristolochia wankeana in Brazil, specifically in two municipalities in the state of Amazonas (Presidente Figueiredo and Rio Preto da Eva).
Previously, this species had only been recorded in Guyana and French Guiana. We provide the spec...
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... Since antiquity various Aristolochia and Asarum species have been used in herbal medicines in obstetrics and in treatment of Intestinal affections, coetaneous diseases, wounds, heart palpitation or snakebite, festering wounds, and tumors [4,5], indeed 60% of drugs approved for cancer treatment are of natural origin [6,7]. B. Benarba report the cytotoxic and apoptogenic activities of an aqueous extract of A. longa in the Burkitt's lymphoma BL41 cell line [8]. Considered also as antidote against some poisonings [9]. ...
In recent time, the therapeutic use of medicinal plants has increased all over the world. The efficacy of herbs for curative purposes is often accounted of its mineral and organic constituents. Neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied to mineral determination of Aristolochia Longa (bereztem), medicinal plant used to cure some diseases observed in Algeria especially cancer. In this work the mass fractions of Cr (15.22 ± 3.5 μg/g), Na (269.98 ± 25.01 μg/g), La (0.478 ± 0.041 μg/g), K (1.33 ± 0.23 μg/g), Br (1.2 ± 0.19 μg/g), As (0.697 ± 0.038) and Sb (66.09 ± 11.24 μg/g), were determined. This herb was collected from Taourirt Aden Berber village situated in Northern Algeria. Five elements were quantified in certified AIEA standards IAEA-V10 and IAEA-SL1 for checking the accuracy of our procedure. It was noteworthy the values obtained from this work are in good agreement with the certified values, the Z-score values for all elements were |Z| < 3. We believe that herb is natural and harmless compared with chemical drugs. Unfortunately the potential toxicity due to the Aristolochia Acids content has required the analysis of Aristolochia Longa by CG/MS and HPLC to highlight this compound. The standard of Aristolochic Acid (Sigma A5512-25 mg Yellow powder lot # wxbb6331VPCODE) was used as reference.
... Mexicana, con unas pocas especies presentes en el sur de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, otras se comparten con las Antillas y una en la isla de San Andrés en Colombia (González, Esquivel, Murcia y Pabón-Mora, 2010;Paizanni et al., 2016;Wanke et al., 2006). Se habían registrado 35 especies para la subsección Pentandrae (Pfeifer, 1970), cifra que se incrementa a 43 si se consideran las especies del grupo descritas en los últimos 20 años, la mayoría de ellas endémicas del occidente de México (Calzada, Flores y Téllez, 1997;Paizanni et al., 2016;Santana-Michel, 1995, 2002, 2007Santana-Michel y Guzmán-Hernández, 2014;Santana-Michel y Lemus, 1996;Santana-Michel y Solís-Magallanes, 2008). ...
Aristolochia purhepecha, a new species of the subsection Pentandrae is proposed. The species is described and illustrated, its relationship with similar species is discussed, and a key for their identification is provided. © 2017 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología.
... The genus Aristolochia L. comprises approximately 500 species, making it the most species-rich genus of Aristolochiaceae; the majority of these are found in the tropics and subtropics (Kelly 2000;Neinhuis et al. 2005;Ohi-Toma et al. 2006;Wanke et al. 2006;González et al. 2010). In Mexico, Aristolochia is represented by approximately 70 species belonging to two subgenera (Siphisia and Aristolochia) (Pfeifer 1966(Pfeifer , 1970. ...
... These clades partially correspond to earlier taxonomic groups of different rank (González and Stevenson 2000;Wanke et al. 2006). Subsection Pentandrae together with species belonging to the Aristolochia lindneri group form one of these clades (Ohi-Toma et al. 2006, González et al. 2010. Subsection Pentandrae Duchartre (hereafter shortened to Pentandrae) is the most species-rich Aristolochia lineage in Mexico; it is characterized by five stamens, whereas all other Mexican species have six stamens (Pfeifer 1966(Pfeifer , 1970. ...
... Although Pentandrae is a comparatively species-rich lineage, it is the least-studied Aristolochia lineage on a worldwide scale. It can be found from the southern U. S. A. to Colombia (San Andrés Island), including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras (Swan Islands), and the West Indies, but it is most diverse in Mexico (Pfeifer 1970;González et al. 2010). Thirty-five species have been recognized by Pfeifer (1970), who published the only available broad-scale taxonomic revision of the subsection. ...
Abstract— Four new Aristolochia species from the Mexican states of Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit are described and illustrated. The four new species, Aristolochia nahua , A. pacifica , A. savannoidea, and A. tuitensis , belong to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, and are morphologically similar to A. buntingii and A. tresmariae. All of these species grow in the biogeographic province of the Mexican Pacific Coast, an important area of diversity and species richness of Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae.
... We scored discrete character states for the trait growth form (shrub, climber or herb) to each species, based on information from the literature (Kelly, 1998;Hsu, 2005;Wanke et al., 2006;Hallé et al., 2007;González et al., 2010González et al., , 2014Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Wagner et al., 2012) or on our own observations. The state 'shrub' is assigned to self-supporting, sometimes leaning, upright species, with above-ground stems showing conspicuous secondary growth. ...
Background and AimsThe order Piperales has the highest diversity of growth forms among the earliest angiosperm lineages, including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. However, within the perianth-bearing Piperales (Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Prosopanche, Thottea and Aristolochia), climbing species only occur in the most species-rich genus Aristolochia. This study traces anatomical and morphological traits among these lineages, to detect trends in growth form evolution and developmental processes.Methods
Transverse stem sections of different developmental stages of representatives of Asarum, Saruma, Lactoris, Hydnora, Thottea and Aristolochia were compared and anatomical traits were linked to growth form evolution. Biomechanical properties of representative climbers were determined in three-point bending tests and are discussed based on the anatomical observations. Growth form evolution of the perianth-bearing Piperales was reconstructed by ancestral character state reconstruction using Mesquite.Key ResultsWhile species of Asarum and Saruma are exclusively herbaceous, species of the remaining genera show a higher diversity of growth habit and anatomy. This growth form diversity is accompanied by a more complex stem anatomy and appropriate biomechanical properties. The ancestral growth form of the perianth-bearing Piperales is reconstructed with either a shrub-like or herbaceous character state, while the following three backbone nodes in the reconstruction show a shrub-like character state. Accordingly, the climbing habit most probably evolved in the ancestor of Aristolochia.Conclusions
Since the ancestor of the perianth-bearing Piperales has been reconstructed with a herb- or shrub-like habit, it is proposed that the climbing habit is a derived growth form, which evolved with the diversification of Aristolochia, and might have been a key feature for its diversification. Observed anatomical synapomorphies, such as the perivascular fibres in Lactoris, Thottea and Aristolochia, support the phylogenetic relationship of several lineages within the perianth-bearing Piperales. In addition, the hypothesis that the vegetative organs of the holoparasitic Hydnoraceae are most probably rhizomes is confirmed.
... su totalidad son endémicas de México, solo Aristolochia coryi Johnston crece en Texas en los Estados Unidos de América (E.U.A.), tres comparten su distribución entre México y ese país, y una, A. pentandra Jacq., se distribuye en México, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, los E.U.A. y recientemente fue encontrada en la isla San Andrés, Colombia (Pfeifer, 1970;González et. al., 2010). La subsect. Hexandrae, cuyas especies poseen seis estambres y seis carpelos, se distribuye desde el sur de los E.U.A. hasta Suramérica (Pfeifer, 1966). Recientemente, evidencias moleculares y morfológicas sugieren que el grupo hermano de la subsect. Pentandrae es un conjunto de cinco especies hexandras de Suramérica subtropical y templ ...
... Recientemente, evidencias moleculares y morfológicas sugieren que el grupo hermano de la subsect. Pentandrae es un conjunto de cinco especies hexandras de Suramérica subtropical y templada, lo cual constituye la disyunción biogeográfica entre Centro y Suramérica y la zona templada y subtropical de América del Norte (González et al., 2010). ...
Aristolochia rzedowskiana Santana-Michel & Guzmán-Hernández is described as a new species from a locality near San Sebastián del Oeste and Puerto Vallarta in the State of Jalisco, Mexico; it belongs to Aristolochia sect. Gymnolobus subsect. Pentandrae. This species inhabits tropical subdeciduous forests and oak woods and can be identified by its perianth limb which is reddish, cordate-lanceolate, reflexed or straight, obtuse or attenuate towards the apex, with a papillose-reticulate surface and pale yellowish throat with dark spots. Its morphological characters relate it to Aristolochia variifolia, A. karwinskii and A. manantlanensis.
... su totalidad son endémicas de México, solo Aristolochia coryi Johnston crece en Texas en los Estados Unidos de América (E.U.A.), tres comparten su distribución entre México y ese país, y una, A. pentandra Jacq., se distribuye en México, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, los E.U.A. y recientemente fue encontrada en la isla San Andrés, Colombia (Pfeifer, 1970;González et. al., 2010). La subsect. Hexandrae, cuyas especies poseen seis estambres y seis carpelos, se distribuye desde el sur de los E.U.A. hasta Suramérica (Pfeifer, 1966). Recientemente, evidencias moleculares y morfológicas sugieren que el grupo hermano de la subsect. Pentandrae es un conjunto de cinco especies hexandras de Suramérica subtropical y templ ...
... Recientemente, evidencias moleculares y morfológicas sugieren que el grupo hermano de la subsect. Pentandrae es un conjunto de cinco especies hexandras de Suramérica subtropical y templada, lo cual constituye la disyunción biogeográfica entre Centro y Suramérica y la zona templada y subtropical de América del Norte (González et al., 2010). ...
Aristolochia rzedowskiana Santana-Michel & Guzman-Hernandez is described as a new species from a locality near San Sebastian del Oeste and Puerto Vallarta in the State of Jalisco, Mexico; it belongs to Aristolochia sect. Gymnolobus subsect. Pentandrae. This species inhabits tropical subdeciduous forests and oak woods and can be identified by its perianth limb which is reddish, cordate-lanceolate, reflexed or straight, obtuse or attenuate towards the apex, with a papillose-reticulate surface and pale yellowish throat with dark spots. Its morphological characters relate it to Aristolochia variifolia, A. karwinskii and A. manantlanensis.
... su totalidad son endémicas de México, solo Aristolochia coryi Johnston crece en Texas en los Estados Unidos de América (E.U.A.), tres comparten su distribución entre México y ese país, y una, A. pentandra Jacq., se distribuye en México, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, los E.U.A. y recientemente fue encontrada en la isla San Andrés, Colombia (Pfeifer, 1970;González et. al., 2010). La subsect. Hexandrae, cuyas especies poseen seis estambres y seis carpelos, se distribuye desde el sur de los E.U.A., hasta Suramérica (Pfeifer, 1966). Recientemente, evidencias moleculares y morfológicas sugieren que el grupo hermano de la subsect. Pentandrae es un conjunto de cinco especies hexandras de Suramérica subtropical y temp ...
... Recientemente, evidencias moleculares y morfológicas sugieren que el grupo hermano de la subsect. Pentandrae es un conjunto de cinco especies hexandras de Suramérica subtropical y templada, lo cual constituye la disyunción biogeográfica entre Centro y Suramérica y la zona templada y subtropical de América del Norte (González et al., 2010). ...
ABSTRACT Aristolochia rzedowskiana Santana-Michel & Guzmán-Hernández is described as a new species from a locality near San Sebastián del Oeste and Puerto Vallarta in the State of Jalisco, Mexico; it belongs to Aristolochia sect. Gymnolobus subsect. Pentandrae. This species inhabits tropical subdeciduous forests and oak woods and can be identified by its perianth limb which is reddish, cordate-lanceolate, reflexed or straight, obtuse or attenuate towards the apex, with a papillose-reticulate surface and pale yellowish throat with dark spots. Its morphological characters relate it to Aristolochia variifolia, A. karwinskii and A. manantlanensis. RESUMEN Aristolochia rzedowskiana Santana-Michel & Guzmán-Hernández es descrita como especie nueva de una localidad cercana a San Sebastián del Oeste y Puerto Vallarta, en el estado de Jalisco, México; pertenece a Aristolochia sect. Gymnolobus subsect. Pentandrae. Esta especie habita en bosques tropicales subcaducifolios y encinares; se puede identificar por su limbo del perianto de color rojizo, cordado-lanceolado, reflexo o recto, obtuso o atenuado hacia el ápice, superficie del limbo papiloso-reticulada, garganta pálido-amarillenta con puntos obscuros. Por sus caracteres morfológicos se relaciona con Aristolochia variifolia, A. karwinskii y A. manantlanensis.
... We scored discrete character states for the trait growth form (shrub, climber or herb) to each species, based on information from the literature (Kelly, 1998;Hsu, 2005;Wanke et al., 2006;Hallé et al., 2007;González et al., 2010González et al., , 2014Oelschlägel et al., 2011;Wagner et al., 2012) or on our own observations. The state 'shrub' is assigned to self-supporting, sometimes leaning, upright species, with above-ground stems showing conspicuous secondary growth. ...
The predominantly tropical and subtropical genus Aristolochia is known for its large number of climbing species. In addition, comparatively few herbaceous and shrub-like species are known. While climbers and herbaceous species occur in all three clades (subgenera) named Aristolochia, Pararistolochia and Isotrema, shrub-like species have only been reported in Isotrema. Our molecular phylogenies based on chloroplast and nuclear markers indicate that these shrubs are restricted to the monophyletic Central American lineage of the subgenus Isotrema, while its Asian/North American lineage contains exclusively climbing species. Recent field work shows that the rare shrub-like species are neither strictly climbing nor fully self-supporting; they develop a more-or-less upright growth with their branches leaning on the surrounding vegetation. After comparing the anatomy and biomechanics of these species to related climbers within Isotrema, Aristolochia and Pararistolochia, we investigate whether clades that become specialized as climbers can diversify further into self-supporting growth forms. Biomechanical and anatomical investigations reveal some differences between climbing and shrub-like species, but both growth forms show several stem characters typically found in climbers. These include large cross-sectional areas of ray parenchyma and a thick periderm, which are known to promote flexibility. Our study suggests that evolution of growth forms within the genus Aristolochia might be constrained by organizations favoring the climbing habit where shrub-like species do not develop the height, size and stability generally typical of self-supporting shrubs and trees. The insights into growth form evolution within the genus Aristolochia and Isotrema in particular, have encouraged us to enlarge the study on closely related clades. These include Thottea, sister genus to Aristolochia, which contains exclusively shrub-like species, as well as the monotypic genus Lactoris including the small shrub Lactoris fernandeziana, and the holoparasitic genus Hydnora. The latter clades have both been recently placed in close relationship to the genera Aristolochia and Thottea. By studying the anatomy and biomechanics of these lineages in a comparative approach, we intend to enlarge the knowledge about growth form evolution in Piperales.
... [4] A. longa belongs to the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae), which has up to 500 species, most of which are found in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions of the world. [5,6] Anticancer activities have been reported for some species of Aristolochia, such as A. mollissima, [7] A. acuminate, [8] A. constricta, [9] A. rotunda [10] and A. clematitis. [11] Aristolochia longa, commonly known as 'Berrostom' to the local population in Algeria, is widely used in traditional medicine. ...
Aristolochia longa (from the family Aristolochiaceae) is widely used for cancer treatment in Algerian traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptogenic activities. The phytochemical composition and acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of the roots of A. longa from Algeria. An aqueous extract (decoction) of dried A. longa roots was prepared. The cytotoxic effects of this aqueous extract were then evaluated in Burkitt's lymphoma BL41 cells, by flow cytometry. The induction of apoptosis was assessed in two corroborative assays: The propidium iodide staining of cell DNA and flow cytometry analyses of light scattering. Mitochondrial membrane potential was investigated with the fluorescent dye DIOC6. The expression and activation of capases-3, -8 and -9 were assessed by Western blotting. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated with a test dose limited to 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of A. longa roots was performed with standard qualitative procedures. The aqueous extract of A. longa induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of A. longa aqueous extract was estimated at about 15,63 μg/ml. The extract-induced apoptosis, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the activation of caspases-9 and -3 followed by PARP cleavage. A. longa could therefore be considered a promising source of novel treatments for Burkitt's and other lymphomas.
... [4] A. longa belongs to the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae), which has up to 500 species, most of which are found in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions of the world. [5,6] Anticancer activities have been reported for some species of Aristolochia, such as A. mollissima, [7] A. acuminate, [8] A. constricta, [9] A. rotunda [10] and A. clematitis. [11] Aristolochia longa, commonly known as 'Berrostom' to the local population in Algeria, is widely used in traditional medicine. ...
Aristolochia longa (from the family Aristolochiaceae) is widely used for cancer treatment in Algerian traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptogenic activities. The phytochemical composition and acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of the roots of A. longa from Algeria. An aqueous extract (decoction) of dried A. longa roots was prepared. The cytotoxic effects of this aqueous extract were then evaluated in Burkitt's lymphoma BL41 cells, by flow cytometry. The induction of apoptosis was assessed in two corroborative assays: The propidium iodide staining of cell DNA and flow cytometry analyses of light scattering. Mitochondrial membrane potential was investigated with the fluorescent dye DIOC6. The expression and activation of capases-3, -8 and -9 were assessed by Western blotting. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated with a test dose limited to 5000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of A. longa roots was performed with standard qualitative procedures. The aqueous extract of A. longa induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of A. longa aqueous extract was estimated at about 15,63 μg/ml. The extract-induced apoptosis, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the activation of caspases-9 and -3 followed by PARP cleavage. A. longa could therefore be considered a promising source of novel treatments for Burkitt's and other lymphomas.
