FIGURE 2 - uploaded by Michelle Givertz
Content may be subject to copyright.
Structural model of parent traits and overparenting. For ease of presentation error terms are omitted. Path coefficients are standardized regression coefficients. Indirect effect of regret on overparenting through anxiety is β = .06, p = .02. Dashed line represents nonsignificant path. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Source publication
Overparenting involves the application of developmentally inappropriate levels of parental directiveness, tangible assistance, problem-solving, monitoring, and involvement into the lives of children. Based on theories of family enmeshment, effective parenting, and personality development, this parenting behavior was hypothesized to be associated wi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... coefficients were estimated in AMOS 18 using maximum likelihood estimation. Results of this structural model appear in Figure 2. Af- ter trimming a nonsignificant path from the model, results of these analyses indicated that the structural model specified in Figure 2 provided a good fit to the sample data, χ 2 = 285.25, ...
Context 2
... coefficients were estimated in AMOS 18 using maximum likelihood estimation. Results of this structural model appear in Figure 2. Af- ter trimming a nonsignificant path from the model, results of these analyses indicated that the structural model specified in Figure 2 provided a good fit to the sample data, χ 2 = 285.25, p < .001, ...
Similar publications
![Figure 2: The share of young adults aged 25-34 in the population [%]](profile/Edyta-Marcinkiewicz/publication/381892268/figure/fig1/AS:11431281275722424@1725447169114/The-share-of-young-adults-aged-25-34-in-the-population_Q320.jpg)
The socio-demographic context, which includes the co-residence patterns associated with the decisions of young adults on whether to live in the parental household or enter homeownership or renting, is directly reflected in homeownership rates at the aggregate level as a consequence of these decisions. However, the way in which tenure statistics are...
Saudi Arabia is witnessing a drastic rise in adult obesity. Geographic limitations hamper somatic activities to counter this rise. Parental physical inactivity in the region has never been addressed. This study’s purpose is to determine the differences between parent and adult child (the subjects here) levels of physical activity (PA) and screen ti...
Objective:
The aim of the study was to investigate the effectivity and safety of totally endoscopic cardiac surgery without robotic assistance for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure on beating hearts.
Methods:
Twenty-five patients (adults/children: 15/10) underwent ASD closure using nonrobotically assisted totally endoscopic approach on beating...
A great deal of previous research has examined the profound influence of digital communication technology (e.g., texting, videoconferencing, social media usage) on family life. However, few inquiries have explored the contours of technologically assisted communication using qualitative data collected from various family members. Our study breaks ne...
With the rapid aging of the Chinese population, growing attention has been given to old-age support. Widowed older adults constitute a particularly vulnerable population because the loss of a spouse can lead to financial hardships and emotional distress. We used data from the 2002 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to examine multiple di...
Citations
... For example, parents may become overprotective by conveying a level of attention and protection that is excessive considering the adolescent's developmental level (Thomasgard et al., 1995). They may offer premature and unrequested assistance when the adolescent is facing difficulties (Segrin et al., 2013), or display excessive worries about their adolescent's safety (Brenning et al., 2017). Research has shown that overprotection may put adolescents at risk for psychosocial difficulties, including internalizing and externalizing problems, as it may frustrate their needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy, and undermine the development of their emotion regulation capabilities (e.g., Mathijs et al., 2024;Van Petegem et al., 2020). ...
Gender essentialism refers to the belief that men and women are biologically better fitted for different societal roles, including parental roles. Past research has shown that parents’ gender essentialist beliefs are associated with the division of parental responsibilities. This study examined the relationships between gender essentialist beliefs and parents’ engagement in positive (responsiveness and autonomy support) and negative (overprotection and controlling parenting) forms of involvement, within a sample of 1260 parents of adolescents. Using actor-partner interdependence modeling, we found that for both mothers and fathers, essentialist beliefs were related to more controlling and overprotective parenting. Among fathers, essentialist beliefs were also associated with less responsiveness and autonomy support. Parents’ essentialist beliefs can relate to diverse forms of parental involvement which may differently impact adolescents. Therefore, it appears important to consider the quality of parental involvement, in addition to its quantity, when studying the impact of gender beliefs on family lives.
... As a result, parental anxiety provides the conditions that reinforce excessive parental reactivity to children's distress and difficulties (i.e., overcontrol and overinvolvement), ultimately shaping specific patterns of fear and avoidance in children (Emerson et al., 2019). Hence, parental anxiety is not only a risk factor in itself but also might play a specific role by shaping overparenting behaviors that predispose children to anxiety (Segrin et al., 2013). ...
... This perspective is supported by self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and other theories, all of which highlight the importance of autonomy and secure exploration for healthy adolescent development. Overparenting, characterized by excessive control and intrusion, may hinder adolescents' ability to develop autonomy, leading to ineffective coping skills and heightened anxiety (Segrin et al., 2013). In contrast, although anxious adolescents may elicit protective behaviors from their parents (Wood et al., 2003), some empirical evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that negative parental practices (such as excessive and negative control) precede the onset of anxiety and other internalizing symptoms rather than merely responding to them (Clayborne et al., 2021). ...
... Although several studies have linked parents' anxiety and overparenting (Segrin et al., 2013(Segrin et al., , 2020, this relationship has hardly been discussed in the context of children's anxiety. Beyond the need for more insight into why parents engage in overparenting practices (Segrin et al., 2020), particularly due to parental anxiety, it is also essential to clarify the role of overparenting in explaining the relationship between parent and child anxiety. ...
Objective
The study probes the role played by overparenting in the relationship between parent's and child's anxiety in early adolescents.
Background
Overparenting is manifested by developmentally inappropriate controlling parental practices, normally studied in the context of young adulthood, whereas its role in the etiology of children's anxiety has been given less empirical attention.
Method
The study consists of 278 parents (144 mothers, 134 fathers) with a mean age of 42.89 ± 4.15 years, each having at least one adolescent child aged 10–14.
Results
The results showed a strong association between the parent's generalized anxiety and the child's anxiety, which was partially mediated by paternal separation anxiety. Also, parental separation anxiety was associated with elevated overparenting practices among both mothers and fathers, but its relationship with the child's anxiety varied across parental gender. In this regard, the association between maternal separation anxiety and the child's anxiety was fully mediated by maternal overparenting.
Conclusion
The study sheds more light on this mechanism by underpinning the parental gender-based role of overparenting practices in the association between parent–child anxiety.
Implications
The findings highlight the importance of considering parent-gender-based factors in family therapy, particularly in the context of adolescent anxiety.
... Helicopter parenting is a parenting style characterized by high levels of parental involvement and hovering over one's children (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012). Helicopter parents tend to micromanage their children and employ developmentally inappropriate levels of control over, and involvement in, their children's lives (Segrin et al., 2013). Developmentally inappropriate involvement at this stage of their young adult child's development involves behaviors that undermine their child's autonomy, emotional maturity, and decision-making abilities. ...
... Such negative outcomes have been observed in samples from a variety of different countries (e.g., Korea, China, Turkey; Kwon et al., 2015;Leung & Shek, 2018;Set, 2020; see Cui et al., 2022 for full review). Previous work has sought to identify potential mediating factors that may explain the associations between helicopter parenting and negative outcomes for college students, identifying ineffective coping skills, decreased self-control, decreased emotional distress tolerance, and decreased resilience (Hong & Cui, 2020;Perez et al., 2020;Reilly & Semkovska, 2018;Segrin et al., 2013). Together, these findings suggest that developmentally inappropriate levels of parent involvement may prevent college students from developing the skills necessary to cope with negative emotions they may experience and challenges they may face in their daily lives. ...
Helicopter parenting can detrimentally impact college student outcomes. This study examined whether two forms of entitlement (psychological and academic) explained associations between helicopter parenting and academic well-being and school engagement in two samples of college students. Data was collected from 638 students prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (Study 1) and 637 students after universities resumed in-person classes after the onset of the pandemic (Study 2) and analyzed separately. In both studies, helicopter parenting was negatively associated with academic well-being and school engagement through academic entitlement (externalized responsibility). Differences between studies emerged such that helicopter parenting was associated with academic-related outcomes through both psychological entitlement and academic entitlement (entitled expectations) only in the post-onset of COVID-19 sample. Psychological entitlement was associated with better academic well-being and school engagement in models, contrary to hypotheses. We suggest ways these findings can be incorporated into interventions designed to address helicopter parenting and support college students.
... This perception is fueled by rising global rates of anxiety and depression among youth (WHO, 2022), with overparenting (and related concepts, such as overprotective and helicopter parenting) consistently identified as a risk factor (for reviews, see Bruysters & Pilkington, 2023;de Roo et al., 2022;Vigdal & Brønnick, 2022;Zhang & Ji, 2023). Overparenting can be conceptualized as excessive and developmentally inappropriate involvement, for instance through instrumental support and advice, control, and anticipatory problem-solving (Segrin et al., 2012(Segrin et al., , 2013. ...
... Overparenting is often well-intended, driven by parents' desire to ensure their child's well-being, happiness, and safety (Segrin et al., 2012(Segrin et al., , 2013. Therefore, overparenting encompasses positive aspects, including high levels of involvement and support, a perception shared by adolescents as well (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012;Rote et al., 2020;. ...
... That is, they provide support in an excessive, intrusive, and developmentally inappropriate manner, thereby hindering adolescents' opportunities for personal growth (Segrin et al., 2012(Segrin et al., , 2013. For instance, offering unnecessary or unwanted help may convey to adolescents that they are incapable of managing difficulties independently, undermining their sense of competence and increasing anxiety (Wood et al., 2003). ...
Background. Popular media suggest that overparenting - excessive and developmentally inappropriate parental involvement – explains the increased anxiety in today’s youth. However, longitudinal evidence for this claim is limited, as most research relies on cross-sectional, group-level associations. To address this gap, the present study investigates the reciprocal, moment-to-moment dynamics between adolescent-perceived overparenting and adolescents' affect within families. Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), we examine whether overparenting provides temporary comfort and elicits positive emotions or instead elicits negative emotions in adolescents, and whether parents engage in more overparenting when their adolescent experiences negative emotions. Methods. Over seven days, 143 adolescents (Mage = 15.8, range = 11-18, 64% girls, 92% Dutch or Belgian) completed experience sampling surveys five times per weekday and six times per weekend day. In each ESM survey, adolescents reported on perceived overparenting (i.e., interference, unnecessary worry, unneeded help) and their momentary positive (i.e., happy, joyful) and negative (i.e., angry, sad, fearful) affect. In total, 1,829 momentary observations were collected, averaging 10 observations per participant. Results. Preregistered Dynamic Structural Equation Models (DSEM) revealed that moment-to-moment fluctuations in overparenting and negative affect go hand in hand in everyday life. As expected, negative affect predicted more overparenting in the next moment (i.e., 3 hours later) on average. However, there was limited evidence that overparenting predicts subsequent adolescent affect, except for ‘unneeded help’ (a specific overparenting behavior) predicting an increase in adolescents’ fear. Conclusions. Adolescents’ negative affect appears to elicit more overparenting, offering a child-driven alternative explanation why overparenting is associated with more emotional problems in adolescents. However, parents’ providing unneeded help may specifically contribute to increased adolescent anxiety. By clearing obstacles and solving problems for their child, parents might unintentionally exacerbate negative emotions. Future research should explore individual-level, short-term family dynamics, as adolescent-parent interactions likely vary across families.
... Helicopter parenting, characterized by excessive parental involvement and control, has been linked to adverse outcomes among emerging adults across various countries . Prior research has identified influencing factors from both parental (e.g., Segrin et al., 2013;Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012) and child perspectives (e.g., Jiao & Segrin, 2021;Ching et al., 2023). However, a significant gap remains in understanding the dynamics behind the evolution of helicopter parenting behaviors (Nelson et al., 2021). ...
... Contemporary parents, facing increased societal pressures, often harbor elevated expectations for their children's educational and professional achievements, which may precipitate more intensive attention and investment in their offspring (Munich & Munich, 2009). Studies have delved into various parental factors associated with helicopter parenting, including separation anxiety (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012), attachment styles , anxiety and regret (Segrin et al., 2013), narcissism (Gagnon, 2019), monitoring (Hong et al., 2015), perfectionism (Segrin et al., 2020), and gender (Schiffrin et al., 2019a). Additionally, research has considered child-related factors such as attachment avoidance (Jiao & Segrin, 2021) and intellectual mindsets (Ching et al., 2023). ...
... This excessive protection is often linked to higher levels of parental anxiety and regret management strategies (Lemoyne & Buchanan, 2011). Research indicates that such anxiety predicts overparenting, while regrets exert an indirect influence through heightened anxiety levels (Rousseau & Scharf, 2018;Segrin et al., 2013). Under conditions of parental anxiety and regrets, a more profound component that may affect helicopter parenting is parental failure mindsets, implicit beliefs parents hold regarding whether the failure is beneficial or detrimental (Haimovitz & Dweck, 2016). ...
Extensive research has demonstrated the detrimental effects of helicopter parenting on the adjustment of emerging adults. However, few studies have investigated the changing trend of this parenting style and the parental and emerging adult factors that influence the trend. This study tracked 455 first-year university students (78.2% female; Mage = 18.73, SDage = 1.19) over three measurement points: 2, 4, and 14 months after enrollment. Through a latent growth model, the study revealed a significant downward trend in helicopter parenting behaviors among Chinese parents during the first year of their emerging-adult children’s college life. Both parental failure mindsets and the autonomy and separation anxiety of emerging adults influenced the initial level of the declining trend in helicopter parenting. In contrast, only behavioral engagement of emerging adults in school activities is the key factor leading parents to reduce their overparenting behaviors. This study tracks the dynamics of helicopter parenting and identifies parental and emerging adult factors that shape its trajectory. The findings provide insights into reducing helicopter parenting practices and supporting emerging adults’ adjustment during critical transitions.
... Empirical research indeed indicates that adolescent social anxiety (Nelemans et al., 2020) and parental stress (Aunola, Viljaranta, & Tolvanen, 2017;Van Der Kaap-Deeder et al., 2019) are followed by less autonomy-supportive and more psychologically controlling (intrusive) parenting. Furthermore, child anxiety may prompt intrusive parenting behaviors, as parents attempt to help their child, although in an overprotective and intrusive manner (Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, & Montgomery, 2013;Zhang & Ji, 2024). Thus, when adolescents experience more generalized anxiety, their parents are expected to respond with less autonomy-supportive and more intrusive parenting. ...
... Parenting ? Anxiety from heightened anxiety but do so in an intrusive manner (Luijk et al. 2023;Segrin et al., 2013). However, the biweekly effect of adolescents' generalized anxiety symptoms was stronger on autonomysupportive parenting than on intrusive parenting, suggesting that adolescent anxiety may particularly influence the extent to which parents promote independence rather than being too controlling. ...
Background
Anxiety symptoms among adolescents have been increasing globally. The present study aimed to better understand the role of parenting, which is believed to act as both a risk and protective factor for anxiety while also being impacted by adolescent anxiety. Specifically, this preregistered study examined the bidirectional associations between parental autonomy support, intrusiveness, and symptoms of generalized anxiety in adolescents.
Methods
We used meso‐longitudinal data of Dutch adolescents (N = 256, Mage = 14.4, age range = 12–17, 71.5% female, tmean = 17.7) and their parents (N = 176, Mage = 46.8, 82% female, tmean = 22). They reported biweekly on parental intrusiveness and autonomy support and on adolescent generalized anxiety symptoms. Dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) was used to examine the associations at the between‐ and within‐family levels.
Results
The between‐family level associations indicated that adolescents from families with lower levels of parental autonomy support and higher levels of parental intrusiveness exhibited higher levels of generalized anxiety symptoms. Within families, during weeks when parents were less autonomy supportive or more intrusive, adolescents also experienced more generalized anxiety symptoms. Regarding the bidirectional time‐lagged effects, adolescent‐driven, but not parent‐driven, effects emerged. Specifically, when adolescents experienced more generalized anxiety symptoms than usual, their parents were less autonomy supportive and more intrusive 2 weeks later.
Conclusions
Although further research is needed, these findings underscore the negative impact of adolescents' mental health issues on parenting. To prevent the further escalation of family problems, it seems vital to promote positive and adaptive parent–child interactions when adolescents face mental health issues.
... Overparenting refers to the actual level of parenting that surpasses the required parenting needs of the child, representing a strategy in which parents are overly involved with their children and develop inappropriate parenting (Segrin et al., 2012(Segrin et al., , 2013. According to Hu Yixin et al., overparenting is divided into two levels, school and family, but the essence is consistent with the concept proposed by Segrin et al. ...
Overparenting means that the actual parenting level of parents exceeds the required parenting needs of their children. As a parenting strategy, parental overparenting affects children's social adaptation. By integrating global studies and from the perspective of positive psychology, this review aims to analyse and discuss the impact of overparenting on social adaptation, propose intervention strategies, summarize shortcomings and propose an outlook. The ultimate goal of this review is to expand the horizons of research on overparenting and to identify appropriate ways to correct overparenting and improve children's social adaptation ability.
... During the transition to adulthood, parents should adapt their parenting practices to foster their children's autonomy and selfreliance in the face of significant changes and challenges (Arnett, 2007). Parents who are not fully capable of such adaptation might resort to helicopter parenting, which is characterized by developmentally inappropriate overinvolvement (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012;Segrin et al., 2013). Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2017), helicopter parents' excessive and unnecessary involvement could thwart youth's basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence, and therefore diminish their psychosocial growth and well-being (Soenens et al., 2017). ...
... Theories on helicopter parenting suggest that it can diminish youth well-being through misalignments between parents' involvement and their children's developmental needs (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012;Segrin et al., 2013). While helicopter parents' excessive involvement might be well-intentioned and provide temporary benefits (e.g., for career development and learning; Cui et al., 2022), research conducted mostly in Western contexts consistently warns about the detrimental impacts of helicopter parenting on youth behavioral, social, and emotional adjustment (see reviews: Cui et al., 2022;De Roo et al., 2022). ...
... Exploration of each helicopter parenting dimension (Segrin et al., 2013;Zong & Hawk, 2022) suggested that higher-than-usual levels of Advice/Affect Management and Anticipatory Problem Solving preceded within-person decreases in autonomy satisfaction. Additionally, higher levels of Emphasis on Academic Performance were followed by decreased relatedness satisfaction. ...
Parenting processes occur within families and unfold over time. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), helicopter parenting can threaten youth’s psychological need satisfaction and undermine well-being. This study represents the first investigation of these theorized within-family, time-lagged processes. The research followed 350 late adolescents in Hong Kong (Mage = 18.2, SDage = 1.09, 39.7% male, 60.3% female, 98.9% Chinese) for an academic year, collecting 16 bi-weekly reports of maternal helicopter parenting, youth affective well-being, and youth psychological need satisfaction. Preregistered Dynamic Structural Equation Models showed that, within families, helicopter parenting predicted decreased autonomy and relatedness (but not competence) satisfaction, which subsequently predicted decreased positive affect and increased negative affect. Parenting effects were time-dependent, exhibiting differences in valence and statistical significance between concurrent and time-lagged associations. This meso-longitudinal study highlights the applicability of SDT to parenting contexts and underscores the significance of considering the timeframe in understanding parenting processes.
... Helicopter parenting may lead to an increased risk of anxiety and depression in children. Studies show that overprotective and controlling parenting attitudes increase psychological stress and anxiety levels by preventing children from developing independence [25,26]. In a study conducted by Reed et al., helicopter parents prevented their children from making independent decisions, weakening their ability to solve their problems, reducing their self-confidence, and limiting their ability to act independently in their future lives [27] . ...
Background
This study aimed to examine the effect of helicopter parental attitude and psychological well-being level on Attitude towards nutrition in adolescent students.
Methods
This study was designed with the relational-cross-sectional-descriptive model and was conducted with 652 adolescent students studying in a province in eastern Turkey between 16.05 and 10.07 2024. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and G*Power 3.1 statistical package programs.
Results
Based on the results of Model 1, the Psychological Well-Being level explained 3.5% of the total variance in Attitude Towards Nutrition level (R²=0.035, F(1,650) = 23.878, p = 0.001) and it was determined that the increase in Psychological Well-Being level significantly increased the attitude towards nutrition (t = 4.886, p < 0.001). In Model 2, Psychological Well-Being and Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitude-Mother variables together explained 12.2% of the total variance (R²=0.122, F(2,649) = 44.912, p = 0.001), it was found that an increase in both variables led to a significant increase in nutrition attitude (Psychological Well-Being: t = 5.601, p < 0.001; Mother Attitude: t = 7.978, p < 0.001). In the results of Model 3, Psychological Well-Being and Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitude-Mother/Father variables explained 12.6% of the total variance (R²=0.126, F(3,648) = 31.266, p = 0.001), Psychological Well-Being (t = 5.864, p < 0.001) and Mother Attitude (t = 5.416, p < 0.001) significantly affected the nutritional attitude, while the effect of Father Attitude was not significant (t = 1.900, p = 0.058).
Conclusions
In this study, it was found that Psychological Well-Being and Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitude (especially mother attitude) levels had significant effects on individuals’ Attitudes Towards Nutrition. In addition, the strong effect of the mother’s attitude on eating habits was noted, but it was determined that the father’s attitude did not have a significant effect on this relationship.
... Forest graphic of authoritarian parenting and overall narcissism[18][19][20]54,56,[58][59][60]62,64,[72][73][74]. ...
... Forest graphic of authoritarian parenting and overall narcissism-with NOS score studies higher or equal to 8[18,19,54,56,[58][59][60]62,64,[72][73][74]. ...
There has been considerable debate about whether contemporary Western societies are experiencing an increase in narcissistic tendencies, often referred to as a “narcissism epidemic”. This rise highlights the importance of understanding the origins of narcissism, particularly regarding its potential association with parenting styles. Such insights can inform treatment approaches and contribute to paradigm shifts in developmental psychology. This systematic review and meta-analysis examine how different parenting styles are associated with the development of narcissistic traits, using both partial and zero-order correlations as measures of effect. To ensure a consistent conceptualization of parenting styles, the results were evaluated using Baumrind’s parental styles typology. The review follows PRISMA guidelines and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024516395). Studies published in English or Portuguese since 2000 were sourced from PubMed (1039 articles) and Scopus (2120 articles), resulting in a final sample of 53 studies across 38 articles. Data synthesis included assessment of statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic), publication bias (funnel plots, Egger’s test, and the trim and fill method), and methodological quality (adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, NOS). Additionally, sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of excluding studies scoring below eight on the NOS by comparing results from analyses with all studies versus high-quality studies only. Results indicate a significant, albeit weak, association between parenting styles and narcissistic traits, with notable variations between maternal and paternal influences. This analysis provides a comprehensive perspective on the interplay between parenting approaches and the emergence of narcissistic characteristics, underscoring the complexity of factors that contribute to narcissism in contemporary society.
