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To investigate if noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxyptamine (5-HT) drugs induce responses of isolated control and varicose veins are altered by removal of the endothelium. SUBJECTS #ENTITYSTARTX00026;
Specimens of the great saphenous vein (GSV) were obtained from 12 subjects with primary varicose veins and 12 subjects from donor vessels at cardiac su...
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Context 1
... findings of the present study must be taken in con- text with the subjects investigated and the methods of inves- tigations. The former is important because the control group subjects had underlying risks for cardiovascular diseases as from Table 2 it is clear that the majority of subjects from which the veins were taken had hyperlipidemia, diabetes or both. Furthermore they were, as would be expected, on mul- tiple drugs including a large number on nitrates which could clearly have an effect on their responses but, more impor- tantly, they did not have any history of CVI as investigated clinically and by ultrasound. ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of NELIN and SM22α in lower extremity varicose vein tissue, and their association with varicose veins. Tissue samples were collected from 18 patients with lower extremity varicose veins for the experimental group, while normal great saphenous vein tissue was reserved during coronary art...
Citations
... The main factor contributing to their development and progression is sustained venous hypertension, which increases the diameter of superficial veins, resulting in further valve incompetence (5). Although the theoretical basis and clinical aspects of varicose veins have been widely discussed and the contractile responses of varicose veins induced by various stimuli have been reported (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), the contractile properties and signaling remain insufficiently understood. ...
... The major findings of this study concern the relationship between the internal diameter and the contractile response of varicose veins. The results showed that when exposed to the three different stimuli, namely, KCl, (29) 0.61 ± 0.08 (17) 0.51 ± 0.08 (10) Group 2 (ID: 4.5-6 mm) 0.41 ± 0.06 (22) 0.69 ± 0.09 (19) 0.42 ± 0.07 (14) including activating potassium channels, thereby leading to smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation (10,32,33). However, further research is needed to clarify the relationships between smooth muscle content, MMP activities, contractile responses, and their signaling induced by various stimuli and internal diameters in varicose veins. ...
... NAd, the contractile responses were preserved in varicose veins with an internal diameter of 6 mm but decreased in those with an internal diameter of over 6 mm.Defective control of venous tone reportedly causes dilatation and subsequent insufficiency in varicose veins(15). Indeed, in clinical observations and experimental studies, varicose veins showed a reduced ability to contract in response to various vasoconstrictors such as α-adrenoceptor agonists, extracellular nucleotides, histamine, 5-HT, and endothelin(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Asbeutah et al.(17) observed the following: 1) 5-HT and NAd induced concentration-dependent contractions of normal and varicose saphenous vein segments; and 2) the potency of 5-HT and NAd showed no significant differences, but the maximal response normalized to tissue weight was lower in the varicose vein segment. ...
Varicose veins are common lower extremity venous disorders characterized by dilated veins and incompetent valves. Although maintaining the required vein wall tone for adaptive responses depends on a proper contractile function of the human saphenous smooth muscle, the contractile properties of varicose veins are mostly unknown. We investigated the relationship between contractile responses and the internal diameter of human saphenous varicose veins. The absolute contractile forces induced by potassium chloride (KCl, 60 mmol/l), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT], 10 µmol/l), and noradrenaline (NAd, 10 µmol/l) were similar between normal saphenous veins (control) and varicose veins. When the contractile forces were normalized to the internal diameter in each preparation, the contractile responses to these stimuli were significantly lower in varicose veins than in the control veins. Furthermore, varicose veins were divided into three groups according to their internal diameter (group 1, 3–4.5 mm; group 2, 4.5–6 mm; group 3, >6 mm). The contractile responses induced by KCl, 5-HT, and NAd did not differ between groups 1 and 2 and the control group, while the contractile responses in group 3 were significantly lower than those in the control group. Moreover, the contractions induced by KCl and NAd in Group 3 were smaller than those in group 1 or group 2. This trend was also observed in 5-HT-induced contractions, although the results were not statistically significant. In conclusion, contractile responses in varicose veins may be altered by an increase in internal diameter, although adequate contractile responses are preserved in some diameters.
... The influence of GFs on the histological changes in CVD also seemed possible. The incompetent vein wall is known to be distorted, with a degraded extracellular matrix [19], damaged intima [20][21][22][23], and disorganized, hypertrophic media [24,25]. An imbalance between collagen and elastin has been observed, with lower content of elastin and collagen type III and higher content of collagen type I [26][27][28][29]. ...
... Similar observations were made in a study comparing cytokine concentrations before and after endovenous laser ablation, where VEGF was found in lower concentrations in the blood of the patients before surgery [37]. In other studies, however, the concentrations of VEGF were higher in CVD patients: both in the venous tissue [22] and in the peripheral blood [36,38]. Further studies including larger groups of patients are required to interpret the role of this factor in venous insufficiency. ...
The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic venous disease (CVD) remains obscure. It has been postulated that oscillatory flow present in incompetent veins causes proinflammatory changes. Our earlier study confirmed this hypothesis. This study is aimed at assessing chemokines and growth factors (GFs) released by lymphocytes in patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence. In 34 patients exhibiting reflux in GSV, blood was derived from the cubital vein and from the incompetent saphenofemoral junction. In 12 healthy controls, blood was derived from the cubital vein. Lymphocyte culture with and without stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was performed. Eotaxin, interleukin 8 (IL-8), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 A and 1B (MIP-1A and MIP-1B), interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 5 (IL-5), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed in culture supernatants by a Bio-Plex assay. Higher concentrations of eotaxin and G-CSF were revealed in the incompetent GSV, compared with the concentrations in the patients’ upper limbs. The concentrations of MIP-1A and MIP-1B were higher in the CVD group while the concentration of VEGF was lower. In the stimulated cultures, the concentration of G-CSF proved higher in the incompetent GSV, as compared with the patients’ upper limbs. Between the groups, the concentration of eotaxin was higher in the CVD group, while the IL-5 and MCP-1 concentrations were lower. IL-8, IP-10, FGF, GM-CSF, and PDGF-BB did not reveal any significant differences in concentrations between the samples. These observations suggest that the concentrations of chemokines and GFs are different in the blood of CVD patients. The oscillatory flow present in incompetent veins may play a role in these changes. However, the role of cytokines in CVD requires further study.
The saphenous vein (SV) is a hindlimb superficial vein which has aroused a considerable interest because of its implication in chronic venous disease and its use in coronary artery or lower limb bypass grafts. The morphology and patency of the SV are commonly assessed for diagnosis and management, but the dynamic properties of the vein - compliance, elasticity and reactivity, less widely studied, are also fundamental issues. The subject of this review is neither to review the pathologies, nor the treatments or surgical procedures. The goal is to gather together all existing types of investigation on the superficial vein and to focus on the dynamic venous properties in vivo. The data collected indicate that plethysmography (PG) and ultrasound (US) are extensively used to evaluate SV patency, reflux and morphology. Their use to evaluate superficial vein compliance is less widespread but highly necessary. The protocols used via venous occlusion are described and the various parameters used to accurately measure compliance and distensibility versus elasticity are presented and discussed. The advantage of US diameter measurement is shown, including additional pulsatile compliance evaluation. The overview of venous reactivity greatly differs, being poorly studied in vivo, mainly by optical methods in humans or US echotracking in animals. Existing methodologies are potent but could be certainly developed and improved further for better characterization of the SV in human and for investigations of new devices, surgical techniques and pharmacological treatment in preclinical animal studies.
