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Silk fibroin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has excellent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, non-toxicity, adsorption properties, etc. As a kind of ideal biomaterial, silk fibroin has been widely used since it was first utilized for sutures a long time ago. The degradation behavior of silk biomaterials is obviously important for...
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... silk II structural form of the silk fibroins has been characterized as an antiparallel β-sheet structure. The former structure is a water- soluble structure while the latter excludes water and is insoluble in several solvents including mild acid and alkaline conditions, and several chaotropes [33] (Table 1). In regenerated silk fibroins, the silk I structure easily converts to a β-sheet structure by chemical methods such as treatment with methanol [34][35][36]. ...
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is regarded as a critical technological-evolution in material engineering, especially for customized biomedicine. However, a big challenge that hinders the 3D printing technique applied in biomedical field is applicable bioink. Silk fibroin (SF) is used as a biomaterial for decades due to its remarkable high machinab...
Silk produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori has gained a second youth as a sustainable material for high-technology applications. Here, we report a simple and cost-effective fabrication technique which allows the preparation of free-standing micropatterned pure protein films under ambient processing conditions. In this view, we take advantage of the...
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Citations
... In general, degradation behavior of SF varies depending on the preparation methods, structural factors, pore size, concentrations of silk fibroin, and host immune system response. 15,77 Considering the low degradation ratio of both SFMA and SFMA−HAMA composite biomaterials, they can be considered as a suitable scaffold candidate for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. The introduction of a methacrylate group on both SF and HA resulted in the creation of a reactive site, leading to covalent bonding in both monophasic and composite states in SFMA and HAMA networks in the presence of LAP and UV, with a range of physicochemical properties. ...
Composite biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability are crucial in tissue engineering. In this work, a composite protein and polysaccharide photo-cross-linkable hydrogel was prepared using silk fibroin methacrylate (SFMA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA). SFMA was obtained by the methacrylation of degummed SF with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), while HA was methacrylated by 2-aminoethyl meth-acrylate hydrochloride (AEMA). We investigated the effect of the addition of 1 wt % HAMA to 5, 10, and 20 wt % SFMA, which resulted in an increase in both static and cycling mechanical strengths. All composite hydrogels gelled under UV light in <30 s, allowing for rapid stabilization and stiffness increases. The biocompatibility of the hydrogels was confirmed by direct and indirect contact methods and by evaluation against the NIH3T3 and MC3T3 cell lines with a live−dead assay by confocal imaging. The range of obtained mechanical properties from developed composite and UV-cross-linkable hydrogels sets the basis as possible future biomaterials for various biomedical applications.
... The beta-sheet structure of SF, which contributes to its mechanical resilience, also provides a stable matrix that can be easily tailored into various formats such as films, sponges, hydrogels, and nanofibers. This versatility allows SF to be used in a wide range of biomedical applications, including wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery systems [22][23][24]. In the context of wound healing, SF serves as an effective scaffold for cellular processes critical to tissue repair. ...
... SF is not considered a biodegradable material by the US Pharmacopeia's definition, although the literature suggests it is. 30 As in previous reports, we found that the degradation properties vary substantially with the degrading enzyme. All of the membranes remain stable in PBS and lysozyme, without weight loss over time. ...
... Alginate can be shaped into diverse forms such as foams, microcapsules, gels, fibers, and matrices, increasing the diversity of alginate composites with HAp. Composites combining gelatin with alginate and other polymers have been developed [92]. Combining alginate with hydroxyapatite harnesses the strengths of both materials, resulting in composite scaffolds with augmented properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications [93]. ...
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) polymer composites have gained significant attention due to their applications in bone regeneration and tooth implants. This review examines the synthesis, properties, and applications of Hap, highlighting various manufacturing methods, including wet, dry, hydrothermal, and sol–gel processes. The properties of HAp are influenced by precursor materials and are commonly obtained from natural calcium-rich sources like eggshells, seashells, and fish scales. Composite materials, such as cellulose–hydroxyapatite and gelatin–hydroxyapatite, exhibit promising strength and biocompatibility for bone and tissue replacement. Metallic implants and scaffolds enhance stability, including well-known titanium-based and stainless steel-based implants and ceramic body implants. Biopolymers, like chitosan and alginate, combined with Hap, offer chemical stability and strength for tissue engineering. Collagen, fibrin, and gelatin play crucial roles in mimicking natural bone composition. Various synthesis methods like sol–gel, hydrothermal, and solution casting produce HAp crystals, with potential applications in bone repair and regeneration. Additionally, the use of biowaste materials, like eggshells and snails or seashells, not only supports sustainable HAp production but also reduces environmental impact. This review emphasizes the significance of understanding the properties of calcium–phosphate (Ca-P) compounds and processing methods for scaffold generation, highlighting novel characteristics and mechanisms of biomaterials in bone healing. Comparative studies of these methods in specific applications underscore the versatility and potential of HAp composites in biomedical engineering. Overall, HAp composites offer promising solutions for improving patient outcomes in bone replacement and tissue engineering and advancing medical practices.
... Tuning the degradation time of the biomaterials is essential for their therapeutic application [58][59][60]. Inflammation at the wound site can last at least 2-6 d [61][62][63], and post-surgical adhesion usually occurs during 3-5 d after surgery [64,65]. Therefore, at least a 7 d of retention time is required for biomaterials. ...
Wounds, characterized by the disruption of the continuity of body tissues resulting from external trauma, manifest in diverse types and locations. Although numerous wound dressings are available for various wound scenarios, it remains challenging to find an integrative wound dressing capable of addressing diverse wound situations. We focused on utilizing sulfated hyaluronan (sHA), known for its anti-inflammatory properties and capacity to load cationic drugs. By conjugating catechol groups to sHA (sHA-CA), we achieved several advantages in wound healing: 1) Fabrication of patches through crosslinking with catechol-modified high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HA(HMW)-CA), 2) Adhesiveness that enabled stable localization, 3) Radical scavenging that could synergize with the immunomodulation of sHA. The sHA-CA patches demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in three distinct murine wound models: diabetic wound, hepatic hemorrhage, and post-surgical adhesion. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of the sHA-CA patch as a promising candidate for the next-generation wound dressing.
... Besides as a kind of natural biomacromolecule material, SF has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, and the degraded products of SF are non-toxic to the human body [49][50][51][52]. Therefore, SF is widely used in the biomedical field, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [36,[53][54][55], drug carriers [56][57][58][59], wound dressings [60][61][62][63], etc. ...
With the advent of the internet of things and artificial intelligence, flexible and portable pressure sensors have shown great application potential in human-computer interaction, personalized medicine and other fields. By comparison with traditional inorganic materials, flexible polymeric materials conformable to the human body are more suitable for the fabrication of wearable pressure sensors. Given the consumption of a huge amount of flexible wearable electronics in near future, it is necessary to turn their attention to biodegradable polymers for the fabrication of flexible pressure sensors toward the development requirement of green and sustainable electronics. In this paper, the structure and properties of silk fibroin (SF) are introduced, and the source and research progress of the piezoelectric properties of SF are systematically discussed. In addition, this paper summarizes the advance in the studies on SF-based capacitive, resistive, triboelectric, and piezoelectric sensors reported in recent years, and focuses on their fabrication methods and applications. Finally, this paper also puts forward the future development trend of high-efficiency fabrication and corresponding application of SF-based piezoelectric sensors. It offers new insights into the design and fabrication of green and biodegradable bioelectronics for in vitro and in vivo sensing applications.
... 65 It is commonly used in surgical sutures for clinical applications and is degradable by proteolytic enzymes. 66 Gelation of silk can happen without any important secondary structural changes as intramolecular crosslinking between protein chains takes place with the aid of electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, forming strong β-sheets. The gelation time can be shortened with the aid of physical changes such as lowering the pH, 67 increasing the temperature, 68 sonication, 69 or adding chemical crosslinking agents. ...
In embedded extrusion 3D bioprinting, a temporary matrix preserves a paste-like filament ejecting from a narrow nozzle. For granular sacrificial matrices, the methodology is known as the freeform reversible embedding...
... Proteases in the biological system degrade silk proteins, and the rate at which silk proteins are degraded varies depending on the type of silk. [58][59][60] SF has many β-sheets, which are probably the cause of its stability. [61] Remarkably, by modifying the β-sheet content, the deterioration of the silk films may be customized. ...
Natural-derived biomaterials can be used as substrates for the growth, proliferation,
and differentiation of cells. In this study, bovine vitreous humor as a biological material was cross-linked to silk fibroin with different concentration ratios to design a suitable substrate for corneal tissue regeneration. The cross-linked samples were evaluated with different analyses such as structural, physical (optical, swelling, and degradation), mechanical, and biological (viability, cell adhesion) assays. The results showed that all samples had excellent transparency, especially those with higher silk fibroin content. Increasing the ratio of vitreous humor to silk fibroin decreased mechanical strength and increased swelling and degradation, respectively. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of the samples, and with the increase in vitreous humor ratio, adhesion and cell proliferation increased. Generally, silk fibroin with vitreous humor can provide desirable characteristics as a transparent film for corneal wound healing.
... SF was initially selected for its biocompatibility and slow degradation (Park et al., 2020;Nadri et al., 2022;Cao and Wang, 2009). PVA was chosen for the coating because of its ability to form a simple hydrogel and regulate the degradation of the barrier (Park et al., 2020;Tsou et al., 2016). ...
Postoperative abdominal adhesions often occur after abdominal surgery; barrier membranes which mimic
peritoneal tissue can be constructed to prevent abdominal adhesions. To this end, silk fibroin (SF) sheets were
coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and agarose (AGA) at PVA:AGA ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and
0:100 to create a composite anti-adhesive barrier and allow us to identify a suitable coating ratio. The membranes
were characterized in terms of their molecular organization, structure, and morphology using Fourier
transform Infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and scanning electron microscope
(SEM), respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the membranes and their biological performance
(i.e., fibroblast proliferation and invasion) were tested in vitro. Each membrane showed both smooth
and rough surface characteristics. Membranes coated with PVA:AGA at ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70
exhibited more –OH and amide III moieties than those coated with 0:100 PVA:AGA, which consequently affected
structural organization, degradation, and fibroblast viability. The 0:100 PVA:AGA-coated degraded the fastest.
Barrier membranes coated with 100:0 and 70:30 PVA: AGA demonstrated reduced fibroblast proliferation and
attachment. The membrane coated with 70:30 PVA:AGA exhibited a stable appearance, and did not curl under
wet conditions. Therefore, SF sheets coated with 70:30 PVA:AGA show promise as anti-adhesive barrier membranes
for further development.
Here is the free-access link to the full research available until March 17, 2024.
https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1iVBh6EHNesfZj
... [173] Silk can be considered a fully resorbable material, for which the rate of degradation can be engineered by tuning the structure, crystallinity, porosity, and molecular weight distribution. [174][175][176] As a sensor component, silk exhibits transparency, flexibility, and outstanding mechanical robustness, while being easily processable under ambient conditions. [17,177] In addition, silk can show interesting piezoelectric [178] and triboelectric [179,180] properties. ...
With the ever‐growing requirements in the healthcare sector aimed at personalized diagnostics and treatment, continuous and real‐time monitoring of relevant parameters is gaining significant traction. In many applications, health status monitoring may be carried out by dedicated wearable or implantable sensing devices only within a defined period and followed by sensor removal without additional risks for the patient. At the same time, disposal of the increasing number of conventional portable electronic devices with short life cycles raises serious environmental concerns due to the dangerous accumulation of electronic and chemical waste. An attractive solution to address these complex and contradictory demands is offered by biodegradable sensing devices. Such devices may be able to perform required tests within a programmed period and then disappear by safe resorption in the body or harmless degradation in the environment. This work critically assesses the design and development concepts related to biodegradable and bioresorbable sensors for healthcare applications. Different aspects are comprehensively addressed, from fundamental material properties and sensing principles to application‐tailored designs, fabrication techniques, and device implementations. The emerging approaches spanning the last 5 years are emphasized and a broad insight into the most important challenges and future perspectives of biodegradable sensors in healthcare are provided.