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Physical and hydraulic soil properties are essential input parameters for models from different sciences (e.g. hydrology, agriculture, water management, nature preservation). Generally texture composition, porosity and other easily measurable physical properties of soils are known. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity and characteristic values...
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... averaging all 13 WRCs (determining geometrical means of s at all pF levels), the summation curve has a SY of 0.010 (note that the resultant SY is not a linear combination of individual SY values), which would lead to great capillary rise. As a result, with its large averaged K s value the synthetic soil representing the VF class average shows unexpected and rather unrealistic hydrologic behaviour (see results of VF class in Figure 5). ...
Context 2
... the above mentioned aspects, evaluation of soils was carried out through three hydrologic indicators. These are: Results of converged simulations are summarized on Figure 5. Coloured stripes represent the ± one sigma interval while vertical black lines show the minimum and maximum values of the indicators for each class. ...
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Citations
... Usually soil hydrologic data sets are compared against each other through model applications (Nemes et al., 2003;Vereecken et al., 1992;Zhao et al., 2018). As certain model inputs, the hydraulic data sets based on different data sources are evaluated usually separately (a single dataset per study) and/or indirectly (comparing measured and simulated state variables, which are indirectly affected by soil hydraulic parameters) (Ganot et al., 2017;Kozma et al., 2014;Scanlon et al., 2002). Ganot et al. (2017) indirectly proved the reliability of the European pedotransfer functions (EU-PTF-s, Tóth et al., 2015), by using seepage hydraulic simulations they modelled the effects of an artificial recharge lake on groundwater levels. ...
Novel soil datasets and the application of pedotransfer functions provide soil hydraulic input data for modelling hydrological processes at different scales. We aimed to evaluate the reliability of soil hydraulic parameters derived by indirect methods in simulation of soil moisture time series and water budgets at profile level of three sites (Forest, Orchard and Grassland) from a Central European catchment (Lake Balaton, Hungary). Five soil-vegetation-atmosphere model variants were set up with the Hydrus-1D model for each site, differing only in the parametrization of input soil data: i) a calibrated reference, ii) measured values, iii) values predicted from measured basic soil properties, iv) values predicted from national soil map information, v) values derived from the 3D soil hydraulic dataset of Europe. Calibrated soil parameters led to Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency 0.50, 0.54 and 0.71 for the Forest, Orchard and Grassland Site respectively. The outcomes for model efficiency of soil moisture underline the superiority of local databases over regional ones and the need for more detailed vertical discretization during modelling. The model performance according to soil moisture and water budget accuracy led to different rank order of model variants. Water budget comparisons indicated moderate differences between the hydrologic fluxes simulated by the different model variants, emphasizing the uncertainties associated with soil hydraulic parametrization either at local or at watershed scale.
... The solution of the governing equations is carried out either with analytical approximations or with a finite difference numerical scheme [26]. The model was used successfully in several case studies to describe the water budget of Hungarian lowland catchments [16,25,[27][28][29]. As part of the Implementation of the Flood Directive it was also applied to derive the excess water hazard and risk maps of the Szamos-Kraszna Interfluve [23]. ...
... To cope with data uncertainty, we performed a manual sensitivity analysis, which clearly showed that soil properties (capillarity and horizontal/vertical hydraulic conductivity) are the most sensitive parameters regarding all modelled variables [28]. Beside these, vegetation parameters, surface roughness, channel roughness and a site-specific empirical factor for evaporation were also involved in the sensitivity analysis. ...
During the 20th century in the Hungarian lowlands the emphasis was put on maximizing provisioning ecosystem services (ES), which caused the weakening of regulating and other services. With the growing environmental pressures, it is crucial to apply a more adaptive landscape management. This, however, leads to territorial conflicts, as large areas with water-tolerant land cover (i.e., wetlands, meadows, riparian forests) are needed to buffer extreme hydrological events.We present some findings of the WateRisk project, a research that focused on the possible solutions of these conflicts. In a scenario-based case study, we analyze the outlined issue for the Szamos-Kraszna Interfluve, a 510 km2 lowland catchment heavily affected by excess water. Scenarios were evaluated with an integrated methodology that focuses on the water budget and the total values of ES. The efficiency of the drainage network was found to be minor/moderate as it provided only -1–5% reduction in the spatial extents of inundations, and it contributed only ~20% to the elimination of water coverage. Furthermore, comparing the present (defense-focused) and the alternative (water retention focused) scenarios, the latter turned out to provide higher monetary value for the summed individual and social benefits of ES. This underlines the need for extensive adaptive measures in both water management and landscape planning to create resilience and the ability to cope with contemporary environmental challenges.
... Both surface runoff calculations and instream flow routing are necessary, as water movement can be neglected neither on terrain nor in the complex drainage network. In case of excess water, the subsurface processes are as important as the surface accumulation (Kozma et al., 2014). Finally, the abovementioned processes occur simultaneously and influence one another. ...
In many years excess water inundations generate a major obstacle to farming in the lowland part of Hungary, including the Marosszög area. Diverting water to large distances requires an infrastructure that is costly to develop and maintain. Alternatively, low-lying local land segments could be withdrawn from cultivation and utilized to collect the surplus water. The Ecological Focus Area (EFA) requirement of the EU points to the same direction: it requires that 5% of arable land is converted to other, ecologically more beneficial uses. During the research project it was tested if it is feasible to apply a novel economic policy instrument, an auction to trade land use change obligations, to achieve the EFA requirement in a cost effective way through the cooperation of farmers, while also creating a practical solution to manage the seasonal surplus water cover on land. The research was carried out in an interdisciplinary way: a dynamically coupled fully integrated hydrological model, including surface and subsurface modules, was applied by engineers to better understand the interconnections of land use, local hydrology and the role of the water diversion infrastructure; while a pilot auction exercise was conducted by economists with the participation of farmers to understand if cost reductions can be achieved through cooperation, as opposed to individual fulfilment of EFA obligations. The analysis also revealed which segments of the water diversion network are economic to maintain. It was confirmed that it is possible to improve local water management and satisfy the EFA requirements at a reduced cost if appropriate economic incentives are applied to trigger the cooperation of farmers.
A síkvidéki vízgyűjtőkön végbemenő hidrológiai folyamatok, így a belvíz számszerűsítése a mérési, térinformatikai és szimulációs eszköztár fejlődése ellenére a mai napig kihívást jelent. A dolgozatban szakirodalmi áttekintést nyújtok a jelenség soktényezős hidro-lógiai leírásáról, az adatellátottság helyzetéről és az elérhető matematikai modellekről. A folyamatalapú szimulációs eljárásokkal kap-csolatban kitérek a szóba jövő modellek korlátaira, a modellépítés és a kalibráció nehézségeire, külföldi tapasztalatokra. Hazai alkal-mazási példákkal szemléltetem, hogy az elemzések célja (például az elöntést, a lefolyást, a talajvízszinteket, vagy egyidejűleg mind-kettőt akarjuk-e leírni), illetve tér-és időléptéke hogyan befolyásolja az eredmények alakulását. A Szamos-Kraszna Közi belvízvé-delmi rendszer példáján keresztül összevetem a különböző módszerekkel (terepi szemrevételezéssel, szintézistérképezéssel, hidroló-giai modellezéssel) készült veszélyeztetettségi térképeket. Végül a belvíz kár-és kockázat szempontú megítélésével kapcsolatban röviden kitérek az ökoszisztéma szolgáltatások jelentőségére. Kulcsszavak Belvíz, hidrológiai modellezés, kalibráció, elöntés és veszélyeztetettségi térkép, Szamos-Kraszna Köz, ökoszisztéma szolgáltatások Process based modelling of lowland hydrology and excess water: challenges and opportunities Abstract Despite the recent development of observational, GIS and simulation tools, the quantitative description of lowland catchments and the phenomenon of excess water is still a challenging task. This paper provides a literature overview about the hydrological description of excess water, the relevant mathematical models and data availability. The advantages and limitations of some process-based simulation algorithms is discussed as well as the general experience and most important difficulties of practical model building and calibration. I refer to pilot applications from the Hungarian Great Plain to illustrate the significance of research goals, choice of methods and spatio-temporal scales as these have a great influence on the expected results. Excess water hazard maps are compared for the Szamos-Kraszna Interfluve in order to give an overview about the different available mapping methods (field survey, regression kriging, hydrologic modelling). Finally, the importance of ecosystem services is briefly discussed: the quantification and mapping of different provisioning and regulating services can foster the reduction of losses and risks caused by water shortage and surplus. Keywords Excess water, hydrologic modelling, calibration, inundation and hazard maps, Szamos-Kraszna Interfluve, ecosystem services BEVEZETÉS A hazai síkvidéki vízgyűjtők különleges szélsősége a bel-víz. Jelentőségét visszatérő terepi tapasztalatok, számos adat és tanulmány igazolja (Pálfai 2004, Bíró 2016), okait, hatásmechanizmusát, befolyásoló tényezőit és bekövetke-zésének valószínűségét a hazai szakirodalom részletesen tárgyalja, kiforrott módon térképezi (Rakonczai és társai 2011, Szatmári és van Leeuwen 2013, Pásztor és társai 2015). A szélsőség sokrétű környezeti és gazdasági követ-kezményei szintén jól ismertek, ugyanakkor azok precíz számszerűsítése a korlátos adatellátottság miatt a mai na-pig kihívást jelent (Pinke és társai 2018). Ez különösen igaz a károk-ideértve a mezőgazdasági és infrastrukturá-lis károk mellett a védekezés állandó és eseti költségeit is-statisztikai jellemzésére és az erre alapuló kockázattér-képezésre. A helyzetet a kárszámítás terén tovább árnyalja a belvíz kapcsolódása az aszályhoz. A térben és időben gyakran átfedő két hidrológiai szélsőség, a "sok víz-kevés víz" problémakör összehangolt kezelése hosszú ideje a ha-zai területi vízgazdálkodás egyik megoldandó feladata. Ezen a téren a műszaki-technológiai fejlődés mellett a Víz Keretirányelv (EU VKI) által elvárt, és az Országos Víz-gyűjtő-gazdálkodási Tervben (OVF 2015) előírt preventív, integrált szemlélet gyakorlatba ültetése jelenthet elmozdu-lást (vízvisszatartás, nem kizárólag vízügyi megoldások, ágazati kapcsolódások stb.). A belvíz értelmezésében alap-vető személetváltást eredményezhet a különféle ökoszisz-téma szolgáltatások (ÖSz) figyelembevétele (Kovács és társai 2011, Szöllősi-Nagy 2018). A síkvidéki vízgyűjtők hidrológiai modellezése a gyakorlati területi vízgazdálko-dás és az elméleti megközelítésű határterületi kutatások számára is értékes információkkal szolgálhat. A dolgozat-ban az idevágó hazai és nemzetközi irodalom mellett a Szamos-Kraszna Közre végzett elemzéseink néhány ered-ményét, tanulságát mutatom be. MÓDSZERTANI ÁTTEKINTÉS Javuló technikai háttér A belvíz hidrológiai és kockázatalapú vizsgálata az el-múlt időszakban jelentős módszertani előrelépésen ment keresztül. Ennek hátterében négy kulcsfontosságú terület fejlődése áll: (1) automata hidrometeorológiai monitoring, (2) távérzékelés, (3) térinformatikai megoldások és adat-bázisok, valamint (4) hidrológiai folyamatok matematikai szimulációjának technikai háttere. Az (1)-(3) területek eredményeiről általánosságban a következőket érdemes kiemelni: a monitoring hálózat fejlesztése a különböző módszertannal elvégzett regressziós és vízmérleg számítá-sokhoz, továbbá az előrejelzéshez szolgáltat folyamatosan javuló tér-és időbeli részletességű alapadatokat (Fiala és
