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Structures of flavonoids isolated from Fagopyrum esculentum (F. esculentum), Fagopyrum tataricum (F. tataricum) and Fagopyrum dibotrys (F. dibotrys).
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The genus Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae), currently comprising 15 species of plants, includes three important buckwheat species: Fagopyrum esculentum (F. esculentum) Moench. (common buckwheat), Fagopyrum tataricum (F. tataricum) (L.) Gaertn. (tartary buckwheat) and Fagopyrum dibotrys (F. dibotrys) (D. Don) Hara. (perennial buckwheat), which have been wel...
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... Whole buckwheat contains more phenolic compounds than cereals (10,11). Some health benefits attributed to buckwheat polyphenols include prevention against cardiovascular and ageing diseases, as well as neuroprotection, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects (3,12,13). ...
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal whose seeds are rich in numerous health-positive phytochemicals including polyphenols. Several methods for extracting these compounds can be found in the literature. The objective of the study was to compare the total polyphenol content (TPC) of seven common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties obtained using different extraction methods/procedures and to assess the impact of the extraction methods on various varieties. The Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometric assay was used to measure the TPC. The results showed that TPC was significantly dependent on the extraction solvent and the efficiency of the solvents may be ordered from high to low efficacy as follows: 80% acetone > 0.1% HCl in methanol > 80% methanol = 80% ethanol > 100% methanol > water = 100% ethanol. TPC increased with increasing temperature during extraction and procedures based on alkaline hydrolysis proved to be more effective than those based on the acidic one. The responses of different buckwheat varieties to various extract preparations slightly differed, which could be attributed to each variety’s specific composition of extractable and bound polyphenols. It can be suggested that using more than one extraction method gives more robust information for good characterizing of buckwheat varieties according to their TPC for breeding and food use purposes.
... One of the promising functional food and medicinal plant is buckwheat. Some publications summarized the information concerning chemical or medicinal characteristics of their plants [1][2][3][4][5]. On the other hand, they did not reflect some buckwheat constituents, as well as buckwheat action on reproductive processes. ...
The aim of the present narrative review is to summarise the existing knowledge concerning physiological and reproductive effects of buckwheat, its mechanisms of action on various targets, as well as outlines the direction of the further studies of this functional food plant. Search for literature was performed in agreement with the PRISMA criteria in Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Web of Science, SCOPUS databases between the year 1995 and 2023. Words used to search were buckwheat, review, fertility, ovarian and mechanisms. The current review of the available literature demonstrates the high nutritional value of buckwheat, as well as high contents and number of regulatory molecules in this functional food plant. These molecules can, via multiple signalling pathways, affect a wide spectrum of physiological processes and illnesses, which suggests a therapeutic value of buckwheat substances. Furthermore, recent reports demonstrate ability of buckwheat extract to directly affect basic ovarian cell functions (proliferation, apoptosis, viability, steroidogenesis). On the other hand, understanding the character and applicability of buckwheat influence on female reproductive processes requires further studies.
... It predominantly thrives in the northern temperate zone and has a vast distribution throughout many regions like China, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc. [18,19]. Extracts from F. dibotrys have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties [19][20][21], making it a potential candidate for natural remedies and supplements. F. dibotrys is also popular as a functional food due to its nutritional content, especially its seeds, which are rich in protein, fiber, minerals, and fatty acids [19]. ...
... F. dibotrys is also popular as a functional food due to its nutritional content, especially its seeds, which are rich in protein, fiber, minerals, and fatty acids [19]. Previous research studies have revealed the existence of flavonoid and phenolic chemicals within the entirety of the F. dibotrys plant [21][22][23]. Flavonoids are synthesized through the phenylpropanoid pathway [24], and phenylpropanoid compounds are induced in response to biotic or abiotic stresses [20,25,26]. Selenium's antioxidant properties have been well documented, and its incorporation into medicinal plants could enhance their therapeutic effects [27]. ...
Fagopyrum dibotrys is a herbal plant. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for plants; selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are gaining importance in food and agriculture due to their low toxicity and high activity. This study revealed that foliar application of SeNPs enhanced superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxisome activities and significantly enhanced the flavonoid compound content in F. dibotrys. SeNPs with a concentration of 5.0 mg L−1 also promoted the growth of F. dibotrys. The foliar application of SeNPs could be absorbed by pores in leaves of F. dibotrys and mainly transformed to selenomethionine (32.5–43.2%) and selenocysteine (23.4–38.4%) in leaves and tubers of F. dibotrys. Consequently, this study offers a profound understanding of plants’ uptake and biotransformation of SeNPs. Furthermore, the findings of this study have suggested that SeNPs can be applied to improve the quantity and quality of the herbal plant of F. dibotrys.
... The main flavonoids in three buckwheat mainly include: rutin, orientin, isoorientin, quercetin, kaempferol and their derivative based on phenylbenopyrone structure [33,34]. Thirty-two species of flavonoids have been identified in buckwheat ( Figure 2), with 15 species found in F. tataricum, 16 species in F. esculentum, and 15 species in F. cymosum. ...
... Ten fatty acids, including: palmitic acid (PA), palmitoleic acid (PLA), stearic acid(SA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), α-linoleic acid (LNA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were detected in seeds of F. tataricum [60], and three new fatty acids (4,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2(E),5( E)-dienoic acid, 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethhy-octa-2(Z),4( E)-dienoic acid, and 6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2(E),4(E)-dienoic acid) in F. esculentum hulls [61]. Tropane alkaloids its derivatives determined in three buckwheat [33,62]. In addition, these three buckwheats also possess bioactive amines, such as N-transferuloyltyramine [41]. ...
... Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the bioactive compounds of three buckwheats possess versatile bioactivities, acting as: anti-tumor [63][64][65], anti-inflammatory [41,66], hyperglycemic [67], hepatoprotective [68,69], anti-oxidant [51,63,70,71], anti-hypertension [72], anti-obesity [67,73] and anti-diabetic [74,75] (Figure 3). Some reviews have summarized the mechanisms of action attributed to bioactive compounds [33,43]. ...
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is a typical pseudocereal, valued for its extensive nutraceutical potential as well as its centuries-old cultivation. Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat have been used globally and become well-known nutritious foods due to their high quantities of: proteins, flavonoids, and minerals. Moreover, its increasing demand makes it critical to improve nutraceutical, traits and yield. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in buckwheat were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fagopyrin were methodically summarized, with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these certain compounds are being synthesized in buckwheat still remains uncovered. The functional genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonols, stress response, and plant development were identified based on multi-omics research. Furthermore, it delves into the applications of multi-omics in improving buckwheat's agronomic traits, including: yield, nutritional content, stress resilience, and bioactive compounds biosynthesis. While pangenomics combined with other omics to mine elite genes, the regulatory network and mechanism of specific agronomic traits and biosynthetic of bioactive components, and developing a more efficient genetic transformation system for genetic engineering require further investigation for the execution of breeding designs aimed at enhancing desirable traits in buckwheat. This critical review will provide a comprehensive understanding of multi-omics for nutraceutical enhancement and traits improvement in buckwheat.
... In common BW, the number of such flavones grew after the germination of seeds, but it remained constant (0.1-0.6 mg/g) until 9 days after sprouting (Zhu, 2016). In addition to flavones, 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-7-hydroxy-6isopentenyl, quercetin 3 O-rutinoside-3′-O-glucoside, and quercetin 3 O-rutinoside-7-Ogalactoside, flavone has also been detected in F. tataricum and F. cymosum, respectively (Jing et al., 2016). ...
... Rutin is the primary flavonol in BW, constituting 90% of all phenolic compounds present (Sytar et al., 2018). Bioactive compounds like rutin and quercetin were extracted from several parts like seeds, leaves and flowers of F. tataricum, F. esculentum, and F. cymosum (Jing et al., 2016). Tartary buckwheat (TB) has a higher quercetin and rutin concentration than regular BW (Borovaya & Klykov, 2020). ...
... Triterpenoids, olean-12-en-3-ol and urs-12-an-3ol were identified from the seed oil of common BW. From the rhizome of F. cymosum, glutinol and glutinone were also discovered (Jing et al., 2016). ...
The present review focuses on the physico‐chemical properties of buckwheat (BW) and shows that its incorporation makes food more nutritious. The bioactive substances included in BW, including vitamins, proteins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, dietary fibre, and fagopyrins are effective in treating chronic illnesses. It is also a rich source of protein of excellent quality as it contains balanced amino acids. Various bioactive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids including orientin, quercetin, rutin, vitexin, isovitexin and isoorientin, tannins and steroids help in providing therapeutic benefits. It has a number of beneficial impacts on health, including anti‐inflammatory, anti‐hemorrhagic, cardiovascular, antioxidant, and blood vessel protective properties. The food sector has experienced an increased interest in producing items based on BW, which boasts advantageous flavor profiles and technical attributes while offering health benefits and accommodating those with gluten sensitivity. BW is a beneficial ingredient for bread, rice, soup, cakes, noodles, cookies, and gluten‐free beer due to its functional properties. This review also emphasizes on the BW as a functional food in numerous industries including agriculture, food, pharmaceutical and as animal fodder. It provides researchers knowledge that could be useful for developing future plans, such as selecting BW as promising bioactive ingredients for functional foods.
... Many triterpenoid saponins have been isolated from members of the Caryophyllaceae 55 and Amaranthaceae 56 families. However, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), a member of the more distant Polygonaceae family within the Caryophyllales, is known to produce nonglycosylated triterpenoids 57 . Although total saponin content has been inferred from seed extracts by ultraviolet absorbance 58 , no isolated saponins have been reported from this species so far 59 . ...
Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is a flowering plant from the Caryophyllaceae family with a long history of human use as a traditional source of soap. Its detergent properties are because of the production of polar compounds (saponins), of which the oleanane-based triterpenoid saponins, saponariosides A and B, are the major components. Soapwort saponins have anticancer properties and are also of interest as endosomal escape enhancers for targeted tumor therapies. Intriguingly, these saponins share common structural features with the vaccine adjuvant QS-21 and, thus, represent a potential alternative supply of saponin adjuvant precursors. Here, we sequence the S. officinalis genome and, through genome mining and combinatorial expression, identify 14 enzymes that complete the biosynthetic pathway to saponarioside B. These enzymes include a noncanonical cytosolic GH1 (glycoside hydrolase family 1) transglycosidase required for the addition of d-quinovose. Our results open avenues for accessing and engineering natural and new-to-nature pharmaceuticals, drug delivery agents and potential immunostimulants.
... Some pseudocereals contain high levels of both the 11S and 7S globulin proteins, which are antihypertensive [33]. Several studies have shown that buckwheat has anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities [34]. Quinoa has been shown to improve blood serum lipid profiles as well as lessen the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [35]. ...
A diverse category of underutilized grains known as pseudocereals includes a wide range of species with varying nutritious and nutritional contents such as phytochemicals (saponins, polyphenols, phytosterols, phytosteroids, Protein, vitamins and essential micronutrients. Global dietary changes, rapid urbanization, and increased sedentary behavior pseudocereal is considered as “super food” as it helps in reduction of several diseases such as inflammatory-related diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and obesity. Here, we discuss about the nutritional composition and the content of bioactive compounds present in pseudocereals for potential health benefit and application for breeding purposes, to enhance agronomic traits and improve the product development in the food and pharmacological industries. This chapter provides a concise overview on the potential of diverse nutritional and nutraceutical compounds present across different pseudocereals and its impact on human health.
... Phenolic compounds, exhibit a wide range of physiological activities including antioxidant, antitumor and antibacterial activities (Balasundram et al., 2006). Phenylpropanoids, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives are the main phenolic components present in the buckwheat (Jing et al., 2016). Seven phenolic compounds of tatariside (A-G) were isolated from root of Tartary buckwheat (Zheng et al., 2012). ...
... A significant anti-inflammatory response after treatment with ethanol extract of common buckwheat sprouts, have also been reported (Ishii et al., 2008). Extracts of both common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat have shown anti-diabetic effects (type I and type II diabetes) (Jing et al., 2016) and significantly reduced the non-site-specific and site-specific DNA strand breaks (Cao et al., 2008). A naturally occurring substance present in buckwheat seeds, 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) inhibits the formation of adducts with proteins and DNA by reacting with all isolevuglandin adducts which prevents inflammatory-prone diseases (Rathmacher et al., 2023). ...
... Однако при изучении других источников литературы выявлено, что содержание рутина составляло: в гречихе посевной цветки -3,08%, листья -5,05%, стебли -1,08% [22]; гречихи татарской: цветки -4,9%, листья -6,7%, стебли -0,9% [23,24]; гречихи красностебельной: цветки -5,39%, листья -11,2%, стебли -1,26% [3]. При этом у гречихи красностебельной содержание флавоноидов в соцветиях и листьях сопоставимо с таковым в семенах софоры японской [25,26]. ...
Relevance. In recent decades, the attention of researchers has been drawn to plants characterized by a high ability to form secondary metabolites related to polyphenolic compounds. The greatest interest is caused by agricultural crops that have a sufficient raw material base. For example, representatives of the genus Buckwheat (Fagopyrum) have high dietary, taste and nutritional properties, and are also promising sources of valuable biologically active compounds (BAC), macro- and microelements. Analysis and generalization of research information of domestic and foreign scientists on the chemical composition of BAS of buckwheat species: buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Tatar buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), perennial buckwheat (Fagopyrum dibotrys) and red-stem buckwheat (Fagopyrum rubricaulis). Methodology. For informational and analytical search of the necessary material for writing a review article, such abstract databases as ResearchGate, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, eLibrary were used. The search was carried out by publications for the period from 2000 to 2022. The following words and phrases were selected as parameters for the selection of literature: buckwheat; Fagopyrum rubricaulis; Fagopyrum esculentum; Fagopyrum tataricum; Fagopyrum dibotrys; rutin; phenylpropanoids; tannins. Results. The article presents generalized information about the chemical composition of raw materials of some representatives of the genus Fagopyrum. The main group of BAC is flavonoids, also phenylpropanoids, tannins, phagopyritols, fatty acids; vitamins have been identified and identified in buckwheat raw materials. Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the data of modern scientific literature, it was found that the types of buckwheat: Fagopyrum rubricaulis; Fagopyrum esculentum; Fagopyrum tataricum; Fagopyrum dibotrys, have a wide range of BAC. The main biologically active groups of buckwheat raw materials are flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, fatty acids, steroids. The results of this review can be useful for determining promising directions for the development of medicines based on buckwheat extracts.
... Tatarisides B, C, and D ( Figure 5) are flavonoids derived from the roots of Tartary buckwheat. Collectively, these phytochemicals are reported to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective activities [367]. Concerning lung cancer, Tatarisides B, C, and D have been shown to increase apoptosis and cell cytotoxicity in A549 cells. ...
Simple Summary
Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients, causing an estimated 1.8 million deaths in the year 2020. However, the available therapeutic options exert numerous adverse effects and adequate therapeutic activity is still to be achieved. Therefore, there is a need for the development of safe and effective treatment for lung cancer. Phytochemicals are well documented for their anticancer potential against lung cancer and have a strong rationale for further investigation as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Notably, phytochemicals act by modulating several signaling pathways, promoting apoptosis, oxidative stress, and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane, inhibiting angiogenesis, and regulating transcription factors. Therefore, an exhaustive and detailed review was carried out to establish the potential role of phytochemicals by conducting a critical analysis of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence in mitigating lung cancer, with emphasis on their impact on signaling pathways.
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with high incidence worldwide. It is the most frequently occurring cancer in men and the second most common in women. Due to its frequent diagnosis and variable response to treatment, lung cancer was reported as the top cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020. Many aberrant signaling cascades are implicated in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, including those involved in apoptosis (B cell lymphoma protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein, first apoptosis signal ligand), growth inhibition (tumor suppressor protein or gene and serine/threonine kinase 11), and growth promotion (epidermal growth factor receptor/proto-oncogenes/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase). Accordingly, these pathways and their signaling molecules have become promising targets for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. Recent research provides compelling evidence for the use of plant-based compounds, known collectively as phytochemicals, as anticancer agents. This review discusses major contributing signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of lung cancer, as well as currently available treatments and prospective drug candidates. The anticancer potential of naturally occurring bioactive compounds in the context of lung cancer is also discussed, with critical analysis of their mechanistic actions presented by preclinical and clinical studies.
